Rawabi

Rawabi Logo
Palestinian flags flying by the Rawabi visitor center in the West Bank.

Coordinates: 32°0′36″N 35°11′6″E / 32.01000°N 35.18500°E / 32.01000; 35.18500

Site of Rawabi in 2009.

Rawabi (Arabic: روابي‎, meaning "The Hills") is the first planned city built for and by Palestinians[1][2][3] in the West Bank, and is hailed as a "flagship Palestinian enterprise."[4][5][6] Rawabi is located near Birzeit and Ramallah. The master plan envisages a high tech city with 6,000 housing units, housing a population of between 25,000 and 40,000 people,[4][7] spread across six neighborhoods.[1][8] Construction began in January 2010.[9] By 2014, 650 family apartments housing an estimated 3,000 people[10] had been completed and sold, but could not be occupied[4] while negotiations over supplying the city with water stalled.[7] The city remained without water; the delay was attributed to the Israeli–Palestinian Joint Water Committee, with Israelis blaming Palestinians for the delay and Palestinians blaming Israelis.[11] On March 1, 2015, its developer, Bashar al-Masri, announced that Israel would finally connect the city up to the Israeli-controlled water grid.[12] In Israel Rawabi is called "The Palestinian Modi'in."[13] The project was criticized by both certain Palestinian movements, such as the Palestinian National BDS Committee,[14] and some Israeli settler groups, the former claiming the use of Israeli materials normalizes the occupation, the latter asserting the project invades Israel and could become a terrorist base.[15][16] Buyers started moving into apartments in August 2015.[17] By May 2017, despite difficulties with flying Israeli checkpoints controlling the road to the city, 3,000 Palestinians had taken up residence there.[18]

Location

Rawabi in June 2013.

Rawabi is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) northwest of Ramallah,[2] 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) north of Birzeit, 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the north of Jerusalem, 40 km to the east of Tel Aviv, and 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of Nablus. Amman, the capital of Jordan, is 70 kilometres (43 mi) to the east.[19] In addition, the Israeli settlement of Ateret is nearby. Masri envisages the latter as becoming a suburb of Rawabi in the future.[20] The construction site stretches over two ridges, 700 meters above sea level.[21] On a clear day, it is possible to see the Mediterranean Sea, 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the west,[19] and the Israeli coastal city of Tel Aviv from the site.[22] Rawabi's municipal boundaries will encompass 6,300,000 square meters of land.[23] Residential and commercial development is based on a population estimate of 40,000.[24][25]

Financing

One problem was that the West Bank lacked a traditional mortgage system.[26] To that end, the development was linked to a $500m affordable mortgage scheme.[27] The Washington Post reports that Rawabi "is specifically designed for upwardly mobile families of a sort that in the United States might gravitate to places such as Reston, VA. The developments are also relying on another American import, the home mortgage, including creation of a Fannie Mae-style institution for the West Bank".[28]

Rawabi is the largest private sector project in Palestinian history.[29][30] It was initiated at the Palestine Investment Conference, which took place in Bethlehem in 2008.[31] The project involves a public-private partnership between Masri's property investment firm, Bayti (My home) Real Estate Investment Company, and his primary corporation, Masser International, which provided a third of the billion dollar investment,[32] together with financial backing from Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Company (the Qatar Investment Authority's property investment fund), Massar International,[33] and the Palestinian National Authority.[34]

U.S. Trade and Development Agency Director Leocadia Zak meets an architect at the Rawabi site with Bashar Masri

The total cost of the development, mostly funded by the Qatari company LDR and Masri, a native of Nablus[14] and Palestinian multimillionaire, is estimated at US$850 million.[8] As of June 2015, the total investment in Rawabi is US$1.2 billion.[13] Masri sees the development as an integral part of a nation-building project, the construction of a future Palestinian state. He himself recalls that when he was a boy in Nablus, merely carrying a Palestinian flag on the streets was sufficient to get one shot by Israeli soldiers.[1] To complete the project, it was calculated that 8,000 and 10,000 new jobs would be created in the Palestinian construction sector.[35] The Palestinian Authority is responsible for providing off-site infrastructure, while Bayti is tasked with the design and development of the city.[36] According to The Rawabi economic growth strategy, from 3,000 to 5,000 new jobs in "knowledge economy" industries including information technology, pharmaceuticals and health care would result from its development.[37]

On 15 March 2010, two grant agreements were signed by Bashar Masri, Managing Director of Bayti Real Estate Investment Company and chairman of Massar International, and Leocadia I. Zak, Director of the United States Trade and Development Agency (USTDA), in the presence of US Consul General Daniel Rubinstein. The USTDA grants funded two feasibility studies. The first study to develop a master plan for Rawabi's ICT infrastructure and services was won by American management consultancy company Decision/Analysis Partners LLC of Fairfax, Virginia.[38] The second study examined the possibility of building a tertiary waste water treatment facility for Rawabi and surrounding communities.[39] Previously, United States Senator John Kerry visited the construction site on 28 February along with Rubenstein and David Harden, senior advisor to the American special envoy to the Middle East, George J. Mitchell.[40] In 2009 the Palestinian Authority undertook to provide $150 million to cover infrastructural costs for power, water, sewerage, schools and roads, but failed to honour its promise. As a result, purchasers must pick up the tab, which translates into a rise of 10 to 12 percent to the cost of houses.[32]

The development faced a financial crunch in 2014 due to a cash flow crisis when Masri was unable to collect $70 million from homeowners and mortgage banks for the first batch of 600 apartments, because they cannot be delivered until the access road, and a water supply, are given Israeli permits.[4]

Master plan

The Palestinian National Authority did not need Israeli approval for construction since the land for Rawabi falls entirely within Area 'A', which is under full Palestinian control.[10][41] The Rawabi master plan and Preliminary Design was developed by a Multi-disciplinary team from AECOM led by Raphael Samach[42][43] (now with SAMACH+SEO), in cooperation with local experts from Birzeit and An-Najah National universities and the technical teams of Bayti.[34] It has been approved by the Palestinian Authority and the Palestinian Higher Planning Council.[44]

Constructing the city has created jobs for 8-10,000 Palestinians, a third of them women, and their pay is 30% above the Palestinian minimum wage.[1][32] The residential areas will surround a city centre that includes banks, shops, petrol stations, offices, eight schools, playgrounds, walking trails, two mosques, a Greek Orthodox[32] church, a hospital, hotel, a seven-screen cinema and numerous other arts venues, in a central piazza lined with arcades and cafes.[4][45][46] One third of the engineers and architects are women, a gender participation without precedent in the Arab world. The design envisages an elaborate recycling infrastructure: water towers are not included in buildings, neither are satellite dishes permitted. Water is to be recycled by a computerized system, and any excess will provide watering for the city's parks. The public transport system is to run on electricity, providing free transit to residents, with visitors only being required to pay. Though an industrial zone is planned, with paved roads already leading to the site, permission has yet to be received from the Israeli authorities.[7] A soccer field, and Roman amphitheatre girded by honey-coloured columns, and seating 12,000, has been completed.[4][20]

The first 700 units were offered for sale in June 2013, with prices ranging from $60,000 to $170,000, 90% of which were sold, according to the developer, within a month.[26] Of the initial purchasers of homes in Rawabi by 2013, 7% were single professional women and 11% were Palestinian Christians.[1] Lisa Goldman, director of the Israel-Palestine Initiative at New America, argues that the project draw attention from the ongoing issues of military occupation, and notes that the home-buyers are middle-class couples earning 20 times more than the average Palestinian income.[10]

Greening project

Thousands of saplings are being planted as part of a greening project which involves growing a forest around the city.[47] The Jewish National Fund is donating 3,000 saplings to the project, the announcement of which sparked some internal Israeli and Jewish controversy.[48] Saplings have also been donated by the Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture and by local and international organisations, corporations and individuals.[23]

Rawabi Tech Hub

In 2017, a "tech hub" opened in Rawabi City.[49] According to the Rawabi City website, "Rawabi's Tech Hub hopes to catalyze and sustain growth in the Palestinian ICT sector with four major initiatives: (1) Attracting local and international ICT companies to establish operations at Rawabi; (2) Establishing the Rawabi Institute for Training and Advancement (RITA): a market-driven, technology-focused training institute; (3) CONNECT, a collaborative workspace for ICT entrepreneurs; (4) BADER, a private equity fund providing venture capital to ICT startups."[50]

As of February 2018, four companies were working at the CONNECT collaborative workspace: WebTeb, an Arabic version of WebMD; Imagry, a developer of automated driving software; Studio 83, a provider of 3D visualization for real estate companies; and an employee of GETAWAY, a German car-sharing startup.[49]

Access roads

Though he obtained Israeli assurances in 2007 that a permit would be granted for a large access road capable of allowing 100 trucks to access the designated construction site weekly, and to cope with the volume of cars expected to be used by its prospective 40,000 residents,[32] it took several years for a permit to be granted, for a much smaller, scaled-back primary access road to transport in building materials.[1] Only in January 2012 was a single access road for trucks approved by Israeli authorities,[51] shortly before a visit by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon.[52] The access road for inhabitants still needs to be approved. It needs to pass through Area 'C'[8][53] and cross Route 465, used mainly by inhabitants of nearby Israeli settlements Ateret and Halamish and Palestinian inhabitants of Birzeit. At the beginning of 2013 a new stretch of road linking 465 road with Ramalla was approved, intended for Palestinian traffic only. As of June 2015, Israel has yet to provide permits for widening the only road to Rawabi as well for other access roads to Nablus and Ramalla.[13]

Land purchase and water supply

The first 600 apartments were sold out by 2013, and were due to be handed over to their Palestinian owners in the spring of 2014. At this point, Israel demanded that the Palestinians meet with the Joint Water Committee to approve the Rawabi project, which the Palestinians were unwilling to do, because they would have been forced to rubber-stamp water projects to settlements. Israel provided water to settlements in spite of this, but refused to do so for Rawabi, preventing new buyers from moving in.[54]

Water has repeatedly proved a contentious issue in negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. The 600,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank are serviced with 6 times the quantity of water allocated to the area's 2,7 million Palestinians.[1] A resolution of the issue was promised by August 2014,[4] but Israel did not come through with the requested permit. As a result, the financial viability of the development project came under threat.[4] Permits from Israel to allow the construction of an access road into the city were also lacking until February 2015.[4] Political infighting, with wrangling over whether or not, it was necessary to convene a joint Palestinian-Israeli commission to authorize the final linkage to water, became a key sticking-point.[10] For some years Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Ya’alon placed as a condition for connecting the city to the Mekorot company, that the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Water Committee be convened to issue permits, not only to Rawabi but also to Israeli settlements, a proposal opposed by the Palestinian Authority, which has refused to convene the Committee since 2010 to avoid supplying Palestinian legitimisation of Israel's settlements in the West Bank.[7] Such delays do not occur with Jewish settlement, since Mekorot connects any legal Jewish home in the West Bank to its water mains.[7] Tony Blair, head of the Quartet on the Middle East, who, together with Barack Obama has raised the issue of Israel's failure to supply Rawabi with water connections, has sided with the Palestinians this issue, stating that they have reason to refuse to supply settlements with water in so far as settlements are a key plank in peace negotiations.Ya'alon relented in early 2015 and approved connecting the city up to Mekorot. The decision was confirmed by Major General Yoav Mordechai, coordinator of Israeli government activities in the Palestinian territories,[11] but the link was further delayed when the Minister of National Infrastructure, Energy and Water, Silvan Shalom, the subject of a fierce letter-writing campaign from Israel's far-right settler lobby,[55] postponed the decision,[7] insisting that due authorization was required from the Joint Israeli-Palestinian Water Committee.[11] In the West Bank, the Defence Minister exercises authority over the pipeline, while the water minister is in charge of the water, and Mekerot would not supply the water unless the Minister for infrastructure authorizes the Water Authority to give the go-ahead.[12] According to both Weissglass and Shlomo Eldar such prior joint committee approval has not been necessary in setting up water connections for Israeli settlements in these territories, though Shalom's Ministry insists that this is a provision set forth in the Oslo Accords.[11] A Haaretz editorial described the refusal to link up the city to water as a form of punishment to achieve diplomatic ends.[56] Even Israeli President Reuben Rivling urged Israel to give water to Rawabi.[55] The deadlock was broken on 26 February when Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu overruled objections and gave the go ahead for linkage.[10][57] Masri hailed the decision, commenting: "Now we have our universal right of our water without being pressured for any concessions."[10]

The city now has a state of the art water grid - eventually serviced also by a huge water reservoir roughly half a kilometre outside the city - which is linked to a 2.4-km pipe through areas A and B under Palestinian civil administration.[7][58] Israel has still to provide permission for the final link to the Israeli water company Mekorot's plant in Umm Safa, 1.1 kilometres across Area C, which is under Israeli military administration.[7][21] Technically, all new water infrastructure in the West Bank requiring pipes larger than 5 cm requires the approval of the Joint Israeli-Palestinian Water Committee.[20] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was also reported to favour connecting the city to the watergrid.[12]

As of June 2016, 250 Palestinian families have taken up residence in Rawabi. Difficulties persist since the pipeline supplies only 300 cubic meters of water per diem, which is below the necessities of the residents and the demands for further construction.[59]

The right to purchase

Asked whether Jews could purchase apartments in Rawabi, al-Masri home-buyers must get permission from the Palestinian Authority, a procedure that can take up to six months. He has no complaint about this because it is designed, he added, to avoid the possibility that "bad Israelis" might buy properties and fly the Israeli flag at their windows. Many Israeli-Arabs have purchased apartments as an investment or for leisure purposes.[13]

Controversies

Construction of Rawabi. Industrial area and some of the neighbourhoods. View from Ateret.

William Booth has stated that

Rawabi is the counternarrative in the forever conflict in which Palestinians are often portrayed as terrorist or victim, living in refugee camps or dusty villages out of biblical times.[18]

Masri has been attacked by both sides for undertaking his development. Some Palestinians protest that his approach is "normalizing" Israel's occupation of the West Bank.[32]

In 2010, Israeli settlers held demonstrations to protest the project, although they acknowledged that they could not prevent the city's construction.[60] Some settlers said they would establish settlements nearby.[61]

Masri has repudiated offers of building supplies from settlements, and ignored Israel suggestions as to how Rawabi should be modelled.[32] He has gone on the record as stating

Settlers are evil people in general that continue to harass our people; they continue to live on our land illegally, and it’s recognized by almost the whole world as being illegal. We do not deal with illegal bodies or illegal issues.[32]

He has made it a requirement that all contractors working on the project "sign an agreement refusing to use Israeli products originating from the settlements or work in the settlements themselves".[62]

Some Palestinians criticize the development as one that creates the impression that they can enjoy economic prosperity while the Israeli occupation continues.[10] Yousef Munayyer has stated that,"(t)he project creates this illusion that there is this happy space in Palestine that is independent of the military occupation which governs many aspects of Palestinian life."[10] In reply, Masri argues that it is a symbol that defies the occupation, secures Palestinian territory from confiscation for settlements, opens up job opportunities under an otherwise brutal occupation, and blocks the brain drain of talented Palestinians. If, he adds, such a developmental project is, as some critics assert, making the occupation look good, then, "maybe we should live in tents, maybe we should all freeze to death."[10] In designing the project, he didn't think that 'Israel and Palestine would kiss and be happy.'[26]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Harriet Sherwood, 'Rawabi rises: new West Bank city symbolises Palestine's potential,' The Guardian 8 August 2013.
  2. 1 2 Shavit, Ari (30 July 2009). "A new Palestine". Haaretz. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  3. ↑ McCarthy, Rory (8 September 2009). "Rawabi, the new Palestinian city that could rise on the West Bank". The Guardian. p. 27. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Isabel Kershner, Palestinian Town in West Bank Awaits Israel’s Approval for Water,' New York Times26 August 2014.
  5. ↑ Koutsoukis, Jason (19 September 2009). "Palestinians pursue their own suburban dreams". The Age. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
  6. ↑ Koutsoukis, Jason (12 September 2009). "Serenity soon: Palestinians buy into a modern oasis". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Avi Issacharoff 'Waterless, the first planned Palestinian city sits empty,' The Times of Israel 20 February 2015
  8. 1 2 3 Building the Palestinian Dream, Haaretz
  9. ↑ Rawabi: Work Begins On First Planned Palestinian City. Huffington Post, 12 January 2010
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Jack Moore, 'Palestine’s Billion-Dollar City Can Finally Open,' Newsweek 27 February 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Shlomo Eldar, 'Israel still refuses to run water to Rawabi,' Al-Monitor 18 February 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 AP,Nahum Barnea and Danny Rubinstein,'Palestinian city plan to move forward after Israel agrees to water deal,' Ynet 1 March 2015
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Rawabi founder: "If we were able to build a city, we will build a state"". Globes. June 28, 2015.
  14. 1 2 Elhanan Miller, 'In Rawabi, the brand-new Palestinian city, both sides win,' The Times of Israel February 19, 2014
  15. ↑ Smadar Peri, 'Battle for water won by entrepeneur [sic] of first Palestinian planned city,' Ynet 4 March 2015
  16. ↑ Lyse Doucet and Jane McMullen, 'The new Palestinian city that lacks only one thing,' BBC News, 7 February 2015.
  17. ↑ 'New Palestinian city welcomes first 'Rawabians' Ynet 1 September 2015
  18. 1 2 William Booth 'The $1.4 billion bet on a new Palestinian future,' Washington Post 25 May 2017
  19. 1 2 "Rawabi Maps". Rawabi. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  20. 1 2 3 Lyse Doucet and Jane McMullen, 'The new Palestinian city that lacks only one thing,' BBC News 7 February 2015.
  21. 1 2 Building the Palestinian Dream on shaky ground. Haaretz
  22. ↑ Donnison, Jon (27 February 2010). "Building the first 'Palestinian settlement'". BBC News. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  23. 1 2 "The GROW for a greener Palestine initiative launched". Rawabi Home. Winter 2010. p. 7. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  24. ↑ "Palestine Investment Conference: Project and concept profiles" (PDF). Bethlehem: Palestinian Investment Promotion Agency. 21–23 May 2008. pp. 60–61. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  25. ↑ Macintyre, Donald (3 September 2009). "Israeli moves give Blair hope of rebuilding political trust". The Independent. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  26. 1 2 3 Daisy Carrington, 'New city offers vision of better life in West Bank,' CNN News, 5 July 2013.
  27. ↑ Macintyre, Donald (23 May 2008). "Palestine's economy is like a coiled spring, says British financier". The Independent. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  28. ↑ Schneider, Howard (23 November 2009). "Palestinians looking to U.S.-style suburban housing, financing". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  29. ↑ A Shining City on a Hill. TIME, 31 March 2011
  30. ↑ Building peace. Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. CTV Television, 29 August 2010
  31. ↑ Construction begins on Rawabi, the first Palestinian planned city. Archived 9 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. AMEinfo.com, 5 January 2010
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kate Shuttleworth, 'A Self-Contained City Inside A Conflict Zone: Millionaire American-Palestinian Investor Plans High-End, High-Tech Development In West Bank,' IB Times 6 December 2013.
  33. ↑ "Bayti Real Estate Investment Company". Rawabi. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  34. 1 2 "Masterplan". Rawabi. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  35. ↑ "Abu Libdeh: Rawabi can absorb settlement workers". Ma'an News Agency. 24 October 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  36. ↑ "Live". Rawabi. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  37. ↑ "Rawabi: An Economic Growth Strategy for the West Bank" (PDF). RTI International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
  38. ↑ "Decision/Analysis Partners LLC selected to design telecom infrastructure for Rawabi, the first Palestinian Planned City in the West Bank" (PDF). Decision/Analysis Partners LLC. 7 July 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  39. ↑ "USTDA signs grants agreement with Bayti Real Estate Investment Company". AMEinfo.com. 16 March 2010. Archived from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  40. ↑ "U.S. Senator John Kerry visits Rawabi, the first Palestinian planned city". Bayti Real Estate Investment Company. 1 March 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  41. ↑ Building Rawabi. Jerusalem Post, 3 August 2010
  42. ↑ http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2010/0514/Architect-eyes-tony-Palestinian-city-with-eco-mindset-and-fast-Internet
  43. ↑ Scott Lewis, 'First Palestinian Planned City Taking Shape,' Enr.com.8/3/2011.
  44. ↑ "Diar gets nod for Palestine project". MENAFN. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  45. ↑ "Live in Rawabi". Rawabi. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  46. ↑ Projects Unit (ANUPU), An-Najah National University (January 2010). "Environmental impact assessment for the new city of Rawabi" (PDF). Palestinian National Authority Environmental Quality Authority. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  47. ↑ Media Line (6 December 2009). "Planned city 'Rawabi' draws on Palestinian enterprise and Israeli experience". Green Prophet. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  48. ↑ MINSBERG, TALI (2 December 2009). "JNF donation to 'PA city' Rawabi sparks uproar". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
  49. 1 2 Lieber, Dov (4 February 2018). "With all his chips in, Palestinian businessman aims to build 'Silicon Rawabi'". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  50. ↑ "Rawabi Tech Hub". www.rawabi.ps. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  51. ↑ A new Palestinian city rises in the West Bank. CTV News, 5 February 2012
  52. ↑ ABC News, 2 February 2012
  53. ↑ West Bank: Build it and they will come. Jerusalem Post, 4 November 2011
  54. ↑ Kershner, Isabel (2014-08-26). "New Palestinian Town in West Bank Awaits Israel's Approval for Water". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
  55. 1 2 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/new-palestinian-city-has-condos-a-mall-and-a-sports-club--but-no-water/2015/02/24/d5a28dcc-b92e-11e4-a200-c008a01a6692_story.html
  56. ↑ "Cutting Palestinians' electricity: It isn't just business, it's personal". Haaretz. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  57. ↑ Smadar Peri, 'Battle for water won by entrepeneur [sic] of first Palestinian planned city,' Ynet 4 March 2015
  58. ↑ Sherman, Corey (2 October 2014). "The dehydration of economic peace". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  59. ↑ Mohammed Daraghmeh, 'Palestinians begin moving into West Bank's first planned city after years of setbacks,' Haaretz 14 June 2016.
  60. ↑ "Hundreds protest new PA city". The Jerusalem Post. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  61. ↑ Lazaroff, Tovah (1 April 2010). "Settler activists claim area near Rawabi". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  62. ↑ Cook, Jonathan (1 February 2011). "'Economic peace' betrays the hand of a grasping Israeli right". The National. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.