Rammun

Rammun
Other transcription(s)
 • Arabic رمّون
 • Also spelled Ramun (official)
Ramon (unofficial)
Rammun
Location of Rammun within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°55′47″N 35°17′56″E / 31.92972°N 35.29889°E / 31.92972; 35.29889Coordinates: 31°55′47″N 35°17′56″E / 31.92972°N 35.29889°E / 31.92972; 35.29889
Palestine grid 178/148
Governorate Ramallah & al-Bireh
Government
 • Type Municipality
 • Head of Municipality Abed Mahmoud Jabaieh [1]
Population (2007)[2]
 • Jurisdiction 2,626
Name meaning Rock Rimmon[3]

Rammun (Arabic: رمّون‎) is a Palestinian town in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate in the central West Bank, located twelve kilometers east of Ramallah and three kilometers south of Taybeh. Other nearby towns include Deir Dibwan to the southwest, Beitin to the east and Ein Yabrud to the northeast.[4]

History and archeology

Sherds from Iron Age I, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamluk eras have been found.[5]

Mosaics and ancient cisterns have been found.[6]

Van der Velde (in 1854) assumed that Rammun was the place mentioned in the Bible as Rimmon, Sela Rimmon. The Rock of Rimmon was where the Benjamites fled (Judges 20:45, 47; 21:13), and where they maintained themselves for four months after the battle at Gibeah.[7]

It also is suggested to be the town of Rimmon mentioned in the Map of Madaba, located fifteen miles north of Jerusalem, between Bethel and Jericho.[4]

There are Byzantine, Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman remains in the town including a mosaic in the town's mosque, an ancient burial cave and sanitary pit. The burial cave dates back to Byzantine times and contained pottery lamps, sandals and cross-shaped medallions.[4]

Ottoman era

Rammun, ca 1900 to 1920

Sherds from the early Ottoman era have been also found.[5]

In 1596, Rammun appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds, with a population of 39 Muslim households. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olives, and vines or fruit trees; a total of 5,700 akçe.[8]

In 1838, Rummon was noted as a Muslim village in the District of Beni Salim, east of Jerusalem.[9]

The French explorer Victor Guérin first visited the village in the 1863, and described it as a village with five hundred inhabitants. He further noted that in the limestone mountain around it were drilled numerous caves, many of which were still used by shepherds and their flocks. Ancient cisterns dug into the rock were also found. The houses were partly built with antique materials, including some large blocks cut ashlars.[10][11]

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that Rammun had 81 houses and a population of 334, though the population count included men only. The village was described as being in the Beni Salim area.[12][13]

In the 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Rammun as "A village of moderate size, with cisterns and caves, evidently an ancient site. On the north-east is a deep rockcut tank, and south of it a rock-cut tomb. The houses stand on a barren conical point of rock north of a rough valley, and are built in terraces. The site is peculiar, being at the end of a plateau of arable soil extending southwards from Taiyibeh. The view is extensive towards the south-east, but bounded by the Taiyibeh range on the north. There are numerous caves in the rocky sides of the hill called Ashkaf Jiljal, as well as further west (Ashkaf Daud)."[14]

In 1896 the population of Rammun was estimated to be about 705 persons.[15]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Rammun had a population of 703, all Muslims,[16] while in the 1931 census, the village had 153 occupied houses and a population of 744, still all Muslims.[17]

In the 1945 statistics the population was 970 Muslims,[18] while the total land area was 30,043 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[19] Of this, 2,338 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 7,181 for cereals,[20] while 61 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[21]

Jordanian era

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Rammun came under Jordanian rule.

In 1961, the population of Rammun was 1,186 persons.[22]

Post-1967

After the Six-Day War in 1967, Rammun has been under Israeli occupation.

By 2012, about 3000 villagers remain in Rammun, while there are about 7000 in the Palestinian diaspora, chiefly in the United States. Many in the diasphora have second homes in the village. These homes have been troubled by burglaries, therefore some owners have organised night-watches.[23]

In March 2012, a Duvdevan unit in civilian clothing entered Rammun, reportedly on a night-time training exercise were mistaken for burglars by three brothers from the Shawakhah family.[23][24][25] All three brothers were shot multiple times in the confrontation that followed that also involved uniformed IDF soldiers, and Rashad Shawakhah died of his wounds several days later in hospital.[23][24] Israeli Army Radio initially reported that terrorists had attacked an IDF soldier during a military operation.[23][24][25] An IDF soldier who kicked one of the wounded handcuffed men after the shooting was reportedly dismissed shortly after the incident.[24][26][27] B'Tselem, who have stated that the undercover unit's operational method and rules of engagement violate international law, requested the army's Criminal Investigations Division to examine the incident.[23][24] The military advocate general opened an investigation in May 2012.[23]

References

  1. ↑ West Bank Archived 2007-06-30 at the Wayback Machine. Local Elections ( Round two)- Successful candidates by local authority, gender and No. of votes obtained, Rammon p 21
  2. ↑ 2007 PCBS Census. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.114.
  3. ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 241
  4. 1 2 3 A Byzantine Tomb at the Village of Rammun Taha, Hamada. Palestinian Department of Antiquities.
  5. 1 2 Finkelstein et al, 1997, p. 538
  6. ↑ Dauphin, 1998, p. 835
  7. ↑ van der Velde, 1854, p. 284
  8. ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 116
  9. ↑ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 125
  10. ↑ Guérin, 1869, p. 51-53, partly translated in Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. 367
  11. ↑ Guérin, 1874, p. 215
  12. ↑ Socin, 1879, p. 158
  13. ↑ Hartmann, 1883, p. 115 also noted 81 houses
  14. ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 292
  15. ↑ Schick, 1896, p. 122
  16. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramallah, p. 17
  17. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 50.
  18. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 26
  19. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 65
  20. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 112
  21. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 162
  22. ↑ Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 24
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gideon Levy; Alex Levac (4 May 2012). "In a Palestinian village plagued by crime, a thin line runs between burglars and IDF soldiers". Haaretz.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 "Soldiers in civilian clothing shot at Palestinians who, thinking they were being robbed, sought to defend their property; one Palestinian killed". B'Tselem. 24 April 2012.
  25. 1 2 "Stories Differ After Israeli Soldiers Kill Palestinian". NPR. 13 June 2012.
  26. ↑ Yoav Zitun (18 April 2012). "Soldier dismissed after kicking bound Palestinian". Ynet.
  27. ↑ Gurvitz, Yossi (2012-04-18). "IDF Soldiers Enter Village, Kill Palestinian in Drill Gone Awry". +972 Magazine. Noam Sheizaf. Retrieved 2012-04-18.

Bibliography

  • Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Dauphin, Claudine (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.
  • Finkelstein, I.; Lederman, Zvi, eds. (1997). Highlands of many cultures. Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Publications Section. ISBN 965-440-007-3.
  • Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).
  • Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
  • Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 1: Judee, pt. 3. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Guérin, V. (1874). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). 2: Samarie, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
  • Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
  • Schick, C. (1896). "Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127.
  • Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.
  • Velde, van de, C. W. M. (1854). Narrative of a journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852. 2. William Blackwood and son.
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