Pro-nuclear movement

Patrick Moore (environmentalist) in 2009.^[1] Moore was opposed to nuclear power in the 1970s ^[2] but has since come to be in favor of it.^[3][4][5] Moore is supported by the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) and in 2009 he chaired their Clean and Safe Energy Coalition.^[6] As chair, he suggested that the public is not as opposed to nuclear energy as they were in decades past.

There are large variations in peoples’ understanding of the issues surrounding nuclear power, including the technology itself, climate change, and energy security. Proponents of nuclear energy contend that nuclear power is a sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions and increases energy security by decreasing dependence on imported energy sources. Opponents believe that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment.

While nuclear power has historically been opposed by many environmentalist organisations, some support it. In addition, besides organisations, some scientists also support it.

Context

During a two-day symposium on "Atomic Power in Australia" at the New South Wales University of Technology, Sydney, which began on 31 August 1954, Professors Marcus Oliphant (left), Homi Jehangir Bhabha (centre) and Philip Baxter, share a cup of tea

Nuclear energy remains a controversial area of public policy.^[7][8] The debate about nuclear power peaked during the 1970s and 1980s, when it "reached an intensity unprecedented in the history of technology controversies", in some countries.^[9][10]

Proponents of nuclear energy point to the fact nuclear power produces virtually no conventional air pollution, greenhouse gases, and smog, in contrast to fossil fuel sources of energy.^[11] Proponents argue perceived risks of storing waste are exaggerated, and point to an operational safety record in the Western world which is excellent in comparison to the other major kinds of power plants.^[12] Historically, there have been numerous proponents of nuclear energy, including Georges Charpak, Glenn T. Seaborg, Edward Teller, Alvin M. Weinberg, Eugene Wigner, Ted Taylor (physicist), and Jeff Eerkens. There are also scientists who write favorably about nuclear energy in terms of the broader energy landscape, including Robert B. Laughlin, Michael McElroy (scientist), and Vaclav Smil. In particular, Laughlin writes in "Powering the Future" (2011) that expanded use of nuclear power will be nearly inevitable, either because of a political choice to leave fossil fuels in the ground, or because fossil fuels become depleted.

Lobbying and public relations activities

Globally, there are dozens of companies with an interest in the nuclear industry, including Areva, BHP Billiton, Cameco, China National Nuclear Corporation, EDF, Iberdrola, Nuclear Power Corporation of India, Ontario Power Generation, Rosatom, TEPCO, and Vattenfall. Many of these companies lobby politicians and others about nuclear power expansion, undertake public relation activities, petition government authorities, as well as influence public policy through referendum campaigns and involvement in elections.^{[13][14][15][16][17]}

The nuclear industry has "tried a variety of strategies to persuade the public to accept nuclear power", including the publication of numerous "fact sheets" that discuss issues of public concern.^[18] Nuclear proponents have worked to boost public support by offering newer, safer, reactor designs. These designs include those that incorporate passive safety and Small Modular Reactors.

Since 2000 the nuclear industry has undertaken an international media and lobbying campaign to promote nuclear power as a solution to the greenhouse effect and climate change. Though reactor operation is free of carbon dioxide emissions, other stages of the nuclear fuel chain – from uranium mining, to reactor decommissioning and radioactive waste management – use fossil fuels and hence emit carbon dioxide.

The Nuclear Energy Institute has formed various sub-groups to promote nuclear power. These include the Washington-based Clean and Safe Energy Coalition, which was formed in 2006 and led by Patrick Moore. Christine Todd Whitman, former head of the USEPA has also been involved. Clean Energy America is another group also sponsored by the NEI.^[19]

In Britain, James Lovelock well known for his Gaia Hypothesis began to support nuclear power in 2004. He is patron of the Supporters of Nuclear Energy. SONE also campaigns against wind power. The main nuclear lobby group in Britain is FORATOM.^[19]

As of 2014, the U.S. nuclear industry has begun a new lobbying effort, hiring three former senators — Evan Bayh, a Democrat; Judd Gregg, a Republican; and Spencer Abraham, a Republican — as well as William M. Daley, a former staffer to President Obama. The initiative is called Nuclear Matters, and it has begun a newspaper advertising campaign.^[20]

Organizations supporting nuclear power

In March 2017, a bipartisan group of eight senators, including five Republicans and three Democrats introduced S. 512, the Nuclear Energy Innovation and Modernization Act (NEIMA). The legislation would help to modernize the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), support the advancement of the nation's nuclear industry and develop the regulatory framework to enable the licensing of advanced nuclear reactors, while improving the efficiency of uranium regulation. Letters of support for this legislation were provided by thirty-six organizations, including for profit enterprises, non-profit organizations and educational institutions. The most prominent entities from that group and other well-known organizations actively supporting the continued or expanded use of nuclear power as a solution for providing clean, reliable energy include:

• The Alvin Weinberg Foundation
• American Nuclear Society (ANS)
• Anthropocene Institute
• Battelle Memorial Institute
• Breakthrough Institute
• Californians for Green Nuclear Power
• Canadian Nuclear Society
• Canadian Nuclear Association
• Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES)
• Center for Strategic and International Studies
• Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awareness
• Clean Air Task Force
• ClearPath Foundation
• Climate Coalition
• Earth Institute
• Energy for Humanity
• Environmentalists for Nuclear (EFN)
• Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy Australia
• Environmental Progress
• European Atomic Forum
• Generation IV International Forum (GIF)
• Generation Atomic
• Global Nexus Initiative
• International Nuclear Societies Council representing thirty-six national nuclear societies from around the world.
• Long Now Foundation
• Mothers for Nuclear
• National Mining Association
• New Mexico Mining Association
• North American Young Generation in Nuclear (NAYGN)
• The Nuclear Energy Institute^[21] (NEI is the main lobby group for companies doing nuclear work in the USA.)
• Nuclear Engineering Department Heads Organization
• Nuclear Friends Foundation^[22]
• Nuclear Innovation Alliance
• Nuclear Institute (Formerly the British Nuclear Energy Society (BNES) and the Institution of Nuclear Engineers (INucE), representing nuclear professionals in the U.K.)
• Nuclear Matters
• Partnership for Global Security
• Third Way
• Thorium Energy Alliance is an association studying and advocating for advanced reactor designs.
• U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Global Energy Institute
• U.S. Nuclear Infrastructure Council
• Women in Nuclear
• The World Nuclear Association is the only global trade body.
• Wyoming Mining Association

The United States generates about 19% of its electricity from nuclear power plants. Nearly 60% of all clean energy generated in the U.S. comes from nuclear power. Studies have shown that closing a nuclear power plant results in greatly increased carbon emissions as only burning coal or natural gas can make up for the massive amount of energy lost from a nuclear power plant. Even though there have long been protests against nuclear power, the effect of long-term scrutiny has elevated safety within the industry, making nuclear power the safest form of energy in operation today, despite the fact that many continue to fear it. Nuclear power plants create thousands of jobs, many in health and safety jobs, and seldom experience protests from area residents, as they bring large amounts of economic activity, attract educated employees and leave the air clear safe, unlike oil, coal or gas plants, which bring disease and environmental damage to their workers and neighbors. Nuclear engineers have traditionally worked, directly or indirectly, in the nuclear power industry, in academia or for national laboratories. More recently, young nuclear engineers have started to innovate and launch new companies, becoming entrepreneurs in order to bring their enthusiasm for using the power of the atom to address the climate crisis. As of June 2015, Third Way released a report identifying 48 nuclear start-ups or projects organized to work on nuclear innovations in what is being called "advanced nuclear" designs.^[23] Current research in the industry is directed at producing economical, proliferation-resistant reactor designs with passive safety features. Although government labs research the same areas as industry, they also study a myriad of other issues such as nuclear fuels and nuclear fuel cycles, advanced reactor designs, and nuclear weapon design and maintenance. A principal pipeline for trained personnel for US reactor facilities is the Navy Nuclear Power Program. The job outlook for nuclear engineering from the year 2012 to the year 2022 is predicted to grow 9% due to many elder nuclear engineers retiring, safety systems needing to be updated in power plants, and the advancements made in nuclear medicine.^[24]

Individuals supporting nuclear power

Many people, including former opponents of nuclear energy, now say that nuclear energy is necessary for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. They recognize that the threat to humanity from climate change is far worse than any risk associated with nuclear energy. Many of these supporters, but not all, acknowledge that renewable energy is also important to the effort to eliminate emissions. Early environmentalists who publicly voiced support for nuclear power include James Lovelock, originator of the Gaia hypothesis, Patrick Moore, a co-founder of Greenpeace and former director of Greenpeace International, George Monbiot and Stewart Brand, creator of the Whole Earth Catalog.^[25][26] Lovelock goes further to refute claims about the danger of nuclear energy and its waste products.^[27] In a January 2008 interview, Moore said that "It wasn't until after I'd left Greenpeace and the climate change issue started coming to the forefront that I started rethinking energy policy in general and realised that I had been incorrect in my analysis of nuclear as being some kind of evil plot."^[28] There are increasing numbers of scientists and laymen who are environmentalists with views that depart from the mainstream environmental stance that rejects a role for nuclear power in the climate fight (once labelled "Nuclear Greens,"^[29] some now consider themselves Ecomodernists). Some of these include:

Scientists

James Edward Hansen

Prof. Barry W. Brook

• Richard Garwin, American physicist
• Hans Blix, Director General Emeritus of the IAEA
• Pascale Braconnot, Climate Scientist, IPSL/LSCE, lead author for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and Fifth Assessment Report
• Francois-Marie Breon, Climate Researcher, IPSL/LSCE, lead author for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
• Ben Britton, Ph.D, Deputy Director of the Centre for Nuclear Engineering, Imperial College London
• Ken Caldeira, Professor Stanford University
• Robert Coward, President, American Nuclear Society
• Stephen Chu, former U.S. Secretary of Energy, former Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
• David Dudgeon, Chair of Ecology & Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, China
• Erle C. Ellis, Ph.D, Professor, Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland
• Kerry Emanuel, Professor of Atmospheric Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• Martin Freer, Professor, Head of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Director of the Birmingham Energy Institute (BEI)
• James Hansen^[30] Director of Climate Science, Awareness, and Solutions Program and the Earth Institute, Columbia University
• David Keith (scientist)
• Andrew Klein, Immediate Past President, American Nuclear Society
• James Lovelock^[31]
• David J. C. MacKay^[32][33] (also an author and former DECC chief scientific advisor; died 2016)
• Michael McElroy (scientist)
• Elizabeth Muller, Founder and Executive Director, Berkeley Earth
• Richard Muller, Professor of Physics, UC Berkeley, Co-Founder, Berkeley Earth
• Ernest Moniz, former U.S. Secretary of Energy
• James Orr, Climate Scientist, IPSL/LSCE
• Didier Paillard, Climate Scientist, IPSL/LSCE
• Per Peterson, professor of nuclear engineering
• Peter H. Raven, President Emeritus, Missouri Botanical Garden. Winner of the National Medal of Science, 2001
• Paul Robbins, Director, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison
• Didier Roche, Climate Scientist, IPSL/LSCE
• Carlo Rubbia, Nobel Laureate in Physics
• Jeff Terry, Professor of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology
• Myrto Tripathi, Climate Policy Director, Global Compact France
• Tom Wigley, Climate scientist at the University of Adelaide

Future prospects

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, located in France, is the world's largest and most advanced experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor project. A collaboration between the European Union (EU), India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea and the United States, the project aims to make a transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to electricity-producing fusion power plants. However, the World Nuclear Association says that nuclear fusion "presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering challenges".^[73] Construction of the ITER facility began in 2007, but the project has run into many delays and budget overruns. The facility is now not expected to begin operations until the year 2027 – 11 years after initially anticipated.^[74]

See also

• The Atomic Age – Wikipedia book
• Bright green environmentalism (aka Ecomodernism)
• Ecomodernist movement; environmentalist ideology supportive of nuclear power
• Energy development
• Energy security
• Environmental impact of nuclear power
• Generation IV reactor (future design concepts)
• List of anti-nuclear advocates in the United States
• Next Generation Nuclear Plant
• Nuclear power debate
• Nuclear renaissance
• Small modular reactor
• United States energy independence
• Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack
• World Association of Nuclear Operators
• World Nuclear Association

References

Further reading

• Roger-Maurice Bonnet and Lodewijk Woltjer, Surviving 1,000 Centuries Can We Do It? (2008), Springer-Praxis Books
• Robert Bryce (writer), Power Hungry: The Myth of “Green” Energy and the Real Fuels of the Future (2011)
• President Jimmy Carter, Nuclear Power Policy Statement on Decision Reached Following a Review, April 7, 1977
• Center for Strategic and International Studies, Restoring U.S. Leadership in Nuclear Energy: A National Security Imperative, (2013)
• Gwyneth Cravens, (2007). Power to Save the World: The Truth about Nuclear Energy ISBN 978-0-307-26656-9
• Diaz-Maurin, François (2014). "Going beyond the Nuclear Controversy". Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (1): 25–26. doi:10.1021/es405282z. PMID 24364822.
• Ferguson, Charles D.; Marburger, Lindsey E.; Farmer, J. Doyne; Makhijani, Arjun (2010). "A US nuclear future?". Nature. 467 (7314): 391–3. doi:10.1038/467391a. PMID 20864972.
• Jeff Eerkens, The Nuclear Imperative: A Critical Look at the Approaching Energy Crisis (More Physics for Presidents), (2010, 2012)
• Michael H. Fox, Why We Need Nuclear Power: The Environmental Case (2014)
• Richard Garwin and Georges Charpak, Megawatts and Megatons: The Future of Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons, (2002)
• Gabrielle Hecht, The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity After World War II, (2009)
• Andrew C. Kadak, A future for nuclear energy: pebble bed reactors, International Journal of Critical Infrastructure (2005)
• Robert B. Laughlin, Powering the Future: How We Will (Eventually) Solve the Energy Crisis and Fuel the Civilization of Tomorrow (2011)
• Kaz Makabe, Buying Time: Environmental Collapse and the Future of Energy, (2017)
• Michael McElroy (scientist), Energy and Climate: Vision for the Future (2016)
• Richard A. Muller, Physics for Future Presidents, (2008)
• Reese Palley, The Answer: Why Only Mini Nuclear Power Plants Can Save Our World, (2011)
• Rauli Partanen and Janne M. Korhonen, Climate Gamble: Is Anti-Nuclear Activism Endangering Our Future? (2015)
• Joseph M. Shuster, Beyond Fossil Fools: The Roadmap to Energy Independence by 2040 (2008)
• Charles E. Till and Yoon Il Chang, Plentiful Energy: The Story of the Integral Fast Reactor, (2011)
• Ialenti, Vincent. "Alter-Ecologies: Envisioning Papal & Ecomodernist Nuclear Energy Policy Futures". Laudato Si’: Reflections on the Legal, Political and Moral Authority of Catholic Social Thought in an Era of Climate Crisis (eds Frank Pasquale & Michael Perry). Forthcoming. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. SSRN 2869323.
• Schneider, Mycle, Steve Thomas, Antony Froggatt, Doug Koplow (2016). The World Nuclear Industry Status Report: World Nuclear Industry Status as of 1 January 2016.
• Ted Taylor (physicist) and Charles C. Humpstone, The Restoration of the Earth (1973)
• J. Samuel Walker (2004). Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective
• Alvin M. Weinberg, The Second Nuclear Era: A New Start for Nuclear Power, (1985)
• Jiang Zemin, Research on Energy Issues in China (2008), Elsevier

External links

• Banks contributing to nuclear power
• Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues — Annotated Bibliography on Nuclear Power
• Briefing Papers from the Australian EnergyScience Coalition
• British Energy — Understanding Nuclear Energy / Nuclear Power