List of NUTS regions in the European Union by GDP

The European Union uses a hierarchical system to classify regions for statistics purposes

The European Union uses a classification for subnational territory called Nomenclature des Unites Territriales Statistiques (commonly abbreviated as NUTS). The NUTS 1 classification is applied to a group of regions, NUTS 2 for regions and NUTS 3 as subdivisions of regions. There are also two levels (NUTS 4 and 5) which relate to local administrative unit levels. Countries agree a NUTS classification with the European Commission. Geddes notes that NUTS level 2 is "particularly important", because they often exist as territorial-government divisions and are used for regional policies by countries. NUTS 1 typically has a population of 3-7 million; NUTS 2 0.8-3 million; and NUTS 3 150,000-800,000.[1] As of 2015, there are 98 regions at NUTS 1 level, 276 regions at NUTS 2 level and 1,342 regions at NUTS 3 level (as a result, statistics at the NUTS level 3 are found as an external link to this article). The EU is based on the classification of NUTS 2 regions as: less developed regions, transition regions and more developed regions.[2] The EU's Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund direct funding to NUTS level 2 regions based on their GDP (PPS) per capita in comparison to the EU average: less developed regions (less than 75%), transition regions (between 75% and 90% and more developed regions (over 90%). For the period 2014–20, EUR 351 billion will be invested in the EU’s regions with most being directed to the less developed regions.[3]

NUTS level 1

RegionCountryEuro totalEuro per capitaPPS totalPPS per capitaPPS per capita anomaly
East AustriaAustria153,23240,300140,89637,000127
South AustriaAustria63,54435,40058,42832,500112
West AustriaAustria136,38843,500125,40740,000137
Brussels Capital RegionBelgium75,89363,80069,50658,400200
Flemish RegionBelgium248,75138,300227,81535,100120
Walloon RegionBelgium98,22027,20089,95324,90085
Northern and Eastern BulgariaBulgaria18,3135,10038,41010,70037
South-Western and South-Central BulgariaBulgaria29,8168,40062,53517,60060
CyprusCyprus18,12321,30020,49924,10083
Czech RepublicCzech Republic176,56416,700270,23025,60088
Baden-WürttembergGermany478,49243,800451,43741,300142
BavariaGermany570,03544,200537,80541,700143
BerlinGermany129,92436,600122,57834,500118
BrandenburgGermany68,75727,60064,87026,10089
Free Hanseatic City of BremenGermany32,37647,90030,54645,200155
HamburgGermany111,07661,800104,79658,300200
HessenGermany270,36943,800255,08241,300142
Mecklenburg-VorpommernGermany41,58025,80039,22924,40084
Lower SaxonyGermany265,04733,500250,06131,500108
North Rhine-WestphaliaGermany672,10837,600634,10735,500122
Rhineland-PalatinateGermany139,95934,500132,04532,500111
SaarlandGermany35,23135,30033,23933,300114
SaxonyGermany118,88729,200112,16527,50094
Saxony-AnhaltGermany59,59326,60056,22425,10086
Schleswig-HolsteinGermany89,55131,10084,48829,400101
ThuringiaGermany61,06428,30057,61126,70091
DenmarkDenmark277,48948,400203,93636,100124
EstoniaEstonia21,09816,00028,80321,90075
AtticaGreece83,46922,100101,71126,90092
Aegean Islands, CreteGreece16,95414,50020,66017,70061
Northern GreeceGreece38,25112,40046,61015,10052
Central GreeceGreece35,52513,00043,28915,80054
North West SpainSpain92,62021,400102,84823,70081
North East SpainSpain130,25329,400144,63732,600112
Community of MadridSpain211,52832,800234,88836,400125
Central SpainSpain111,94020,100124,30322,30077
East SpainSpain347,04825,700385,37528,60098
South SpainSpain181,80518,100201,88320,10069
Canary IslandsSpain42,46019,80047,14922,50075
European Union14,907,85229,20014,907,85229,200100
Mainland FinlandFinland214,19039,200174,15231,900109
ÅlandFinland1,36847,0001,11238,200131
Île-de-FranceFrance680,71756,000621,62551,100175
Paris basinFrance291,66426,900266,34524,60084
Nord-Pas-de-CalaisFrance108,59726,60099,17024,30083
East FranceFrance148,22127,400135,35425,10086
West FranceFrance252,66728,500230,73326,00089
South West FranceFrance213,52429,700194,98827,20093
Central East FranceFrance255,08932,000232,94529,300100
French MediterraneanFrance232,67528,500212,47726,00089
Overseas departmentsFrance44,64120,50040,76618,70064
CroatiaCroatia46,38211,10072,84417,50060
Central HungaryHungary52,68517,60089,33929,800102
TransdanubiaHungary30,96110,50052,50117,90061
Great Plain and NorthHungary30,0857,80051,01613,20045
IrelandIreland275,56758,800249,84853,300183
Northwest ItalyItaly548,58534,100558,89734,700119
South ItalyItaly262,18918,600267,11719,00065
Insular ItalyItaly120,55417,900122,82018,30063
Northeast ItalyItaly387,55333,300394,83733,900116
Central ItalyItaly360,50329,900367,27930,400104
LithuaniaLithuania38,66813,50063,03822,00075
LuxembourgLuxembourg53,00590,70043,85975,100257
LatviaLatvia24,92712,70036,85018,80065
MaltaMalta9,92722,70012,17027,90096
North NetherlandsNetherlands56,80233,00051,20829,800102
East NetherlandsNetherlands122,80734,200110,71430,800106
West NetherlandsNetherlands372,61146,000335,91941,500142
South NetherlandsNetherlands147,21840,600132,72136,600126
Central PolandPoland120,28315,300216,07527,50094
South PolandPoland86,45410,900155,30519,60067
East PolandPoland522597,80093,87714,00048
North West PolandPoland67,44010,900121,15019,50067
South West PolandPoland44,48411,40079,91120,50070
North PolandPoland55,0609,40098,90917,00058
Mainland PortugalPortugal176,74418,000221,99422,60077
AzoresPortugal3,92716,0004,93320,10069
MadeiraPortugal4,35317,0005,46821,40073
Romania 1Romania38,2807,80075,36315,30053
Romania 2Romania35,2416,20069,37912,20042
Romania 3Romania67,57712,700133,04125,10086
Romania 4Romania28,5327,50056,17214,90051
East SwedenSweden214,62255,000164,78242,200145
South SwedenSweden182,29842,500139,96432,600112
North SwedenSweden68,16139,40052,33330,200104
SloveniaSlovenia40,41819,60049,73324,10083
SlovakiaSlovakia81,15414,900121,74922,40077
North East EnglandUnited Kingdom69,46926,30059,71222,60078
North West EnglandUnited Kingdom228,30831,600196,24227,20093
Yorkshire and the HumberUnited Kingdom153,80428,300132,20224,40084
East MidlandsUnited Kingdom137,20729,000117,93625,00086
West MidlandsUnited Kingdom173,53729,900149,16425,70088
East of EnglandUnited Kingdom202,04233,000173,66528,30097
Greater LondonUnited Kingdom559,97363,700481,32554,800188
South East EnglandUnited Kingdom354,92239,300305,07333,800116
South West EnglandUnited Kingdom174,61131,700150,08727,20093
WalesUnited Kingdom81,68326,20070,21122,60077
ScotlandUnited Kingdom183,74934,000157,94229,200100
Northern IrelandUnited Kingdom51,04727,40043,87823,60081

NUTS level 2

RegionCountryEuro totalEuro per capitaPPS totalPPS per capitaPPS per capita anomaly
BurgenlandAustria7,96227,5007,46125,80089
Lower AustriaAustria53,40832,50050,04730,500106
ViennaAustria86,53747,70081,09244,700155
CarinthiaAustria18,61033,30017,43931,200108
StyriaAustria43,32635,40040,60033,100115
Upper AustriaAustria58,13840,30054,48037,700131
SalzburgAustria24,94346,10023,37443,200150
TyrolAustria30,76242,00028,82639,300136
VorarlbergAustria16,11542,30015,10139,600137
Brussels-Capital RegionBelgium74,59963,30069,80359,200205
AntwerpenBelgium78,36843,20073,33040,400140
LimburgBelgium26,28330,60024,59328,60099
East FlandersBelgium49,77333,70046,57331,500109
Flemish BrabantBelgium44,36139,80041,50937,200129
West FlandersBelgium41,84235,50039,15233,200115
Walloon BrabantBelgium15,75840,00014,74437,400129
HainautBelgium31,47623,60029,45322,10077
LiègeBelgium28,89126,40027,03424,70086
LuxembourgBelgium6,49023,3006,07321,80075
NamurBelgium12,23825,10011,45123,50081
SeverozapadenBulgaria3,0743,9006,6348,40029
Severen tsentralenBulgaria3,6194,4007,8099,50033
SeveroiztochenBulgaria4,9365,20010,65111,20039
YugoiztochenBulgaria5,5355,20011,94311,30039
YugozapadenBulgaria21,69410,20046,80822,00076
Yuzhen tsentralenBulgaria6,4274,40013,8669,60033
CyprusCyprus17,63720,80019,94323,50081
PragueCzech Republic40,78932,30064,90251,400178
Central BohemiaCzech Republic19,35014,60030,78923,30081
South West Czech RepublicCzech Republic16,99014,00027,03422,30077
North West Czech RepublicCzech Republic13,28111,80021,13218,80065
North East Czech RepublicCzech Republic19,64913,00031,26420,70072
South East Czech RepublicCzech Republic24,88614,80039,59823,50081
Central MoraviaCzech Republic16,08013,20025,58621,00073
Moravian-SilesianCzech Republic15,93813,10025,35920,90072
StuttgartGermany195,39448,800188,58246,700162
KarlsruheGermany114,16941,600110,18940,200139
FreiburgGermany79,56736,00076,79334,800120
TübingenGermany72,61140,10070,07938,700134
Upper BavariaGermany242,40653,200233,95551,400178
Lower BavariaGermany43,89236,40042,36235,200122
Upper PalatinateGermany42,01138,60040,54737,300129
Upper FranconiaGermany36,14734,20034,88733,000114
Middle FranconiaGermany69,98140,50067,54139,100135
Lower FranconiaGermany48,39537,20046,70835,900124
SwabiaGermany67,61436,90065,25736,900123
BerlinGermany124,44535,600120,10734,400119
BrandenburgGermany65,44326,50063,16225,60089
BremenGermany31,66247,50030,55845,800159
HamburgGermany109,52061,700105,70259,500206
DarmstadtGermany190,17848,800183,54847,100163
GiessenGermany32,43631,40031,30530,300105
KasselGermany41,43234,30039,98833,100115
Mecklenburg-Western PomeraniaGermany39,96024,90038,56724,00083
BraunschweigGermany62,11939,10059,95437,700131
HannoverGermany74,40535,10071,81133,900117
LüneburgGermany42,77025,30041,27924,40085
Weser-EmsGermany79,82732,20077,04431,100108
DüsseldorfGermany204,43239,800197,30538,400133
CologneGermany172,76439,300166,74138,000131
MünsterGermany81,20931,30078,37830,200105
DetmoldGermany71,96435,20069,45534,000118
ArnsbergGermany116,69832,600112,62931,500109
KoblenzGermany46,62631,40045,00130,300105
TrierGermany15,04128,50014,51727,50095
Rheinhessen-PfalzGermany70,58634,90068,12533,700117
SaarlandGermany35,10935,40033,88534,100118
DresdenGermany44,63927,90043,08327,00093
ChemnitzGermany37,89725,90036,57625,00087
LeipzigGermany30,38030,10029,32129,100101
Saxony-AnhaltGermany56,34625,10054,38224,30084
Schleswig-HolsteinGermany85,80630,20082,81429,100101
ThuringiaGermany56,94126,30054,95625,40088
Capital Region of DenmarkDenmark109,55961,60083,77547,100163
ZealandDenmark27,13132,90020,74625,20087
South DenmarkDenmark52,47143,40040,12233,200115
Central JutlandDenmark55,20142,90042,21032,800114
North JutlandDenmark23,14839,60017,70030,300105
EstoniaEstonia20,25215,40028,42621,60075
AtticaGreece84,36822,100102,24526,80093
North AegeanGreece2,45412,4002,97415,00052
South AegeanGreece6,07218,1007,35921,90076
CreteGreece8,78913,90010,65116,80058
Eastern Macedonia and ThraceGreece6,89511,3008,35613,80048
Central MacedoniaGreece23,63612,50028,64415,10052
Western MacedoniaGreece4,14115,0005,01818,20063
EpirusGreece3,88711,5004,71013,90048
ThessalyGreece8,90112,10010,78614,70051
Ionian IslandsGreece3,12415,1003,78618,30063
Western GreeceGreece8,00811,9009,70514,40050
Central GreeceGreece7,69413,8009,32516,70058
PeloponneseGreece7,72813,2009,36616,00056
GaliciaSpain55,82120,50062,43522,90079
AsturiasSpain21,27920,40023,80022,80079
CantabriaSpain12,22620,90013,67523,40081
Basque CountrySpain66,55330,80074,44034,400119
NavarreSpain18,48529,10020,67532,500113
La RiojaSpain7,89025,2008,82528,20098
AragonSpain33,68925,50037,68128,50099
Community of MadridSpain202,96531,700227,01635,400123
Castile and LeónSpain53,56321,70059,91024,30084
Castilla-La ManchaSpain36,95818,00041,33820,10070
ExtremaduraSpain17,27315,90019,32017,80062
CataloniaSpain204,18927,600228,38630,900107
Valencian CommunitySpain101,36920,600113,38123,00080
Balearic IslandsSpain27,22924,10030,45527,00093
AndaluciaSpain143,84617,100160,89219,20066
Region of MurciaSpain27,52818,80030,79021,00073
CeutaSpain1,59218,8001,78121,10073
MelillaSpain1,44417,1001,61519,10066
Canary IslandsSpain40,88019,20045,72521,50074
European Union14,714,02928,90014,714,02928,900100
West FinlandFinland47,20234,20038,96228,30098
Helsinki-UusimaaFinland80,95850,20066,82441,500144
South FinlandFinland39,24733,80032,39627,90097
North & East FinlandFinland40,69531,30033,59125,80090
ÅlandFinland1,34646,5001,11138,400133
Île de FranceFrance659,79654,600615,85650,900176
Champagne-ArdenneFrance36,90727,60034,45025,80089
PicardyFrance47,36324,50044,20922,90079
Upper NormandyFrance52,61528,30049,11126,40091
Centre-Val de LoireFrance69,74427,00065,10025,20087
Lower NormandyFrance38,56926,10036,00024,40084
BurgundyFrance45,21427,60042,20325,80089
Nord-Pas-de-CalaisFrance109,11526,700101,84824,90086
LorraineFrance58,31425,00054,43123,30081
AlsaceFrance57,16630,40053,35928,40098
Franche-ComtéFrance29,79925,30027,81523,60082
Pays de la LoireFrance109,29129,300102,01227,40095
BrittanyFrance91,63627,80085,53325,90090
Poitou-CharentesFrance48,67527,00045,43425,20087
AquitaineFrance96,41328,50089,99226,60092
Midi-PyrénéesFrance88,29329,30082,41327,40095
LimousinFrance18,18924,80016,97823,10080
Rhône-AlpesFrance213,60332,700199,37830,500106
AuvergneFrance36,48426,80034,05425,00087
Languedoc-RoussillonFrance68,15024,50063,61222,80079
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'AzurFrance152,77130,500142,59728,50099
CorsicaFrance8,62826,3008,05424,50085
GuadeloupeFrance9,15521,2008,54519,80069
MartiniqueFrance9,07324,0008,46922,40078
French GuianaFrance4,26016,4003,97615,30053
RéunionFrance18,56721,90017,33020,40071
MayotteFrance2,2509,8002,1009,10032
Adriatic CroatiaCroatia13,94410,00022,42516,00055
Continental CroatiaCroatia29,90310,60048,09217,10059
Central HungaryHungary51,35617,20090,96430,400105
Central TransdanubiaHungary10,99310,40019,47218,30064
Western TransdanubiaHungary11,94912,10021,16521,50075
Southern TransdanubiaHungary6,5997,30011,68812,90045
Northern HungaryHungary8,4647,30014,99212,90045
Northern Great PlainHungary10,3977,00018,41612,50043
Southern Great PlainHungary9,9157,80017,56213,90048
Border, Midland and WesternIreland (2014)33,18627,10029,78124,30088
Southern and Eastern IrelandIreland (2014)155,86046,000139,86541,300150
PiedmontItaly127,36528,900130,74329,600103
Aosta ValleyItaly4,37434,2004,49035,100122
LiguriaItaly47,66330,20048,92731,000107
LombardyItaly357,20035,700366,67236,600127
AbruzzoItaly32,59224,50033,45625,20087
MoliseItaly6,04219,3006,20219,80069
CampaniaItaly100,54417,200103,21017,60061
ApuliaItaly72,13517,70074,04818,10063
BasilicataItaly11,44919,90011,75220,40071
CalabriaItaly32,79516,60033,66417,10059
SicilyItaly87,38317,20089,70017,60061
SardiniaItaly32,48119,60033,34220,10070
South TyrolItaly21,48841,30022,05842,400147
TrentinoItaly18,60834,60019,10235,500123
VenetoItaly151,63430,800155,65531,600110
Friuli-Venezia GiuliaItaly35,66929,10036,61529,900104
Emilia-RomagnaItaly149,52533,600153,49034,500119
TuscanyItaly110,33229,400113,25730,200105
UmbriaItaly21,43824,00022,00724,60085
MarcheItaly40,59326,20041,67026,90093
LazioItaly182,64231,000187,48631,800110
LithuaniaLithuania37,33112,90062,70221,60075
LuxembourgLuxembourg51,21689,90043,36176,200264
LatviaLatvia24,36812,30036,75918,60064
Republic of MacedoniaMacedonia (2014)8,5294,10020,87710,10037
MaltaMalta9,27621,50011,55926,80093
GroningenNetherlands26,16444,80024,23241,500144
FrieslandNetherlands18,17828,20016,83626,10090
DrentheNetherlands13,80828,20012,78826,20091
OverisselNetherlands37,21332,60034,46630,200105
GelderlandNetherlands67,88233,40062,87131,000107
FlevolandNetherlands12,32830,60011,41828,30098
UtrechtNetherlands59,30646,80054,92843,300150
North HollandNetherlands141,78451,100131,31747,400164
South HollandNetherlands144,37440,000133,71537,000128
ZeelandNetherlands11,83431,10010,96128,800100
North BrabantNetherlands102,15441,00094,61338,000131
LimburgNetherlands37,65333,70034,87331,200108
ŁódźPoland26,11310,50046,24618,50064
MazoviaPoland95,16017,800168,52631,600109
MałopolskaPoland33,94710,10060,11917,80062
SilesiaPoland53,28611,60094,36920,60071
LublinPoland16,4247,70029,08613,60047
PodkarpackiePoland16,8037,90029,75814,00048
ŚwiętokrzyskiePoland10,2018,10018,06614,30050
PodlaskiePoland9,4537,90016,74114,10049
Greater Poland VoivodeshipPoland42,23612,20074,79921,50075
West PomeraniaPoland16,2599,50028,79416,80058
LubuskiePoland9,5139,30016,84716,50057
Lower SilesiaPoland36,19712,50064,10422,10076
OpolePoland9,0229,00015,97816,00055
Kujawy-PomeraniaPoland19,0319,10033,70416,10056
Warmia-MasuriaPoland11,4427,90020,26314,10049
PomeraniaPoland24,70710,70043,75519,00066
North PortugalPortugal52,92614,60067,68818,70065
AlgarvePortugal7,85617,80010,04722,70079
Central PortugalPortugal33,96215,00043,43419,20067
Lisbon Metropolitan AreaPortugal65,34423,20083,56829,700103
AlentejoPortugal11,46515,70014,66320,10070
AzoresPortugal3,78515,4004,84119,70068
MadeiraPortugal4,15916,1005,31920,70072
North West RomaniaRomania18,2677,10037,25414,40050
Central RomaniaRomania17,3687,40035,42015,10052
North East RomaniaRomania15,8644,90032,3539,90034
South East RomaniaRomania17,7727,20036,24414,60051
South - MunteniaRomania20,4046,70041,61313,70047
Bucharest - IlfovRomania44,15419,30090,04839,400136
South West OlteniaRomania11,3825,70023,21211,60040
West RomaniaRomania14,6558,10029,88716,50057
Stockholm CountySweden142,32964,300111,39350,300174
East Middle SwedenSweden63,67539,10049,83530,600106
Småland and the islandsSweden31,81738,30024,90230,000104
South SwedenSweden55,91338,50043,76030,200104
West SwedenSweden87,27744,70068,30735,000121
North Middle SwedenSweden30,39436,40023,78828,50099
Middle NorrlandSweden14,48439,00011,33630,600106
Upper NorrlandSweden21,02041,00016,45132,100111
Eastern SloveniaSlovenia16,93015,50021,61519,80069
Western SloveniaSlovenia21,64022,30027,62728,50099
Bratislava RegionSlovakia22,23835,40034,22554,400188
Western SlovakiaSlovakia24,54013,40037,76720,60071
Central SlovakiaSlovakia15,56011,60023,94717,80062
Eastern SlovakiaSlovakia16,34710,10025,15815,60054
Tees Valley and DurhamUnited Kingdom32,01027,00025,19521,20074
Northumberland and Tyne and WearUnited Kingdom44,88531,20035,32924,60085
CumbriaUnited Kingdom17,33634,80013,64527,40095
Greater ManchesterUnited Kingdom92,26133,50072,62026,30091
LancashireUnited Kingdom44,90830,40035,34723,90083
CheshireUnited Kingdom42,72246,60033,62736,700127
MerseysideUnited Kingdom45,58729,90035,88223,50081
East Yorkshire and Northern LincolnshireUnited Kingdom27,55529,80021,68923,40081
North YorkshireUnited Kingdom28,83535,60022,69628,10097
South YorkshireUnited Kingdom37,63627,40029,62421,50075
West YorkshireUnited Kingdom75,78033,20059,64726,10091
Derbyshire and NottinghamshireUnited Kingdom68,24531,60053,71624,90086
Leicestershire, Rutland and NorthamptonshireUnited Kingdom61,80434,70048,64727,30095
LincolnshireUnited Kingdom21,46729,10016,89722,90079
Herefordshire, Worcestershire and WarwickshireUnited Kingdom47,67136,10037,52228,40098
Shropshire and StaffordshireUnited Kingdom45,86328,70036,09922,60078
West MidlandsUnited Kingdom91,85132,40072,29725,50088
East AngliaUnited Kingdom92,34737,40072,68729,500102
Bedfordshire and HertfordshireUnited Kingdom74,19840,70058,40232,100111
EssexUnited Kingdom58,90233,00046,36225,90090
Inner London - WestUnited Kingdom243,454212,800191,625167,500580
Inner London - EastUnited Kingdom149,62564,300117,77150,600175
Outer London - East and North EastUnited Kingdom53,35028,60041,99222,50078
Outer London - SouthUnited Kingdom44,24134,50034,82227,20094
Outer London - West and North WestUnited Kingdom95,07546,30074,83536,400126
Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and OxfordshireUnited Kingdom129,78555,000102,15443,300150
Surrey, East and West SussexUnited Kingdom119,66542,20094,18933,200115
Hampshire and Isle of WightUnited Kingdom77,75339,80061,20031,300108
KentUnited Kingdom58,48332,50046,03225,60089
Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath areaUnited Kingdom100,70741,30079,26732,500113
Dorset and SomersetUnited Kingdom43,20233,00034,00525,90090
Cornwall and Isles of ScillyUnited Kingdom15,34127,80012,07521,90076
DevonUnited Kingdom35,79030,60028,17024,10083
West Wales and The ValleysUnited Kingdom48,49022,00036,77918,90069
East WalesUnited Kingdom37,86228,90028,38924,80090
Eastern ScotlandUnited Kingdom74,19335,90058,39828,20098
South Western ScotlandUnited Kingdom79,00933,70062,18826,50092
North Eastern ScotlandUnited Kingdom27,98756,90022,02944,800155
Highlands and IslandsUnited Kingdom15,79133,70012,42926,60092
Northern IrelandUnited Kingdom53,26228,80041,92322,60078

See also

References

  • "GDP at NUTS level 1: Euro total; Euro per capita; PPS total; PPS per capita; PPS per capita anomaly". Eurostat. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  • "GDP at NUTS level 2: Euro total; Euro per capita; PPS total; PPS per capita; PPS per capita anomaly". Eurostat. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  1. Geddes, Andrew; Lees, Charles; Taylor, Andrew (2013). The European Union and South East Europe: The Dynamics of Europeanization and Multilevel Governance. Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 1136281576.
  2. Regions in the European Union. European Union. 2015. p. 7. ISBN 978-92-79-38657-2.
  3. "GDP at regional level". Eurostat. May 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
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