Haplogroup O-K18

Haplogroup O-K18
a.k.a. O-F2320
Possible time of origin 28,500 [95% CI 26,200 <-> 30,900] years before present[1]
Coalescence age 22,200 [95% CI 20,000 <-> 24,400] years before present[1]
Possible place of origin Southeast Asia or East Asia or Japan[1]
Ancestor O-M268 (O1b)
Descendants Primary: O-M1470 (O1b1a). Secondary: O-CTS10007 (O1b1a1a), O-M1283 (O1b1a1a1b), O-F4212 (O1b1a1a1a1b2), O-CTS10484 (O1b1a1a1a1b1b), O-CTS7399 (O1b1a1a1a1b1a), O-M111 (O1b1a1a1a1a), O-PK4 (O1b1a1).[2]
Defining mutations K18; F2320; F3008/M1441; F3286/M146; M95; F1931/M1362; F1358/M1318; CTS11761/M1487
Highest frequencies Southern China, Southeast Asia, Eastern India
(Austroasiatic peoples and Kuki-Chin-Mizo peoples)

Haplogroup O-K18 also known as O-F2320 and (as of 2017) Haplogroup O1b1,[3] is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-K18 is a descendant branch of Haplogroup O-P31. It is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.

Origin

In a paper published in 2011 by a group of Chinese researchers affiliated with Fudan University, it has been suggested that China is the origin of the expansion of haplogroup O-M268, the parent haplogroup of O-F2320.[4]

Distribution

Haplogroup O-K18 is distributed widely in Asia, from southern India to the Altai Mountains and Central Asia in the west, and from Indonesia to northern China and Japan in the east. It is found only at marginally low frequencies of approximately 1% at the periphery of its distribution in southern India, Central Asia, northern China, and Japan, but many populations within the vast intervening territory in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China display a greatly elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-K18 Y-chromosomes. Haplogroup O-M122, which attains its peak frequency among the Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien peoples of China and Southeast Asia, and Haplogroup O-M119, which predominates among Taiwanese aborigines and many populations of the Philippines, also generally occur among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South China and the Indochinese Peninsula, but usually at much lower frequencies than Haplogroup O-M95.

According to the National Geographic project regarding O-M95: The Austro-Asiatic language family developed in groups containing men from this lineage. As these groups spread across Southeast Asia in successive waves, they spread their language. Today, the distribution of men from this lineage matches the pattern of these waves of migration. It is 42 percent of male lineages in Java, 40 percent of male lineages in Vietnam, and 38 percent of male lineages in Borneo. It accounts for 28 percent of the male population in Malaysia. It is present in Sumatra in about 14 percent of the male population. In mainland China, it is, on average, about 3 percent of the male population. In South Asia, it is 9 percent of the Pardhan, between 1 and 2 percent of the Andh, and 10 percent of the Naikpod. It is around 59 percent of Balinese male lineages.

Population Frequency n Source SNPs
Shompen1.0012Trivedi 2006M95
Nicobarese1.0011Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Juang0.98049Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Bonda0.95242Chaubey 2011M95
Juang0.88954Chaubey 2011M95
Gadaba0.88927Chaubey 2011M95
Birhor0.88762Chaubey 2011M95
Lamet0.85735Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Ho0.84445Chaubey 2011M95
Han Chinese (Pinghua-Wuxhuan)0.83831Gan 2008M95(xM88)
Korku0.81459Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Baiga (Odisha)0.81042Chaubey 2011M95
Inh0.79434Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Mawasi (eastern Korku)0.71839Chaubey 2011M95
Kharia (West Bengal)0.70634Debnath 2011M95(xM88)=24
Katu0.68945Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Santhal0.68990Borkar 2011M95=62
Mal0.66050Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Ho0.65879Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Bo0.64328Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Talieng0.62935Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Brau0.62532Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Khmu0.60851Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Asur0.60288Chaubey 2011M95
Oy0.60050Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Korwa0.59542Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Li (Hlai)0.58834Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Balinese0.573641Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Alak0.56730Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Suy0.56439Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Mech0.55020Borkar 2011M95=11
Bit0.53628Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Ho0.53628Borkar 2011M95=15
Aheu0.52638Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Savara0.52421Chaubey 2011M95
Baiga (Madhya Pradesh)0.52223Chaubey 2011M95
Blang
(Shuangjiang, Yunnan)		0.50028Yang 2005M95(xM88)=14
Bugan0.50032Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Java (mostly sampled in Dieng)0.49261Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Kharia0.48637Chaubey 2011M95
Ngeq0.48635Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Birhor0.480100Borkar 2011M95=48
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.47540Yang 2005M95(xM88)=19
Jeh0.46932Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Santhal0.468109Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Bouyei0.46745Xie 2004M95(xM88/M111)=21
Munda0.45353Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Lachung0.45020Borkar 2011M95=9
Lawa
(Northern Thailand)		0.44050Brunelli 2017M95(xM111)=22
Sui0.44050Xie 2004M95(xM88/M111)=22
Chin
(Chin State, Myanmar)		0.42119Peng 2013M95(xM88)=8
Laven0.42050Cai 2011M95(xM88)
So0.42050Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan)0.41748Yang 2005M95(xM88)=20
Muong0.41712Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Khasi0.41392Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Kharia0.38936Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.38347Yang 2005M95(xM88)=18
Santhal (West Bengal)0.37351Debnath 2011M95(xM88)=19
Buyi0.37135Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Kol (West Bengal)0.37162Debnath 2011M95(xM88)=23
Java0.362141Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos)0.36025He 2012M95(xM88)
Munda0.35194Borkar 2011M95=33
Santhal0.35020Chaubey 2011M95
Mon
(Northern Thailand)		0.33318Brunelli 2017M95(xM111)=6
Kinh0.33315Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Oraon0.31991Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Banjarmasin, Indonesia0.31822Hurles 2005M95(xM88)
Malaysia0.31332Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Mountain Kimmun0.31332Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Blang0.30852Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Miao (Yunnan)0.30649Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam)0.30559He 2012M95(xM88)
Khasi0.303353Reddy 2007M95
Shan
(Northern Thailand)		0.30020Brunelli 2017M95(xM111)=6
Sulawesi0.29417Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Dai (Xinping, Yunnan)0.28649Yang 2005M95(xM88)=14
Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan)0.28649Yang 2005M95(xM88)=14
Thailand0.25375Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Tai Khün
(Northern Thailand)		0.25024Brunelli 2017M95(xM111)=6
Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.25048Yang 2005M95(xM88)=12
Zhuang0.25028Su 1999M95(xM88)=7
Lowland Kimmun0.24441Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Tai Lue
(Northern Thailand)		0.24291Brunelli 2017M95(xM111)=22
Zhuang (Guangxi)0.235166Chen 2006M95(xM111)
Palyu0.23330Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Cambodian0.23126Li 2010M95(xM88)=6
Khon Mueang
(Northern Thailand)		0.229205Brunelli 2017M95(xM111)=47
Wa
(Shuangjiang, Yunnan)		0.22631Yang 2005M95(xM88)=7
Tai Yuan
(Thailand)		0.22485Brunelli 2017M95(xM111)=18
M95(M111 null)=1
Ambon0.22218Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia0.21565Hurles 2005M95(xM88)
Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)0.21428Yang 2005M95(xM88)=6
Northern Mien0.21233Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Flower-head Mien0.21119Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Mech (West Bengal)0.21119Debnath 2011M95(xM88)=4
Borneo (Indonesia)0.20986Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.20035Yang 2005M95(xM88)=7
Dong0.20020Xie 2004M95(xM88/M111)=4
Southern Mien0.19431Cai 2011M95(xM88)
CDX
(Dai in Xishuangbanna)		0.19252Poznik 2016Z1018=4
Z23849=2
F2517=2
Y26463=1
Y9322*(xY9325)=1
Sumatra0.19226Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)		0.19063Zhao 2010M95(xM88)=12
Mahali (Santhal)0.18832Chaubey 2011M95
Garo0.18233Kumar 2007M95(xM88)
Blue Kimmun0.17928Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Thai (Northern Thailand)0.17617He 2012M95(xM88)
Sui (Fuyuan, Yunnan)0.17540Yang 2005M95(xM88)=7
Xinhmul0.17229Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Malagasy0.17135Hurles 2005M95(xM88)
Miao (Guizhou)0.16349Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Lowland Yao0.16131Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Batak Toba (Sumatra)0.15838Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Rajbanshi
(West Bengal)		0.15645Borkar 2011M95=7
Daur0.15439Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Bamar
(Myanmar)		0.15372Peng 2013M95(xM88)=11
Western Mien0.14947Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Paharia
(Jharkhand)		0.130100Borkar 2011M95=13
Mandar (Sulawesi)0.13054Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Pahng0.12931Cai 2011M95(xM88)
De'ang
(Luxi, Yunnan)		0.12516Yang 2005M95(xM88)=2
Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan)0.12050Yang 2005M95(xM88)=6
Kalimantan0.12025Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam)0.11876He 2012M95(xM88)
Garo0.11371Reddy 2007M95
Oraon0.109110Borkar 2011M95=12
Yao (Malipo, Yunnan)0.10647Yang 2005M95(xM88)=5
Kataang0.10837Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.10030Yang 2005M95(xM88)=3
Yami0.10030Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Han (South China)0.09265Yan 2011PK4(xM88)
Qiang0.09133Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Top Board Mien0.09111Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Thin Board Mien0.09111Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Miao (Hunan)0.090100Cai 2011M95(xM88)
She0.08834Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.08547Yang 2005M95(xM88)=4
Hanoi, Vietnam0.08324Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Tai Yong
(Northern Thailand)		0.07726Brunelli 2017M95(xM111)=2
Native Mien0.07341Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Vietnamese0.07170Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Minnan (Taiwan)0.06760Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Han Chinese (China)0.061165Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Hmong Daw (Laos)0.05951Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Hakka (Taiwan)0.05934Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Hani0.05934Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Jingpo (Luxi, Yunnan)0.05917Yang 2005M95(xM88)=1
Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.05735Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Bunu0.05636Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Dai (Dehong, Yunnan)0.05020Yang 2005M95(xM88)=1
Kapingamarangi0.04821Hurles 2005M95(xM88)
Flores0.046394Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.04445Yang 2005M95(xM88)=2
Japanese0.04347Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Lahu (Lincang, Yunnan)0.04347Yang 2005M95(xM88)=2
Utsat (Sanya, Hainan)0.04272Li 2013M95=3
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.04050Yang 2005M95(xM88)=2
Western Samoa0.04025Hurles 2005M95(xM88)
Ewenki (China)0.03826Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Akha (Thailand)0.03727Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Bengali (West Bengal)0.03754Debnath 2011M95(xM88)=2
Northern She (Zhejiang)0.03656Cai 2011M95(xM88)
Han (Taiwan)0.035258Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Miao (China)0.03458Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Han (Lanzhou, Gansu)0.03330Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Han (Yili, Xinjiang)0.03132Xue 2006M95(x88)
Han (North China)0.031129Yan 2011PK4(xM88)
Han (Chengdu, Sichuan)0.02934Xue 2006M95(xM88)
Dhimal (West Bengal)0.02836Debnath 2011M95(xM88)=1
Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan)0.02540Yang 2005M95(xM88)=1
Tharu (Uttar Pradesh)0.024164Chaubey 2014M95
Hani (Lüchun, Yunnan)0.02441Yang 2005M95(xM88)=1
Han (East China)0.024167Yan 2011PK4(xM88)
Japanese0.024210Hammer 2006M95(xM111)
Tharu (Uttarakhand)0.02245Chaubey 2014M95
Mongol (Tonghai, Yunnan)0.02246Yang 2005M95(xM88)=1
Han (Yuxi, Yunnan)0.02147Yang 2005M95(xM88)=1
Philippines0.02148Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Nu (Nujiang, Yunnan)0.02050Yang 2005M95(xM88)=1
Tharu (Nepal)0.020202Fornarino 2009
Chaubey 2014		M95
Rajbanshi (West Bengal)0.02051Debnath 2011M95(xM88)=1
Uzbek0.01954Karafet 2001M95
Han (Fujian)0.01855Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Japanese0.01856Poznik 2016M95(xM88)
Yao (China)0.01760Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Taiwan plains tribes0.016370Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Japanese0.0132390Sato 2014M95
Japanese0.008263Nonaka 2007M95(xM88)
Sumba0.003350Karafet 2010M95(xM111)
Hui (Tonghai, Yunnan)0.00015Yang 2005M95(xM88)=0
Dulong (Nujiang, Yunnan)0.00028Yang 2005M95(xM88)=0
Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan)0.00041Yang 2005M95(xM88)=0
Mosuo (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.00047Yang 2005M95(xM88)=0
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.00047Yang 2005M95(xM88)=0
Philippines0.000146Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)
Taiwan mountain aborigines0.000325Trejaut 2014M95(xM88)

Subclade Distribution

O-K18

O-CTS10887

Found in Han Chinese, Taiwan plains tribes, Vietnamese, Dai, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). TMRCA of Han Chinese, Dai, Vietnamese, and Japanese members estimated to be 13,700 [95% CI 11,300 <-> 16,300] ybp.[1]

Analysis of DNA extracted from a tooth from what are believed to be the remains of Cao Ding shows that he belonged to this clade. The researchers also found that the Y-chromosome of Cao Ding matches those of self-proclaimed living descendants of Cao Cao who hold lineage records dating back to more than 100 generations ago.[5] Cao Cao laid the foundation of Cao Wei, one of three major states that succeeded the Han Dynasty of China.

O-PK4

O-F838

This lineage has been relocated upstream of M95 following a paper published on the subject in 2011.(Shi Yan et al. 2011) Found in three samples of Han Chinese: 3/65 = 4.6% South China, 1/129 = 0.8% North China, 1/167 = 0.6% East China.

Peng et al. (2013) found O-PK4(xM95), which probably should belong to O-F838 according to the phylogenetic tree of human Y-DNA as it is currently resolved,[1] in a Bamar individual in Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar.[6]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in one of 18 individuals sampled on Ambon Island, Indonesia, one of 24 individuals sampled in Hanoi, Vietnam, six of 258 miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, one of 60 Minnan in Taiwan, and one of 85 Siraya in Pingtung, Taiwan.[7]

Wang et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in two of a sample of 46 Khams Tibetans from Xinlong County, Sichuan.[8]

O-M95

This subclade is downstream from O-PK4. It reaches high frequencies among the populations of the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo in western Indonesia (Underhill 2001) (Karafet 2010). It has been found to be by far the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the Balinese, occurring in approximately 58.6% (323/551) of a sample of Balinese men. It has been found in 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of Malagasy in Madagascar (Hurles 2005) and in 1.7% (1/60) of a sample of Swahili people in Kilifi, Kenya.[9] It is one of the most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroups among men in Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Myanmar. It is also very common among minority ethnic groups in India and China, especially those who have ethnolinguistic connections with populations in Southeast Asia (e.g. Munda peoples, Khasi people, and Nicobarese people in India and Kra-Dai peoples, Blang people, and Mang people in China).

O-M95(xM88) is relatively infrequent in other populations, but a study published in 2006 has found it in samples of Daurs (6/39 = 15.4%), Qiang people (3/33 = 9.1%), She people (3/34 = 8.8%), Hani people (2/34 = 5.9%), Yao people in Liannan, Guangdong (2/35 = 5.7%), Japanese people (2/47 = 4.3%), Evenks in China (1/26 = 3.8%), Han Chinese in Lanzhou, Gansu (1/30 = 3.3%), Han Chinese in Yili, Xinjiang (1/32 = 3.1%), Han Chinese in Chengdu, Sichuan (1/34 = 2.9%), and Yao people in Bama, Guangxi (1/35 = 2.9%).[10]

A study published in 2010 found O-M95(xM111) in 57.3% (367/641) Bali, 49.2% (30/61) Java, 31.3% (10/32) Malaysia, 20.9% (18/86) Borneo (Indonesia), 15.8% (6/38) Toba people in Sumatra, 13.0% (7/54) Mandar people in Sulawesi, 7.1% (5/70) Vietnam, 6.1% (10/165) Han Chinese, 4.6% (18/394) Flores, 3.4% (2/58) Miao in China, 2.1% (1/48) Philippines, 1.7% (1/60) Yao in China, and 0.3% (1/350) Sumba. (Karafet 2010)

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M95(xM88) in 36.2% (51/141) Java, 29.4% (5/17) Sulawesi, 25.3% (19/75) general population of Thailand, 25% (2/8) Malaysia, 22.2% (4/18) Ambon, 19.2% (5/26) Sumatra, 12.0% (3/25) Kalimantan, 10.0% (3/30) Yami, 8.3% (2/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 6.7% (4/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 5.9% (2/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 3.7% (1/27) Akka in Thailand, 3.5% (9/258) miscellaneous Han in Taiwan, 1.8% (1/55) Han in Fujian, 1.6% (6/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes. The authors did not find any cases of O-M95(xM88) among their samples from the Philippines (0/146) or Taiwan Highlands Tribes (0/325).[7]

O-M88

This subclade is downstream from O-M95. According to YFull YTree v6.03.05, all extant members of O-M88, which is also known as O-M111, share a most recent common ancestor approximately 6,700 [95% CI 5,000 <-> 9,000] years before present. The entire O-M88 clade is estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, O-CTS5854 (i.e. O-F2924(xM88), most members of which have been found in southern China, but some also in northern China, Japan, and the Philippines), approximately 10,000 [95% CI 8,000 <-> 12,100] years before present.

O-M88 is frequently found among Tai peoples, Vietnamese people, Hani-Akha people, She people, and some tribal peoples in Laos (including Aheu people, Xinh Mul people, Alak people, Kuy people, and So people[11]), with a moderate distribution among Cambodians, Qiang people, Yi people, Tujia people, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Cham people, Taiwanese aborigines, populations of Borneo, the Philippines, and Malaysia (Hurles 2005) (Karafet 2010), Han Chinese of Sichuan,[10] Hunan, Guangxi,[12] Guangdong,[13] Yunnan,[14] and Taiwan.[7][13]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M88 in 37.5% (21/56) Bunun, 25.9% (7/27) Akka in Thailand, 25.0% (6/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 17.3% (13/75) general population of Thailand, 5.0% (7/141) Java, 3.4% (5/146) Philippines, 3.3% (1/30) Yami, 2.9% (1/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 1.7% (1/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 1.55% (4/258) Han in Taiwan, and 0.54% (2/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes (including 1/18 Papora and 1/38 Siraya from the Tainan coast).[7]

O-M297

More research is needed on this lineage. It is claimed to be downstream from M95 and parallel to M88.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
O-M17526VII1U28Eu16H9IO*OOOOOOOOOO
O-M11926VII1U32Eu16H9HO1*O1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1aO1a
O-M10126VII1U32Eu16H9HO1aO1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1O1a1O1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1aO1a1a
O-M5026VII1U32Eu16H10HO1bO1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2O1a2
O-P3126VII1U33Eu16H5IO2*O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2O2
O-M9526VII1U34Eu16H11GO2a*O2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2aO2a1O2a1
O-M8826VII1U34Eu16H12GO2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1O2a1aO2a1a
O-SRY46520VII1U35Eu16H5IO2b*O2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2bO2b
O-47z5VII1U26Eu16H5IO2b1O2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1aO2b1aO2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1O2b1
O-M12226VII1U29Eu16H6LO3*O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3O3
O-M12126VII1U29Eu16H6LO3aO3aO3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1O3a1aO3a1a
O-M16426VII1U29Eu16H6LO3bO3bO3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a2O3a1bO3a1b
O-M15913VII1U31Eu16H6LO3cO3cO3a3aO3a3aO3a3O3a3O3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3aO3a3a
O-M726VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d*O3cO3a3bO3a3bO3a4O3a4O3a3bO3a3bO3a3bO3a2bO3a2b
O-M11326VII1U29Eu16H7LO3d1O3c1O3a3b1O3a3b1-O3a4aO3a3b1O3a3b1O3a3b1O3a2b1O3a2b1
O-M13426VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e*O3dO3a3cO3a3cO3a5O3a5O3a3cO3a3cO3a3cO3a2c1O3a2c1
O-M11726VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1*O3d1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a5aO3a5aO3a3c1O3a3c1O3a3c1O3a2c1aO3a2c1a
O-M16226VII1U30Eu16H8LO3e1aO3d1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a5a1O3a5a1O3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a3c1aO3a2c1a1O3a2c1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.

  • O-M95 (M95)
    • O-M88 (M88, M111)

Table of frequencies of O-M88/M111

Population Frequency Count Source SNPs
Xinhmul0.69029Cai 2011M88
Hani0.44134Xue 2006M88
Tai Yong (Thailand)0.38526Brunelli 2017M111
Bunun0.37556Trejaut 2014M88
She0.35351Karafet 2010M111
Suy0.30839Cai 2011M88
Tai Lü (Thailand)0.30891Brunelli 2017M111
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam)0.30376He 2012M88
Lowland Yao0.29031Cai 2011M88
Kataang0.27037Cai 2011M88
Kinh (Ho Chi Minh City)0.26146Poznik 2016M88
M111
Akha (Thailand)0.25927Trejaut 2014M88
Hanoi, Vietnam0.25024Trejaut 2014M88
Tai Khün (Thailand)0.25024Brunelli 2017M111
CDX
(Dai in Xishuangbanna)		0.23152Poznik 2016M88
M111
Dai (Xishuangbanna)0.22935Yang 2005M88=8
Tai Yuan (Thailand)0.22485Brunelli 2017M111
Zaomin0.21637Cai 2011M88
Thai
(North & Northeast Thailand)		0.20040Su 2000M88/M111=8
Vietnamese0.20070Karafet 2010M111
Khon Mueang (Thailand)0.185205Brunelli 2017M111
Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)0.17928Yang 2005M88=5
Thailand0.17375Trejaut 2014M88
Buyi0.17135Xue 2006M88
Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan)0.16748Yang 2005M88=8
Aheu0.15838Cai 2011M88
Shan (Thailand)0.15020Brunelli 2017M111
Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan)0.12249Yang 2005M88=6
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos)0.12025He 2012M88
Han (Chengdu, Sichuan)0.11834Xue 2006M88
Cambodian0.11526Su 1999M88/M111=3
Zhuang (Guangxi)0.10728Su 1999M88/M111=3
Dai (Dehong, Yunnan)0.10020Yang 2005M88=2
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam)0.08559He 2012M88
Dai (Xinping, Yunnan)0.08249Yang 2005M88=4
Achang (Lianghe, Yunnan)0.07540Yang 2005M88=3
Zhuang (Guangxi)0.072166Chen 2006M111
Miao (China)0.06958Karafet 2010M111
Yao (Malipo, Yunnan)0.06447Yang 2005M88=3
Thai (Northern Thailand)0.05917He 2012M88
Han (China)0.055165Karafet 2010M111
Taiwanese aborigines0.05139Hurles 2005M88
Java0.050141Trejaut 2014M88
Banjarmasin, Indonesia0.04522Hurles 2005M88
Han (Yuxi, Yunnan)0.04347Yang 2005M88=2
Lahu (Lincang, Yunnan)0.04347Yang 2005M88=2
Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.04248Yang 2005M88=2
Pathans (Dir, Pakistan)0.04296Firasat 2007M88, M111
Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan)0.04050Yang 2005M88=2
Nu (Nujiang, Yunnan)0.04050Yang 2005M88=2
Philippines0.034146Trejaut 2014M88
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.03330Yang 2005M88=1
Yami0.03330Trejaut 2014M88
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)		0.03263Zhao 2010M88=2
Malaysia0.03132Karafet 2010M111
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia0.03165Hurles 2005M88
Qiang0.03033Xue 2006M88
Hakka (Taiwan)0.02934Trejaut 2014M88
Hlai (Hainan)0.02934Xue 2006M88
Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.02935Xue 2006M88
Bamar (Myanmar)0.02872Peng 2013M88=2
Sui (Fuyuan, Yunnan)0.02540Yang 2005M88=1
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.02245Yang 2005M88=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.02147Yang 2005M88=1
Philippines0.02148Karafet 2010M111
Taiwanese aborigines0.02148Karafet 2010M111
Lawa0.02050Brunelli 2017M111
Minnan (Taiwan)0.01760Trejaut 2014M88
Yao (China)0.01760Karafet 2010M111
Han (Taiwan)0.016258Trejaut 2014M88
Taiwan plains tribes0.005370Trejaut 2014M88
Hui (Tonghai, Yunnan)0.00015Yang 2005M88=0
De'ang (Luxi, Yunnan)0.00016Yang 2005M88=0
Jingpo (Luxi, Yunnan)0.00017Yang 2005M88=0
Mon (Thailand)0.00018Brunelli 2017M111
Blang (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)0.00028Yang 2005M88=0
Dulong (Nujiang, Yunnan)0.00028Yang 2005M88=0
Wa (Shuangjiang, Yunnan)0.00031Yang 2005M88=0
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.00040Yang 2005M88=0
Hani (Lüchun, Yunnan)0.00041Yang 2005M88=0
Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan)0.00041Yang 2005M88=0
Mongol (Tonghai, Yunnan)0.00046Yang 2005M88=0
Mosuo (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.00047Yang 2005M88=0
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.00047Yang 2005M88=0
Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.00047Yang 2005M88=0
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.00050Yang 2005M88=0

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA O subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R

References

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.01 at 04 January 2017
  2. ↑ ISOGG 2017; YFull 2017
  3. ↑ ISOGG 2017
  4. ↑ Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hui Li, Shi-Lin Li, Li Jin, and The Genographic Consortium, "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4." European Journal of Human Genetics (2011) 19, 1013–1015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64
  5. ↑ Chuan-Chao Wang; Shi Yan; Can Yao; Xiu-Yuan Huang; Xue Ao; Zhanfeng Wang; Sheng Han; Li Jin; Hui Li (14 February 2013). "Ancient DNA of Emperor CAO Cao's granduncle matches those of his present descendants: a commentary on present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago". Journal of Human Genetics. The Japan Society of Human Genetics. 58 (4): 238–39. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.5. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  6. ↑ Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Long Fan, Jie Liu, Adeniyi C Adeola, Shi-Fang Wu, Robert W Murphy, Yong-Gang Yao, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data." European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 27 November 2013; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Jean A Trejaut, Estella S Poloni, Ju-Chen Yen, Ying-Hui Lai, Jun-Hun Loo, Chien-Liang Lee, Chun-Lin He, and Marie Lin, "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia." BMC Genetics 2014, 15:77. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/15/77
  8. ↑ Wang C-C, Wang L-X, Shrestha R, Zhang M, Huang X-Y, et al. (2014), "Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor." PLoS ONE 9(8): e103772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772
  9. ↑ Nicolas Brucato, Veronica Fernandes, Stéphane Mazières, et al., "The Comoros Show the Earliest Austronesian Gene Flow into the Swahili Corridor." The American Journal of Human Genetics 102, 58–68, January 4, 2018.
  10. 1 2 Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew E. Hurles, Huanming Yang, and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006). DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.054270
  11. ↑ Cai, Xiaoyun; Qin, Zhendong; Wen, Bo; Xu, Shuhua; Wang, Yi; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; et al. (2011). O'Rourke, Dennis, ed. "Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e24282. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624282C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. PMC 3164178. PMID 21904623.
  12. ↑ Yan LU, Shang-Ling PAN, Shu-Ming QIN, Zheng-Dong QIN, Chuan-Chao WANG, Rui-Jing GAN, Hui LI, and the Genographic Consortium, "Genetic evidence for the multiple origins of Pinghua Chinese." Journal of Systematics and Evolution Volume 51, Issue 3 (May 2013), Pages 271–279. DOI: 10.1111/jse.12003
  13. 1 2 Michael F. Hammer, Tatiana M. Karafet, Hwayong Park, Keiichi Omoto, Shinji Harihara, Mark Stoneking, and Satoshi Horai, "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes." Journal of Human Genetics (2006) 51:47–58. DOI 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0
  14. ↑ Zhili Yang, Yongli Dong, Lu Gao, Baowen Cheng, Jie Yang, Weimin Zeng, Jing Lu, Yanhua Su, & Chunjie Xiao, "The distribution of Y chromosome haplogroups in the nationalities from Yunnan Province of China." Annals of Human Biology, January–February 2005; 32(1): 80–87.

Works cited

Books

  • Underhill, Peter (2005). "Chapter 17: A synopsis of extant Y chromosome diversity in East Asia and Oceania". In Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. Psychology Press. pp. 297–314. ISBN 9780415322423.

Conference Posters

  • Yong, R.Y.Y.; Gan, L.S.H.; Khripin, Y.; Yap, V.B.; Yap, E.P.H. (2006). Workshop 6 Genomic Variation and Diversity: Association of Y chromosome variation with paternal ancestry origin of three ethnic populations in Singapore. HUGO's 11th Human Genome Meeting Helsinki Fair Centre, Helsinki, Finland, Wed 31 May to Sat 3 June 2006. Helsinki, Finland. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007.

Journals

  • Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
  • Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
  • Hurles, M; Sykes, B; Jobling, M; Forster, P (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
  • Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. PMID 16114819.
  • Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Kashyap, V.K. (2006). "Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 131 (1): 84–97. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20399. PMID 16485297.
  • Trivedi, Rajni; Sitalaximi, T.; Banerjee, Jheelam; Singh, Anamika; Sircar, P. K.; Kashyap, V. K. (2006). "Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (3): 217–26. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2. PMID 16453062.
  • Shi Yan; Chuan-Chao Wang; Hui Li; Shi-Lin Li; Li Jin; The Genographic Consortium (2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–1015. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.

Further reading

  • Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2005). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes" (PDF). Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
  • Shi, Hong; Dong, Yong-li; Wen, Bo; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Pei-Dong; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li; Su, Bing (2005). "Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (3): 408–19. doi:10.1086/444436. PMC 1226206. PMID 16080116.
  • Thanseem, Ismail; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Vijay; Bhaskar, Lakkakula VKS; Reddy, B Mohan; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji (2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: Inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genetics. 7 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42. PMC 1569435. PMID 16893451.
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