Ho people

Ho
Total population
1,033,095 (2011 census)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 India
              Jharkhand 928,289[1]
              Odisha 80,608[1]
              West Bengal 23,483[1]
              Bihar 715[1]
Languages
Ho
Religion
Sarnaism, Traditional belief
Related ethnic groups
Munda  • Santals  • Kolho  • other Mon-Khmer people

The Ho people are an ethnic group of India. They are an Adivasi people group concentrated in the state of Jharkhand and Odisha[2][3][4] where they constitute around 10.5% of the scheduled tribes. With a population of approximately 700,000 in the state in 2001, the Ho were the fourth most numerous scheduled tribe in Jharkhand after the Santhals, Kurukhs, and Mundas.[5] Ho territory also extends to adjacent areas in the neighboring states of West bengal, where there are approximately 80,600 Ho, Chhatisgarh and Bihar.They also live in Bangladesh and Nepal[6]

The ethnonym "Ho" is derived from the Ho language word hō meaning "human". The name is also applied to their language which is an Austroasiatic language closely related to Mundari. According to Ethnologue, the total number of people speaking the Ho language was 1,040,000 as of 2001.[7] Similar to other Austroasiatic groups in the area, the Ho report varying degrees of multilingualism, also using Hindi and English.[8]

Over 90% of the Ho practice the indigenous religion Sarnaism. The majority of the Ho are involved in agriculture, either as land owners or laborers, while others are engaged in mining. Compared to the rest of India, the Ho have a low literacy rate and a low rate of school enrollment. The government of Jharkhand has recently approved measures to help increase enrollment and literacy among children.[9][10][11]

History

Recent genetic studies suggest that Austroasiatic speakers in India are likely the descendants of a relatively small group of migrants from Southeast Asia who mixed extensively with local Indian populations.[12][13] Genetic evidence further suggests that the Austroasiatic ancestors of the modern people arrived in northeastern India between 4600-5800 years BP (before present) and continued migrating over the next millennium, arriving in their current locations in eastern India approximately 4000 years before present.[14] Separate linguistic studies similarly suggest that the Austroasiatic homeland was in Southeast Asia and speakers diffused along the river valleys, including into northeastern India, beginning 4000-5000 years ago.[15]

According to historian Ram Sharan Sharma in his book India's Ancient Past mentioned that, many Austroasiatic, Dravidian, and non-Sanskrit terms occur in the Vedic texts ascribed to 1500-500 BC.[16]They indicate ideas, institutions, products, and settlements associated with peninsular and non-Vedic India. The people of this area spoke the proto-Munda language. Several terms in the Indo-Aryan languages that signify the use of cotton, navigation, digging, stick, etc. have been traced to the Munda languages by linguists. There are many Munda pockets in Chota Nagpur Plateau, in which the remnants of Munda culture are strong. It is held that changes in the phonetics and vocabulary of the Vedic language can be explained as much on the basis of the Dravidian influence as that of the Munda.[16]

Starting from the period between the 9th and 12th centuries, copper was smelted in many parts of old Singhbhum district. It is believed that many immigrants entered Singhbhum from Manbhum in the 14th century or earlier. When the Hos entered old Singhbhum, they overcame the Bhuiyas, who were then inhabitants of the forest country. In the latter half of the eighteenth century, the Hos fought several wars against the Rajas of the Chota Nagpur States and Mayurbhanj to retain their independence. As far as is known, the Muslims left them alone.[17] Although the area was formally claimed to be a part of the Mughal Empire, neither the Mughals nor the Marathas, who were active in the surrounding areas during the decline of the Mughals, ventured into the area.[18]

In 1765, Chota Nagpur was ceded to the British East India Company as part of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa Provinces. The Raja of Singhbhum asked the British Resident at Midnapore for protection in 1767, but it was not until 1820 that he acknowledged himself as a feudatory of the British. The restless Hos broke the agreement soon and took part in a fierce rebellion of 1831-33, called the Kol uprising, along with the Mundas.[18][19] The immediate cause of the Kol uprising was the oppression of Adivsis by non-Adivasi thikadars (literally meaning contractors) or farmers of rent. The Hos and Mundas were joined by the Kurukh and the houses of many dikku (non-Adivasis or outsiders) landlords were burnt and a number of people were killed.[17] It compelled the British to recognise the need for a thorough subjugation of the Hos.[18] The uprising was suppressed with a good deal of trouble by several hundred British rroops.[17] While local troops quelled the uprising, another group under Colonel Richards entered Singhbhum in November 1836. Within three months all the ringleaders surrendered. In 1857, the Raja of Porahat rose in rebellion and a sizeable section of the Hos joined in the revolt. Troops were sent who put an end to the disturbances by 1859.[18]

Language

Ho people speak the Ho language, an Austroasiatic language closely related to Mundari and more distantly related to languages of Southeast Asia such as Khmer and Mon. The Austroasiatic languages of India, including Ho, are inflected fusional languages unlike their distant relatives in Southeast Asia which are analytic languages. This difference in typology is due to extensive language contact with the unrelated Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages. The phonology of Ho has also been influenced by the nearby unrelated languages.[15] There are at least three dialects of Ho: Lohara, Chaibasa and Thakurmunda. All dialects are mutually intelligible with approximately 92% of all Ho speakers able to understand a narrative discourse in both Chaibasa and Thakurmunda dialects.[7] The most divergent dialects are in the extreme south and east of Ho territory.

While fewer than five percent of Ho speakers are literate in the language, Ho is typically written in Devanagari, Latin, scripts. A native alphabet, called Warang Citi and invented by Lako Bodra in the 20th century, also exists.[7][20]

Culture

Ho village life revolves around five main parab or festivals. The most important festival, Mage Parab, takes place in the late winter month of Magha and marks the completion of the agricultural cycle.[21] It is a week-long celebration held to honor Singbonga, the creator god. Other lesser bonga ("deities") are also honored throughout the week. Baa Parab, the Festival of Flowers held in mid-spring, celebrates the yearly blossoming of the sacred Sal trees. Sohrai is the most important agricultural festival, the date of which usually coincides with the nationwide Diwali festivities in the fall. It is a village wide celebration with music and dancing held in honor of the cattle used in cultivation. During the ceremonies, the cows are painted with a flour and dye mix, anointed with oil and prayed over after a black chicken is sacrificed to an image of the cattle bonga. Baba Hermutu is the ceremonial first sowing. The date is set each year in the early spring by the deuri who also officiates the three-day ceremony by praying and commencing his first sowing of the year. Jomnama Parab is held in late fall before the first harvest is eaten to thank the spirits for a trouble-free harvest.[21][22][23]

Dance is important to Adivasi culture in general and for the Ho, it is more than simply a means of entertainment. Their songs are generally accompanied by dances which change with the seasons. Songs and distinctively choreographed dance are integral parts of Ho culture and art,[17][24] as well as important parts of their traditional festivals, especially Mage Parab. Most villages have a dedicated dancing ground, called akhra, usually consisting of a cleared space of hard ground under a spreading tree. Dances are organised on a staggered basis in the villages so that other villagers can participate. Traditional Ho music incorporates native instruments including a dama (drum), dholak, dumeng (mandar), and the rutu (flute).[17]

The Ho people brew a sort of rice-beer commonly known as diyeng, otherwise also known as "handiya" in other languages. It is said to be highly refreshing and invigorating. It has great importance in religious festivals, and is also used as a good medicine for the stomach.

Religion

In the 2001 national census, 91% of the Hos declared that they professed "other religions and persuations", meaning that they do not consider themselves to belong to any of the major religious groups and follow their indigenous religious systems called "Sarna" or Sarnaism.[5] Also known as sarna dhorom ("religion of the holy woods"), this religion plays an important part in the life of adivasi.[25] Their beliefs in gods, goddesses and spirits are ingrained in them from childhood. The religion of the Hos resembles, to a great extent that of Santhals, Oraons, Mundas, and other tribal people in the region. All religious rituals are performed by a village priest known as a deuri. However, he is not required to propitiate malevolent spirits or deities. The spirit doctor deowa takes care of this.[18]

Position of women

Houlton writes, "I do not want to give the impression, by mentioning occasional divergences from the straight and narrow path, that aboriginals are immoral. On the contrary, their standards of post-marital morality and fidelity are probably a good deal higher than in some races that claim to be more civilised. The status of women is high. Wives are partners and companions to their husbands. It is even whispered that hen-pecked husbands are not uncommon among the tribesmen."[17]

There is a system of payment of bride-price amongst the Hos. The bride-price is often a status symbol and in modern times it remains not more than 101-1001 rupees. As a result, many Ho girls remain unmarried till advanced age.[17] Among the total Ho population, females outnumber the males.[5]

Economy

Almost half the population is engaged in cultivation and another one third also work as land-less agricultural labourers.[5] The Hos, along with Santals, Oraons and Mundas, are comparatively more advanced, and have taken to settled cultivation as their mode of life.[24]

The discovery of iron ore in Ho territory opened the way for the first iron ore mine in India at Pansira Buru in 1901.[26] Over the years iron ore mining spread out in the area. Many Hos are engaged in mining work but that does not add up to any sizeable percentage. However, small, well planned mining towns dotting the territory have brought the Ho people in close touch with the good and bad aspects of urbanization. Some of the prominent mining towns in the area are Chiria, Gua, Noamundi and Kiriburu.

Forests

Sal tree

Sal (Shorea robusta) is the most important tree in the area and it seems to have a preference for the rocky soil there. Although sal is a deciduous tree and sheds its leaves in early summer, the forest undergrowth is generally evergreen, which has such trees as mangoes, jamun, jackfruit, and piar. Other important trees are mahua, kusum, tilai, harin hara (Armossa rohitulea), gular (Fiscus glomerata), asan. The Singhbhum forests are best in the Kolhan area in the south-west of the district.[24] The lives of Ho people have long been intertwined with sal forests and there is a strong resentment against the efforts of timber merchants to replace sal forests with teak plantations.

The reserved forests are the haunt of many animals. Wild elephants are common in Saranda (literally meaning seven hundred hills) and Porahat forests. Herds of sambar and chital roam about the forests. Bison is still found (locally extinct when a study was undertaken in 2005 by Kisor Chaudhuri FRGS). Tigers were never numerous but they are there (locally extinct when a study was undertaken in 2005 by Kisor Chaudhuri FRGS). Leopards are more common. The Hos are keen hunters and have practically exterminated game in Kolhan. They organise great battues, in which thousands of people join. They beat their drums in a huge circle, and gradually close in over hills and across forests, driving the wild animals on to a central point, on to which lines of hunters converge until the animals are surrounded and slaughtered.[17]

Literacy

At the 2001 census, Hos had an overall literacy rate of 39.2% and a female literacy rate of 23.9%.[5] This is against the overall literacy rate of 53.56% in Jharkhand, and a women’s literacy rate of 38.87% in Jharkhand. Both are amongst the lowest literacy rates in India.[27]

In order to help increase the literacy rates, the government announced in 2016 that it had designed text books to teach Hindi and mathematics in Ho.[9] In 2017 those textbooks were made available on the central government's e-library platform.[10] In a 2016 effort to help promote tribal languages Tata Steel, a private company, began teaching the Ho language on weekends to dropout schoolgirls at a "camp school" in Naomundi.[28] As of November 2016, 100 girls were enrolled in the camp school. The company has also ran private Ho language centres in East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Seraikela-Kharsawan districts since 2011. Approximately 6000 people have underwent Ho language and Warang Chiti script training in these centres.[29] In 2017 the government of Jharkhand announced it would soon begin teaching five- and six-year-old primary school students in their local language in order to help reduce the high dropout rate.[11] Among the Hos, 19.7% have completed schooling and 3.1% are graduates.[5] The percentage of school-going children in the age group 5 –14 years was 37.6.[5]

Notable Ho people

See also

Tribes of Jharkhand

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community". Census of India. Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  2. ↑ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/High-hopes-for-Ho/articleshow/9275704.cms
  3. ↑ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Patnaik-demands-inclusion-of-Sambalpuri/Kosali-and-Ho-languages-under-8th-schedule/articleshow/48072487.cms
  4. ↑ http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/include-ho-language-in-8th-schedule-bjp-mp-113082201216_1.html
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Jharkhand: Data Highlights the Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census of India 2001. Census Commission of India. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
  6. ↑ http://mattersindia.com/2015/02/journeying-together-with-ho-tribes-in-odisha/
  7. 1 2 3 "Ho: A Language of India". Ethnologue. SIL International. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  8. ↑ Mohan, Shailendra (2013). "20". In Hashnain, Imtiaz; Bagga-Gupta, Sangeeta; Mohan, Shailendra. Linguistic Identity and Language Preferences Among the Austro-Asiatic Language Speakers of Jharkhand (PDF). United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 286–303. ISBN 9781443847162. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  9. 1 2 http://indianexpress.com/article/india/cm-raghubar-das-talks-about-new-jharkhand-governor-underlines-several-projects-in-santhal-pargana-region-4798328/
  10. 1 2 http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/jharkhand-central-e-library-to-have-textbooks-in-tribal-languages/story-d4zqHbHg2ynY6VSIJWc10I.html
  11. 1 2 https://www.ndtv.com/education/jharkhand-government-to-introduce-kg-education-in-25-000-primary-schools-1729487
  12. ↑ Chaubey, G.; et al. (2010), "Population Genetic Structure in Indian Austroasiatic Speakers: The Role of Landscape Barriers and Sex-Specific Admixture", Mol Biol Evol, 28: 1013–1024, doi:10.1093/molbev/msq288, PMC 3355372, PMID 20978040
  13. ↑ Riccio et al. (2011), The Austroasiatic Munda population from India and Its enigmatic origin: a HLA diversity study.
  14. ↑ Arunkumar et al. (2015), A late Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a1-M95 from east to west.
  15. 1 2 Sidwell, Paul, and Roger Blench. 2011. "The Austroasiatic Urheimat: the Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis." Enfield, NJ (ed.) Dynamics of Human Diversity, 317-345. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. http://rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/SR09/Sidwell%20Blench%20offprint.pdf
  16. 1 2 Ancient History by R.S Sharma, pp 1-4
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Houlton, Sir John, Bihar: The Heart of India, 1949, pp. 132, 138-139, 166-169, Orient Longmans, Kolkata.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Prasad, Hem Chandra. Bihar. 1983/2003, pp. 36, 67, 159, 162, 184. National Book Trust, New Delhi. ISBN 81-237-0151-9
  19. ↑ The Ho Tribe of Singhbhum by C.P.Singh
  20. ↑ Hoffman, Paul. "(Re)inventing writing: stories and histories" (PDF): 5. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  21. 1 2 Hebbar, Ritambhara (January 2005). "Homecoming: Ho Women, Work, and Land Rights in Jharkhand". Sociological Bulletin. 54 (1). doi:10.1177/0038022920050102. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  22. ↑ Duary, Nabakumar (2000). "12. Change and continuity in Ho religion--an impact study in South Bihar". In Behera, M.C. Tribal Religion : Change and Continuity. New Delhi, India: Vedams Ltd. ISBN 8171696198.
  23. ↑ "The Sohrai". Ho Cultural Preservation Website. keraientertainment. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  24. 1 2 3 Prasad, Hem Chandra, Bihar, pp. 13, 34, 179, 194.
  25. ↑ Pal, T (December 2016). "Sacred Grove in Jharkhand" (PDF). Indian International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Science Research. I (I). ISSN 2456-4389. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  26. ↑ Srinivasan, N.R., History of The Indian Iron and Steel Company, 1983, p. 137
  27. ↑ Table 1.5: Ranking of States/ UTs by literacy rate among Persons, Males, Females, 2001 census, in India 2005, pp. 12-13, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India
  28. ↑ http://indianexpress.com/article/education/jharkhand-school-dropout-girls-to-get-lessons-in-ho-language/
  29. ↑ https://www.avenuemail.in/region/ho-classes-launched-noamundi-camp-school/99322/
  30. 1 2 Thaker, Jayesh (28 November 2014). "Poll Power Trips Geeta Koda means business". The Telegraph India. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
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