Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station

Ferraz Station
Antarctic base
Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station
Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station
Location of Ferraz Station in Antarctica
Ferraz Station
Location of Ferraz Station in Antarctica
Coordinates: 62°05′07″S 58°23′29″W / 62.085379°S 58.391513°W / -62.085379; -58.391513Coordinates: 62°05′07″S 58°23′29″W / 62.085379°S 58.391513°W / -62.085379; -58.391513
Country  Brazil
Location in Antarctica Brazilian Antarctica
King George Island
South Shetland Islands
Antarctica
Administered by Brazilian Antarctic Program
Established 6 February 1984 (1984-02-06)
Population
 • Total 100
Time zone BRT (UTC-3:00)
Postal code 20001-971
Type All-year round
Period Annual
Status Operational
Website PROANTAR
Location of the station and its nearby shelters

The Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station (Portuguese: Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz) is a permanent Antarctic research station named after the Brazilian Navy Commander Luís Antônio de Carvalho Ferraz, who visited Antarctica many times with the British exploration team and managed to convince his government to create a self-guided Brazilian Antarctic Program.

Located in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, 130 km from the South American continent, the station began operating on 6 February 1984, brought to Antarctica in modules by the oceanographic ship Barão de Teffé (H-42) and several other Brazilian naval ships. It now houses about 60 people, including researchers, technicians and staff, military and civilians.

History

The station was named after Navy Commander Luís Antônio de Carvalho Ferraz, a hydrographer and oceanographer who visited Antarctica twice on board of British vessels. He was instrumental in persuading his country's government to develop an Antarctic program, and died suddenly in 1982 while representing Brazil at an oceanographic conference in Halifax.

The station was built on the same site of the old British "Base G",[1] and the weathered wooden structures of the old base made a sharp contrast with the bright green and orange metal structures of the Brazilian station, which was first set up on 6 February 1984. Above the site of the base there is a small cemetery with five crosses: three of them are the graves of British Antarctic Survey (BAS) personnel; the fourth commemorates a BAS base leader lost at sea, and the fifth cross is the grave of a Brazilian radio operator sergeant who died of a heart attack in 1990.[2]

2012 fire

On 25 February 2012, an explosion in the machine room that housed the station's generators ignited a fire that, according to the Brazilian navy, destroyed approximately 70% of the complex.[3] Two soldiers, originally reported as missing by the Brazilian navy, were found dead in the debris of the station after the fire, while a third one sustained non-life-threatening injuries.[4] Material damage to the base was calculated at US$12.4 million.[5] At the time of the incident, the Brazilian government estimated it would take two years to rebuild the research station.[6]

In August 2012, the station was fully dismantled, with approximately 800 tonnes of debris being shipped back to Brazil.[5] The Brazilian government released U$20 million for the construction of 1,000 square metres (11,000 sq ft) of emergency modules to temporarily house researchers until a permanent station is rebuilt.[5] The construction of the temporary station was completed in May 2013.[7]

On 15 April 2013, the Brazilian Navy announced it had chosen the winning design for the new Comandante Ferraz base.[8] The winning proposal went to the Curitiba-based Estúdio 41 architecture firm. The new station will have 3,200 square metres (34,000 sq ft) and will accommodate 64 people. The cost of the project is approximately US$ 100 million. The station is expected to be operational by 2018.[9]

Climate

With all 12 months having an average temperature below 10° C (50° F), Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station features a tundra climate (Köppen ET). The average temperature at the station is of about -1.8 °C, however in the region of the Thiel Mountains, where the new station Criosfera 1 was built, the temperature may drop to -35 °C.[n 1]

Climate data for Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.9
(58.8)		 10.8
(51.4)		 11.7
(53.1)		 10.9
(51.6)		 7.5
(45.5)		 9.5
(49.1)		 7.5
(45.5)		 7.8
(46)		 7.7
(45.9)		 10.1
(50.2)		 14.4
(57.9)		 12.7
(54.9)		 14.9
(58.8)
Average high °C (°F) 4.3
(39.7)		 4.2
(39.6)		 3.3
(37.9)		 0.9
(33.6)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 −2.6
(27.3)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 −2.6
(27.3)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 0.1
(32.2)		 2.1
(35.8)		 3.3
(37.9)		 0.7
(33.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.2
(36)		 2.1
(35.8)		 1.1
(34)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 −3.0
(26.6)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −6.5
(20.3)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −3.9
(25)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 1.1
(34)		 −1.8
(28.8)
Average low °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9)		 0.4
(32.7)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −3.8
(25.2)		 −5.6
(21.9)		 −7.8
(18)		 −9.6
(14.7)		 −8.2
(17.2)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −4.1
(24.6)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 −4.1
(24.6)
Record low °C (°F) −5.2
(22.6)		 −7.0
(19.4)		 −10.2
(13.6)		 −18.6
(−1.5)		 −23.5
(−10.3)		 −23.8
(−10.8)		 −27.7
(−17.9)		 −28.5
(−19.3)		 −22.2
(−8)		 −16.1
(3)		 −12.0
(10.4)		 −11.3
(11.7)		 −28.5
(−19.3)
Source: CPTEC/INPE[10]

Activity

Martel Inlet Lighthouse
Martel Inlet Lighthouse
Martel Inlet Lighthouse
Antarctica
Location Martel Inlet
Comandante Ferraz Station
King George Island
Antarctica
Coordinates 62°05′02″S 58°23′31″W / 62.083833°S 58.392083°W / -62.083833; -58.392083
Year first constructed 2007[11]
Foundation concrete base
Construction metal skeletal tower
Tower shape square pyramidal skeletal tower with balcony and light
Markings / pattern red and white tower, red lantern
Height 4 metres (13 ft)[12]
Focal height 14 metres (46 ft)[12]
Light source solar power
Range 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi)[12]
Characteristic Iso R 2s.[12]
Admiralty number G1387.5[12]
NGA number 2729[12]
Managing agent Proantar[11]

The main objective of the Brazilian Antarctic program lies on climate change research, such as global warming, the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion and the raising level of the oceans. The personnel working at the station collect samples of pollutants which often come from overseas. They also carry out research in meteorology, continental and marine geology, oceanography, astrophysics, geomagnetism, and nuclear geophysics.

Outposts

Near the station are located several smaller structures which administratively and logistically depend on the main base:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Caldas, Mariana. "Brasil terá pela primeira vez uma estação científica no interior da Antártida" (in Portuguese). UOL. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012. The module Criosfera 1 is located at 84 degrees south latitude, about 500 miles from the geographic South Pole, while the Comandante Ferraz station is now located at 62 degrees south latitude.

References

  1. ↑ BAS Admiralty Bay Station G British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  2. ↑ O nome da Estação Brazilian Navy. Retrieved on 2013-09-13. (in Portuguese).
  3. ↑ Nota à Imprensa 3 – Incêndio na Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz ("Press Release 3 - Fire at Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Base") Archived 2012-04-17 at the Wayback Machine. Brazilian Navy. Retrieved 2012-02-26. (in Portuguese).
  4. ↑ Two die in fire at Brazil's Antarctic research station BBC. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 Brazil to open US 52 million research base in Antarctica SciDev. Retrieved on 2013-09-13.
  6. ↑ (in Portuguese) Base da Marinha na Antártida será reconstruída em 2 anos, diz Amorim ("Navy base in Antarctica will be rebuilt in 2 years, says Amorim") G1. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  7. ↑ Brasil conclui obras de estação provisória na Antártica. Zero Hora. Retrieved on 2013-09-13. (in Portuguese).
  8. ↑ Reconstrução. Brazilian Navy. Retrieved on 2013-09-13. (in Portuguese).
  9. ↑ "Brazil starts building snazzy new research station in Antarctica". Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  10. ↑ "Climatologia de Ferraz" (in Portuguese). Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  11. 1 2 "Antarctica". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 List of Lights, Pub. 111: The West Coasts of North and South America (Excluding Continental U.S.A. and Hawaii), Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Islands of the North and South Pacific Oceans (PDF). List of Lights. United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 2017.

Further reading

  • Child, Jack. Antarctica and South American Geopolitics: Frozen Lebensraum. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988.
  • (in Portuguese) Menezes, Eurípides, A Antártica e os Desafios do Futuro. Rio de Janeiro: Capemi Editora, 1982.
  • (in Portuguese) Castro, Therezinha, Atlas-Texto de Geopolítica do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Capemi Editora, 1982.
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