Chromosome 13

Chromosome 13
Human chromosome 13 pair after G-banding.
One is from mother, one is from father.
Chromosome 13 pair
in human male karyogram.
Features
Length (bp) 114,364,328 bp
(GRCh38)[1]
No. of genes 308 (CCDS)[2]
Type Autosome
Centromere position Acrocentric[3]
(17.7 Mbp[4])
Complete gene lists
CCDS Gene list
HGNC Gene list
UniProt Gene list
NCBI Gene list
External map viewers
Ensembl Chromosome 13
Entrez Chromosome 13
NCBI Chromosome 13
UCSC Chromosome 13
Full DNA sequences
RefSeq NC_000013 (FASTA)
GenBank CM000675 (FASTA)

Chromosome 13 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 13 spans about 114 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 3.5 and 4% of the total DNA in cells.

Genes

Number of genes

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 13. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.[5]

Estimated byProtein-coding genesNon-coding RNA genesPseudogenesSourceRelease date
CCDS308-- [2] 2016-09-08
HGNC309323469 [6] 2017-05-12
Ensembl324586373 [7] 2017-03-29
UniProt329-- [8] 2018-02-28
NCBI343622481 [9][10][11] 2017-05-19

Gene list

The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 13. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.

Diseases and disorders

The following diseases and disorders are some of those related to genes on chromosome 13:

Chromosomal conditions

The following conditions are caused by changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 13:

  • Retinoblastoma: A small percentage of retinoblastoma cases are caused by deletions in the region of chromosome 13 (13q14) containing the RB1 gene.[12] Children with these chromosomal deletions may also have mental retardation, slow growth, and characteristic facial features (such as prominent eyebrows, a broad nasal bridge, a short nose, and ear abnormalities). Researchers have not determined which other genes are located in the deleted region, but a loss of several genes is likely responsible for these developmental problems.
  • Trisomy 13: Trisomy 13 occurs when each cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 13 instead of the usual two copies. Trisomy 13 can also result from an extra copy of chromosome 13 in only some of the body's cells (mosaic trisomy 13). In a small percentage of cases, trisomy 13 is caused by a rearrangement of chromosomal material between chromosome 13 and another chromosome. As a result, a person has the two usual copies of chromosome 13, plus extra material from chromosome 13 attached to another chromosome. These cases are called translocation trisomy 13. Extra material from chromosome 13 disrupts the course of normal development, causing the characteristic signs and symptoms of trisomy 13. Researchers are not yet certain how this extra genetic material leads to the features of the disorder, which include severely abnormal cerebral functions, a small cranium, retardation, non functional eyes and heart defects.
  • Other chromosomal conditions: Partial monosomy 13q is a rare chromosomal disorder that results when a piece of the long arm (q) of chromosome 13 is missing (monosomic). Infants born with partial monosomy 13q may exhibit low birth weight, malformations of the head and face (craniofacial region), skeletal abnormalities (especially of the hands and feet), and other physical abnormalities. Mental retardation is characteristic of this condition. The mortality rate during infancy is high among individuals born with this disorder. Almost all cases of partial monosomy 13q occur randomly for no apparent reason (sporadic).

Cytogenetic band

G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 13
G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 13 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser).
G-banding patterns of human chromosome 13 in three different resolutions (400,[13] 550[14] and 850[4]). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).[15] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the mitotic process.[16]
G-bands of human chromosome 13 in resolution 850 bphs[17]
Chr. Arm[18] Band[19] ISCN
start[20]		 ISCN
stop[20]		 Basepair
start		 Basepair
stop		 Stain[21] Density
13p 13028214,600,000 gvar
13p 122826204,600,00110,100,000 stalk
13p 11.2620101510,100,00116,500,000 gvar
13p 11.11015119816,500,00117,700,000 acen
13q 111198135317,700,00118,900,000 acen
13q 12.111353153618,900,00122,600,000 gneg
13q 12.121536163522,600,00124,900,000 gpos25
13q 12.131635179024,900,00127,200,000 gneg
13q 12.21790188827,200,00128,300,000 gpos25
13q 12.31888211428,300,00131,600,000 gneg
13q 13.12114225531,600,00133,400,000 gpos50
13q 13.22255236733,400,00134,900,000 gneg
13q 13.32367264934,900,00139,500,000 gpos75
13q 14.112649293139,500,00144,600,000 gneg
13q 14.122931303044,600,00145,200,000 gpos25
13q 14.133030312845,200,00146,700,000 gneg
13q 14.23128331146,700,00150,300,000 gpos50
13q 14.33311353750,300,00154,700,000 gneg
13q 21.13537376254,700,00159,000,000 gpos100
13q 21.23762388959,000,00161,800,000 gneg
13q 21.313889405861,800,00165,200,000 gpos75
13q 21.324058419965,200,00168,100,000 gneg
13q 21.334199443968,100,00172,800,000 gpos100
13q 22.14439456572,800,00174,900,000 gneg
13q 22.24565467874,900,00176,700,000 gpos50
13q 22.34678479176,700,00178,500,000 gneg
13q 31.14791508778,500,00187,100,000 gpos100
13q 31.25087517187,100,00189,400,000 gneg
13q 31.35171535589,400,00194,400,000 gpos100
13q 32.15355551094,400,00197,500,000 gneg
13q 32.25510563697,500,00198,700,000 gpos25
13q 32.35636583498,700,001101,100,000 gneg
13q 33.158345989101,100,001104,200,000 gpos100
13q 33.259896087104,200,001106,400,000 gneg
13q 33.360876256106,400,001109,600,000 gpos100
13q 3462566510109,600,001114,364,328 gneg

References

  1. ↑ "Human Genome Assembly GRCh38 - Genome Reference Consortium". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
  2. 1 2 "Search results - 13[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens. 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
  3. ↑ Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010). Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2.
  4. 1 2 Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  5. ↑ Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes". Genome Biol. 11 (5): 206. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206. PMC 2898077. PMID 20441615.
  6. ↑ "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 13". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  7. ↑ "Chromosome 13: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  8. ↑ "Human chromosome 13: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM". UniProt. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  9. ↑ "Search results - 13[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  10. ↑ "Search results - 13[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  11. ↑ "Search results - 13[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  12. ↑ Dunham A, Matthews LH, Burton J, Ashurst JL, Howe KL, Ashcroft KJ, et al. (2004). "The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 13". Nature. 428 (6982): 522–8. doi:10.1038/nature02379. PMC 2665288. PMID 15057823.
  13. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  14. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  15. ↑ International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7.
  16. ↑ Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images" (PDF). In Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), 2012 International Joint Conference on: 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965.
  17. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  18. ↑ "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
  19. ↑ For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
  20. 1 2 These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
  21. ↑ gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.

  • National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 13". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
  • "Chromosome 13". Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
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