U+9999, 香
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9999

[U+9998]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+999A]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

(radical 186, 香+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹木日 (HDA), four-corner 20609, composition)

  1. Kangxi radical #186, .

Derived characters

  • Index:Chinese radical/香

Descendants

References

  • KangXi: page 1428, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44518
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1955, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4423, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9999

Chinese

simp. and trad.

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*qʰaŋ
*qʰaŋs

In the oracle bone script, it was ideogrammic compound (會意) :  (glutinous millet) +  (mouth).

In the seal script, the was replaced with the related (“sweet”).

Currently, the has simplified into , and the form of the bottom component has become akin to the unrelated or .

Pronunciation


Note:
  • hiuⁿ/hioⁿ - vernacular;
  • hiong/hiang - literary (hiang - limited in mainstream Taiwanese, e.g. 香油, 五香).
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: hiên1 / hion1 / hiang1 / pang1
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hieⁿ / hioⁿ / hiang / phang
      • IPA (key): /hĩẽ³³/, /hĩõ³³/, /hiaŋ³³/, /pʰaŋ³³/
Note:
  • hiên1/hion1 - vernacular (hiên1 - Chaozhou);
  • hiang1 - literary;
  • pang1 - semantic (original character is ).

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ɕiɑŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /ɕiaŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ɕiɑŋ²¹/
Jinan /ɕiaŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /ɕiaŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ɕiaŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /ɕiaŋ²¹/
Xining /ɕiɔ̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ɕiɑŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ɕiɑ̃³¹/
Ürümqi /ɕiɑŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /ɕiaŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /ɕiã̠/
Nanjing /ɕiaŋ³¹/
Hefei /ɕiɑ̃²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕiɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ɕiɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /ɕiɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɕiã⁵³/
Suzhou /ɕiã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /ɕiɑŋ³³/
Wenzhou /ɕi³³/
Hui Shexian /ɕia³¹/
Tunxi /ɕiau¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ɕian³³/
Xiangtan /sian³³/
Gan Nanchang /ɕiɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /hioŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /hioŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hœŋ⁵³/
Nanning /hœŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /hœŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hiɔŋ⁵⁵/
/hiũ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /hyoŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xiɔŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /hiaŋ³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /hiaŋ²³/
/hio²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (32)
Final () (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/hɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/hiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/xiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/hɨaŋ/
Li
Rong
/xiaŋ/
Wang
Li
/xĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/xi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xiāng
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
xiāng
Middle
Chinese
‹ xjang ›
Old
Chinese
/*qʰaŋ/
English fragrance

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 13591
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*qʰaŋ/

Definitions

  1. fragrant; fragrance
    Antonyms: (chòu)
  2. (of food) aromatic; delicious-smelling
  3. (of eating) having the appearance that one really enjoys the food; (of sleep) sound
  4. popular
  5. perfume
  6. (religion) joss stick; incense (Classifier: m; )
  7. (figuratively) woman
  8. to kiss
  9. (Cantonese, euphemistic) to die

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of (“fragrant”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
Mandarin Beijing
Taiwan
Jinan
Xi'an
Wuhan
Chengdu
Yangzhou
Hefei
Cantonese Guangzhou
Hong Kong
Taishan
Yangjiang
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian
Miaoli (N. Sixian)
Liudui (S. Sixian)
Hsinchu (Hailu)
Dongshi (Dabu)
Hsinchu (Raoping)
Yunlin (Zhao'an)
Jin Taiyuan
Min Bei Jian'ou
Min Dong Fuzhou
Min Nan Xiamen
Quanzhou
Zhangzhou
Taipei
Philippines (Manila)
Chaozhou
Shantou
Haikou
Leizhou
Wu Suzhou
Wenzhou
Xiang Changsha
Shuangfeng

Compounds


Japanese

Kanji

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term

Grade: S
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana , rōmaji ka)

  1. a pleasant smell; a scent, a fragrance, an aroma

See also

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
きょう
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese (xjang).

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana きょう, rōmaji kyō, historical hiragana きやう)

  1. Clipping of 香車.

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
こう
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese (xjang). Compare Vietnamese hương (fragrance; incense).

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana こう, rōmaji , historical hiragana かう)

  1. incense
    Synonym: 御香 (okō)

Korean

Hanja

(eum (hyang))

  1. Hanja form? of (fragrance; perfume; incense).

Compounds


Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: hương (()(lương)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: nhang[2][3][6][4][5][7], hương[1][2][4][7], hang[1], nhàng[1]

  1. Hán tự form of hương (fragrance; incense).
  2. Nôm form of nhang (incense).

Compounds

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Génibrel (1898).
  6. Hồ (1976).
  7. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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