< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-kъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Nominal suffix from Proto-Indo-European *-kós.

Suffix

*-kъ m

  1. Deverbal, forms token nouns (usually with o-grade)
    *porkъ (“sling”) ← *perti (“to propel, to strike”)
    *borkъ (“marriage”) ← *bьrati (“to pick, to collect”)
    *dorkъ (“scuffle; thornbush”) ← *dьrati (“to tear”)
    *znakъ (“sign, symbol”) ← *znati (“to know”)
    *zorkъ (“phantasm”) ← *zьrěti (“to watch, to observe”)
    *mǫka (“grief, hardship, torture”) ← archaic *mьňati (“to belittle, to grind”) (compare the l-extension *mělь (“finely ground”))
  2. From expressive or onomatopaeic interjections, forms onomatopaeic action nouns referring to the respective interjection
    Synonyms: *-skъ, *-pъ
    *zvǫkъ (“sound”) ← *zvьněti (“to ring”)
    *pukъ (“pop”) ← *puxati (“to blow, to puff”)
    *vykъ (“shout”) ← *vyti (“to howl”) ← *vъjь! (“woe, wail”)
    *krikъ (“cry, squeak”) ← *kričati (“to squeak”) ← *kri-kri!
    *čikъ-čirikъ (“chirp-chirp”) ← *čikъ-čirikati (“to tweet”) ← *či-či!
  3. From verbs in a-theme declension or adjectives, forming agent nouns. Equivalent to *-akъ (see there for examples)
  4. From archaic ū-stem nouns, forms instruments or representees of the referred concept
    Synonym: *-yka
    *kъlykъ (“fang, tusk”) ← *kluti (“to peck”) ← *kolti (“to wreck, to slaugher, to stab”)
    *ęzykъ (“tongue, language”) ← Proto-Balto-Slavic *inźūˀ
  5. (Extension) From archaic i-stem nouns or adjectives. Equivalent to *-ьcь (see there for examples)
  6. (Extension) From archaic ŭ-stem nouns. Equivalent to *-ъkъ (see there for examples)
  7. (Extension) From masculine men-stem nouns. Neural mn̥-stems, such as *plemę or *vermę, were usually not extended
    *ęčьmykъ (“barley”) ← *ęčьmy (“barley”)
    *kamykъ (“stone”) ← *kamy (“stone, rock”)
    *kremykъ (“flint”) ← *kremy (“flint”)
    *polmykъ (“flame”) ← *polmy (“flame”)
    *remykъ (“strap”) ← *remy (“strap, belt”)
  8. Extension of en-stem
    *koręcь (“snag, trunk”) ← *korękъ ← *korę-
    *měsęcь (“moon, month”) ← *měsękъ ← *měsę-
    *zajęcь (“rabbit”) ← *zajękъ ← *zaję-
Declension
Declension of *-kъ (hard o-stem)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative *-kъ *-ka *-ci
Accusative *-kъ *-ka *-ky
Genitive *-ka *-ku *-kъ
Locative *-cě *-ku *-cěxъ
Dative *-ku *-koma *-komъ
Instrumental *-kъmь, *-komь* *-koma *-ky
Vocative *-če *-ka *-ci
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
See also
Derived terms
► <a href='/wiki/Category:Proto-Slavic_words_suffixed_with_*-k%D1%8A' title='Category:Proto-Slavic words suffixed with *-kъ'>Proto-Slavic words suffixed with *-kъ</a>

Etymology 2

Adjectival suffix from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, usually attached to former u-stem or i-stem adjectives. Akin to Proto-Germanic *-ugaz, Proto-Germanic *-īgaz and Latin -ucus, Latin -īcus.

Suffix

*-kъ

  1. From basic prepositions
    *perkъ (“direct, across”) ← *per (“fore, across”)
    *opakъ (“reverse”) ← *po (“at, by, afterwards”)
    *pakъ (“again, then”) (only as an adverb) ← *pa- (“later”)
  2. (Extension) From former ŭ-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ъkъ
  3. (Extension) From former i-stem adjectives, equivalent to *-ikъ
    *velikъ (“glorious”) ← *velьjь (“great”)
    *mьnikъ (“miniature”) ← *mьňьjь (“smaller”)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *-kъ (hard)
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-kъ *-ka *-ko
Accusative *-kъ *-kǫ *-ko
Genitive *-ka *-ky *-ka
Locative *-kě *-kě *-kě
Dative *-ku *-kě *-ku
Instrumental *-komь *-kojǫ *-komь
Vocative *-ke *-ko *-ko
Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ka *-kě *-kě
Accusative *-ka *-kě *-kě
Genitive *-ku *-ku *-ku
Locative *-ku *-ku *-ku
Dative *-koma *-kama *-koma
Instrumental *-koma *-kama *-koma
Vocative *-ka *-kě *-kě
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ki *-ky *-ka
Accusative *-ky *-ky *-ka
Genitive *-kъ *-kъ *-kъ
Locative *-kěxъ *-kaxъ *-kěxъ
Dative *-komъ *-kamъ *-komъ
Instrumental *-ky *-kami *-ky
Vocative *-ki *-ky *-ka
Definite declension of *-kъ (hard)
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-kъjь *-kaja *-koje
Accusative *-kъjь *-kǫjǫ *-koje
Genitive *-kajego *-kyję *-kajego
Locative *-kějemь *-kěji *-kějemь
Dative *-kujemu *-kěji *-kujemu
Instrumental *-kyjimi *-kǫjǫ *-kyjimi
Vocative *-kъjь *-kaja *-koje
Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-kaja *-kěji *-kěji
Accusative *-kaja *-kěji *-kěji
Genitive *-kuju *-kuju *-kuju
Locative *-kuju *-kuju *-kuju
Dative *-kyjima *-kyjima *-kyjima
Instrumental *-kyjima *-kyjima *-kyjima
Vocative *-kaja *-kěji *-kěji
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-kiji *-kyję *-kaja
Accusative *-kyję *-kyję *-kaja
Genitive *-kъjixъ *-kъjixъ *-kъjixъ
Locative *-kyjixъ *-kyjixъ *-kyjixъ
Dative *-kyjimъ *-kyjimъ *-kyjimъ
Instrumental *-kyjimi *-kyjimi *-kyjimi
Vocative *-kiji *-kyję *-kaja
See also

*-čь

Derived terms
► <a href='/wiki/Category:Proto-Slavic_words_suffixed_with_*-k%D1%8A' title='Category:Proto-Slavic words suffixed with *-kъ'>Proto-Slavic words suffixed with *-kъ</a>

Etymology 3

Denotational suffix from Proto-Indo-European *-kos or *-ḱos.

Suffix

*-kъ

  1. From basic demostratives or particles, forms determiners for manner or amount. The neutral or feminine forms of these determiners could act as adverbs
    *takъ (“so that”) ← *tъ (“that one”)
    *jakъ (“such one”) ← *jь (“this one, previously mentioned”)
    *sicь (“such that”) ← *sь (“this one here”)
    *kakъ (“how”) ← *kъjь (“who”)
    *čakъ (“even so”) ← *čьjь (“which”)
    *vьśаkъ (“anyway”) ← *vьśь (“all”)
    *jьnаkъ (“otherwise”) ← *jьnъ (“other, different”)
    *tukъ (“here”) ← *tu (“here, demonstrative for location”)
    *dekъ (“where, so that”) ← *de (“locative particle”)
    *nekъ (“let/may it be so”) ← *ne (“negative particle”)
Declension
Declension of *-kъ (hard pronominal)
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-kъ *-ka *-ko
Accusative *-kъ *-kǫ *-ko
Genitive *-kogo *-koję *-kogo
Locative *-komь *-kojь *-komь
Dative *-komu *-kojь *-komu
Instrumental *-cěmь *-kojǫ *-cěmь
Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ka *-cě *-cě
Accusative *-ka *-cě *-cě
Genitive *-koju *-koju *-koju
Locative *-koju *-koju *-koju
Dative *-cěma *-cěma *-cěma
Instrumental *-cěma *-cěma *-cěma
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative *-ci *-ky *-ka
Accusative *-ky *-ky *-ka
Genitive *-cěxъ *-cěxъ *-cěxъ
Locative *-cěxъ *-cěxъ *-cěxъ
Dative *-cěmъ *-cěmъ *-cěmъ
Instrumental *-cěmi *-cěmi *-cěmi

References
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