Windows-1251

Windows-1251 is an 8-bit character encoding, designed to cover languages that use the Cyrillic script such as Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic and other languages. It is the most widely used encoding for the Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian languages. As of April 2020, 1.0% of all (and 0.6% of top-1000[1]) websites use Windows-1251.[2][3] However, it is used by 10.9% of Russian (.ru) websites,[4] where it is the second most popular choice after UTF-8. In Linux, the encoding is known as cp1251.[5] IBM uses code page 1251 (CCSID 1251 and euro sign extended CCSID 5347) for Windows-1251.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Windows-1251
MIME / IANAwindows-1251
Alias(es)cp1251 (Code page 1251)
Language(s)English, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic, Macedonian
Created byMicrosoft
StandardWHATWG Encoding Standard
Classificationextended ASCII, Windows-125x
Other related encoding(s)Amiga-1251, KZ-1048,
RFC 1345's "ECMA-Cyrillic"

Windows-1251 and KOI8-R (or its Ukrainian variant KOI8-U) are much more commonly used than ISO 8859-5 (which is "used by less than 0.1% of websites").[13] In contrast to Windows-1252 and ISO 8859-1, Windows-1251 is not closely related to ISO 8859-5.

Unicode is preferred to Windows-1251 or other Cyrillic encodings in modern applications, especially on the Internet, making UTF-8 the dominant encoding for web pages. (For further discussion of Unicode's complete coverage and how single-byte character encodings, such as Windows-1251 and KOI8-R, cannot provide this, see Cyrillic script in Unicode.)

Character set

The following table shows Windows-1251. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent and its decimal code.

Windows-1251[14]
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F
0_
0		 NUL
0000		 SOH
0001		 STX
0002		 ETX
0003		 EOT
0004		 ENQ
0005		 ACK
0006		 BEL
0007		 BS
0008		 HT
0009		 LF
000A		 VT
000B		 FF
000C		 CR
000D		 SO
000E		 SI
000F
1_
16		 DLE
0010		 DC1
0011		 DC2
0012		 DC3
0013		 DC4
0014		 NAK
0015		 SYN
0016		 ETB
0017		 CAN
0018		 EM
0019		 SUB
001A		 ESC
001B		 FS
001C		 GS
001D		 RS
001E		 US
001F
2_
32		 SP
0020		 !
0021		 "
0022		 #
0023		 $
0024		 %
0025		 &
0026		 '
0027		 (
0028		 )
0029		 *
002A		 +
002B		 ,
002C		 -
002D		 .
002E		 /
002F
3_
48		 0
0030		 1
0031		 2
0032		 3
0033		 4
0034		 5
0035		 6
0036		 7
0037		 8
0038		 9
0039		 :
003A		 ;
003B		 <
003C		 =
003D		 >
003E		 ?
003F
4_
64		 @
0040		 A
0041		 B
0042		 C
0043		 D
0044		 E
0045		 F
0046		 G
0047		 H
0048		 I
0049		 J
004A		 K
004B		 L
004C		 M
004D		 N
004E		 O
004F
5_
80		 P
0050		 Q
0051		 R
0052		 S
0053		 T
0054		 U
0055		 V
0056		 W
0057		 X
0058		 Y
0059		 Z
005A		 [
005B		 \
005C		 ]
005D		 ^
005E		 _
005F
6_
96		 `
0060		 a
0061		 b
0062		 c
0063		 d
0064		 e
0065		 f
0066		 g
0067		 h
0068		 i
0069		 j
006A		 k
006B		 l
006C		 m
006D		 n
006E		 o
006F
7_
112		 p
0070		 q
0071		 r
0072		 s
0073		 t
0074		 u
0075		 v
0076		 w
0077		 x
0078		 y
0079		 z
007A		 {
007B		 |
007C		 }
007D		 ~
007E		 DEL
007F
8_
128		 Ђ
0402		 Ѓ
0403		 ‚
201A		 ѓ
0453		 „
201E		 …
2026		 †
2020		 ‡
2021		 €
20AC		 ‰
2030		 Љ
0409		 ‹
2039		 Њ
040A		 Ќ
040C		 Ћ
040B		 Џ
040F
9_
144		 ђ
0452		 ‘
2018		 ’
2019		 “
201C		 ”
201D		 •
2022		 –
2013		 —
2014		 ™
2122		 љ
0459		 ›
203A		 њ
045A		 ќ
045C		 ћ
045B		 џ
045F
A_
160		 NBSP
00A0		 Ў
040E		 ў
045E		 Ј
0408		 ¤
00A4		 Ґ
0490		 ¦
00A6		 §
00A7		 Ё
0401		 ©
00A9		 Є
0404		 «
00AB		 ¬
00AC		 SHY
00AD		 ®
00AE		 Ї
0407
B_
176		 °
00B0		 ±
00B1		 І
0406		 і
0456		 ґ
0491		 µ
00B5
00B6		 ·
00B7		 ё
0451		 №
2116		 є
0454		 »
00BB		 ј
0458		 Ѕ
0405		 ѕ
0455		 ї
0457
C_
192		 А
0410		 Б
0411		 В
0412		 Г
0413		 Д
0414		 Е
0415		 Ж
0416		 З
0417		 И
0418		 Й
0419		 К
041A		 Л
041B		 М
041C		 Н
041D		 О
041E		 П
041F
D_
208		 Р
0420		 С
0421		 Т
0422		 У
0423		 Ф
0424		 Х
0425		 Ц
0426		 Ч
0427		 Ш
0428		 Щ
0429		 Ъ
042A		 Ы
042B		 Ь
042C		 Э
042D		 Ю
042E		 Я
042F
E_
224		 а
0430		 б
0431		 в
0432		 г
0433		 д
0434		 е
0435		 ж
0436		 з
0437		 и
0438		 й
0439		 к
043A		 л
043B		 м
043C		 н
043D		 о
043E		 п
043F
F_
240		 р
0440		 с
0441		 т
0442		 у
0443		 ф
0444		 х
0445		 ц
0446		 ч
0447		 ш
0448		 щ
0449		 ъ
044A		 ы
044B		 ь
044C		 э
044D		 ю
044E		 я
044F

  Letter   Number   Punctuation   Symbol   Other   Undefined

Kazakh variant

An altered version of Windows-1251 was standardised in Kazakhstan as Kazakh standard STRK1048, and is known by the label KZ-1048. It differs in the rows shown below:

KZ-1048 (STRK1048-2002)[15]
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F
8_
128		 Ђ
0402		 Ѓ
0403		 ‚
201A		 ѓ
0453		 „
201E		 …
2026		 †
2020		 ‡
2021		 €
20AC		 ‰
2030		 Љ
0409		 ‹
2039		 Њ
040A		 Қ
049A		 Һ
04BA		 Џ
040F
9_
144		 ђ
0452		 ‘
2018		 ’
2019		 “
201C		 ”
201D		 •
2022		 –
2013		 —
2014		 ™
2122		 љ
0459		 ›
203A		 њ
045A		 қ
049B		 һ
04BB		 џ
045F
A_
160		 NBSP
00A0		 Ұ
04B0		 ұ
04B1		 Ә
04D8		 ¤
00A4		 Ө
04E8		 ¦
00A6		 §
00A7		 Ё
0401		 ©
00A9		 Ғ
0492		 «
00AB		 ¬
00AC		 SHY
00AD		 ®
00AE		 Ү
04AE
B_
176		 °
00B0		 ±
00B1		 І
0406		 і
0456		 ө
04E9		 µ
00B5
00B6		 ·
00B7		 ё
0451		 №
2116		 ғ
0493		 »
00BB		 ә
04D9		 Ң
04A2		 ң
04A3		 ү
04AF

Amiga variant
Amiga-1251
MIME / IANAAmiga-1251
Alias(es)Ami1251
Language(s)English, Russian
Classificationextended ASCII
Based onWindows-1251, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-15

Russian Amiga OS systems used a version of code page 1251 which matches Windows-1251 for the Russian subset of the Cyrillic letters, but otherwise mostly follows ISO-8859-1. This version is known as Amiga-1251,[16] under which name it is registered with the IANA.[17]

Amiga-1251[16]
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F
0_
0		 NUL
0000		 SOH
0001		 STX
0002		 ETX
0003		 EOT
0004		 ENQ
0005		 ACK
0006		 BEL
0007		 BS
0008		 HT
0009		 LF
000A		 VT
000B		 FF
000C		 CR
000D		 SO
000E		 SI
000F
1_
16		 DLE
0010		 DC1
0011		 DC2
0012		 DC3
0013		 DC4
0014		 NAK
0015		 SYN
0016		 ETB
0017		 CAN
0018		 EM
0019		 SUB
001A		 ESC
001B		 FS
001C		 GS
001D		 RS
001E		 US
001F
2_
32		 SP
0020		 !
0021		 "
0022		 #
0023		 $
0024		 %
0025		 &
0026		 '
0027		 (
0028		 )
0029		 *
002A		 +
002B		 ,
002C		 -
002D		 .
002E		 /
002F
3_
48		 0
0030		 1
0031		 2
0032		 3
0033		 4
0034		 5
0035		 6
0036		 7
0037		 8
0038		 9
0039		 :
003A		 ;
003B		 <
003C		 =
003D		 >
003E		 ?
003F
4_
64		 @
0040		 A
0041		 B
0042		 C
0043		 D
0044		 E
0045		 F
0046		 G
0047		 H
0048		 I
0049		 J
004A		 K
004B		 L
004C		 M
004D		 N
004E		 O
004F
5_
80		 P
0050		 Q
0051		 R
0052		 S
0053		 T
0054		 U
0055		 V
0056		 W
0057		 X
0058		 Y
0059		 Z
005A		 [
005B		 \
005C		 ]
005D		 ^
005E		 _
005F
6_
96		 `
0060		 a
0061		 b
0062		 c
0063		 d
0064		 e
0065		 f
0066		 g
0067		 h
0068		 i
0069		 j
006A		 k
006B		 l
006C		 m
006D		 n
006E		 o
006F
7_
112		 p
0070		 q
0071		 r
0072		 s
0073		 t
0074		 u
0075		 v
0076		 w
0077		 x
0078		 y
0079		 z
007A		 {
007B		 |
007C		 }
007D		 ~
007E		 DEL
007F
8_
128		 XXX
0080		 XXX
0081		 BPH
0082		 NBH
0083		 IND
0084		 NEL
0085		 SSA
0086		 ESA
0087		 HTS
0088		 HTJ
0089		 VTS
008A		 PLD
008B		 PLU
008C		 RI
008D		 SS2
008E		 SS3
008F
9_
144		 DCS
0090		 PU1
0091		 PU2
0092		 STS
0093		 CCH
0094		 MW
0095		 SPA
0096		 EPA
0097		 SOS
0098		 XXX
0099		 SCI
009A		 CSI
009B		 ST
009C		 OSC
009D		 PM
009E		 APC
009F
A_
160		 NBSP
00A0		 ¡
00A1		 ¢
00A2		 £
00A3		 €[lower-alpha 1]
20AC		 ¥
00A5		 ¦
00A6		 §
00A7		 Ё
0401		 ©
00A9		 №[lower-alpha 2]
2116		 «
00AB		 ¬
00AC		 SHY
00AD		 ®
00AE		 ¯
00AF
B_
176		 °
00B0		 ±
00B1		 ²
00B2		 ³
00B3		 ´
00B4		 µ
00B5
00B6		 ·
00B7		 ё
0451		 ¹
00B9		 º
00BA		 »
00BB		 ¼
00BC		 ½
00BD		 ¾
00BE		 ¿
00BF
C_
192		 А
0410		 Б
0411		 В
0412		 Г
0413		 Д
0414		 Е
0415		 Ж
0416		 З
0417		 И
0418		 Й
0419		 К
041A		 Л
041B		 М
041C		 Н
041D		 О
041E		 П
041F
D_
208		 Р
0420		 С
0421		 Т
0422		 У
0423		 Ф
0424		 Х
0425		 Ц
0426		 Ч
0427		 Ш
0428		 Щ
0429		 Ъ
042A		 Ы
042B		 Ь
042C		 Э
042D		 Ю
042E		 Я
042F
E_
224		 а
0430		 б
0431		 в
0432		 г
0433		 д
0434		 е
0435		 ж
0436		 з
0437		 и
0438		 й
0439		 к
043A		 л
043B		 м
043C		 н
043D		 о
043E		 п
043F
F_
240		 р
0440		 с
0441		 т
0442		 у
0443		 ф
0444		 х
0445		 ц
0446		 ч
0447		 ш
0448		 щ
0449		 ъ
044A		 ы
044B		 ь
044C		 э
044D		 ю
044E		 я
044F
  Different from Windows-1251 to match ISO-8859-1
  Different from both Windows-1251 and ISO-8859-1

Footnotes
  1. Matching ISO-8859-15; at a different location than in Windows-1251.
  2. Present in Windows-1251, but in a different location; absent from ISO-8859-1/15.

References
  1. "Usage Survey of Character Encodings broken down by Ranking". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
  2. "Historical trends in the usage of character encodings, April 2020". Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  3. "Frequently Asked Questions".
  4. "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use .ru". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  5. "cp1251(7) - Linux manual page". man7.org. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
  6. "Code page 1251 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  7. "CCSID 1251 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  8. "CCSID 5347 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  9. Code Page CPGID 01251 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
  10. Code Page CPGID 01251 (txt), IBM
  11. International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-1251_P100-1995.ucm, 2002-12-03
  12. International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5347_P100-1998.ucm, 2002-12-03
  13. "Usage Statistics of Character Encodings for Websites". w3techs.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-13.
  14. Steele, Shawn (1998). CP1251 to Unicode table. Unicode Consortium. CP1251.TXT.
  15. Whistler, Ken (2007). KZ-1048 to Unicode. Unicode Consortium. KZ1048.TXT.
  16. Malyshev, Michael (2003). "Amiga-1251 to Unicode table". Registration of new charset [Amiga-1251]. IANA.
  17. "Character Sets". IANA.

Further reading
  • Kornai, Andras; Birnbaum, David J.; da Cruz, Frank; Davis, Bur; Fowler, George; Paine, Richard B.; Paperno, Slava; Simonsen, Keld J.; Thobe, Glenn E.; Vulis, Dimitri; van Wingen, Johan W. (1993-03-13). "CYRILLIC ENCODING FAQ Version 1.3". Retrieved 2020-06-24.
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