Agusan language

Agusan
Native to	Philippines
Region	Mindanao
Native speakers	(80,000 cited 1978–2002)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Greater Central Philippine Manobo Central Agusan; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously:; msm – Agusan, Omayamnon; mbd – Dibabawon; mqk – Rajah Kabunsuwan
Glottolog	east2478[2]

Agusan is a Manobo language of northeastern Mindanao in the Philippines. The Omayamnon, Dibabawon, and Rajah Kabunsuwan dialects are divergent.

Distribution

Agusan Manobo (consisting of the Umayam, Adgawan, Surigao, and Omayamnon dialects) is spoken in the following areas (Ethnologue).

Agusan del Sur Province: western area, southeast of Lake Buluan
inland areas of Surigao del Sur Province
southwest of Lanuza Peninsula to Lianga Bay in Surigao del Sur Province
western Agusan del Norte Province
Compostela Valley and Davao del Norte provinces: continuous strip along northern borders
Surigao del Norte Province: southern tip, inland
scattered small border areas of Bukidnon and Davao Oriental provinces

Dibabawon Manobo is spoken in the following areas (Ethnologue).

northern Compostela Valley Province: upper Agusan River area
Davao Oriental Province: Boston and Cateel municipalities
Davao del Norte Province: Asuncion municipality (in Manguagan)

Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo is spoken in the following areas (Ethnologue).

northern border of Davao Oriental Province
southeast corner of Agusan del Sur Province
southern Surigao del Sur Province: Lingig (in Rajah Cabungsuan)

Phonology

Consonants

Below is a chart showing the consonants of Agusan. The stops have unreleased variants when occurring before another consonant, silence, and in syllable final position.[3] The glottal stop /ʔ/ occurs in all consonant positions.[3] Of the continuants, all occur in syllable-initial position and all except /h/ in word-final position. The consonants /d/ and /j/ are used interchangeably.[3]

Consonant Table for Agusan Manobo
	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p b	t d		k g	ʔ
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Fricative		s			h
Flap		r
Approximant	w	l	j

Vowels

There are only five vowels in the Agusan language, /i/, /u/, /e/, /æ/, and /a/. Vowels may appear alone, after a consonant, or between consonants in a syllable. All vowels, with the exception of /æ/, may occur "in a sequence of identical vowels separated by a glottal stop". The vowel /e/ never occurs next to the consonant /r/.[3]

Vowel Chart for Agusan Manobo
	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e
Low	æ	a

References

Agusan, Omayamnon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Dibabawon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Rajah Kabunsuwan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "East Manobo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Weaver, Daniel H. and Weaver, Marilou. 1963. The phonology of Agusan Manobo (with special reference to æ). In Elmer Wolfenden (ed.), Papers on Philippine languages 1, 1-6. Manila: Institute for Language Teaching and Summer Institute of Linguistics.

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[e18-1] Agusan, Omayamnon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Dibabawon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Rajah Kabunsuwan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "East Manobo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[:0-3] Weaver, Daniel H. and Weaver, Marilou. 1963. The phonology of Agusan Manobo (with special reference to æ). In Elmer Wolfenden (ed.), Papers on Philippine languages 1, 1-6. Manila: Institute for Language Teaching and Summer Institute of Linguistics.