Minahasan languages
The Minahasan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken by the Minahasa people in northern Sulawesi. These languages are distinct from the Manado Malay language.
| Minahasan | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | North Sulawesi |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Glottolog | mina1272[1] |
Classification
The languages are:[2]
- Tonsawang
- North Minahasan
- Tontemboan
- Northeast: Tondano, Tombulu (Minahasa), Tonsea
The Minahasan languages are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.[3]
Reconstruction
| Proto-Minahasan | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Minahasan languages |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
Proto-Minahasan (PMin) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1978).[4] The comparison table (a small selection from Sneddon 1978:120–183) illustrates the correspondences between the Minahasan languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Minahasan innovations.[5]
| Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tondano | Tonsea | Tombulu | Tontemboan | Tonsawang | PMin | PAn | Meaning |
| təlu | tədu | təlu | təlu | təlu | *təlu | *təlu | 'three' |
| oat | oat | ohat | oʔat | ohatᶿ | *ohat | *huRaC | 'vein' |
| rui | dui | duhi | duʔi | duhi | *duhi | *duRi | 'bone' |
| ədo | əndo | əndo | əndo | əndo | *əndo | *qaləjaw | 'sun' |
| pate | pate | pate | pate | patᶿe | *pate | *paCay | 'kill' |
| Minahasan innovations | |||||||
| Tondano | Tonsea | Tombulu | Tontemboan | Tonsawang | PMin | PAn | Meaning |
| tələs | tələs | tələs | tələs | tələs | *tələs | (*bəli) | 'buy' |
| edo | endo | endo | indo | indo | *indo | (*alaq) | 'take' |
References
Notes
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Minahasan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Sneddon (1978), p. 9.
- Adelaar (2005), p. 16.
- Sneddon (1978).
- Sneddon (1989), p. 85.
Bibliography
- Sneddon, James N. (1978). Proto-Minahasan: phonology, morphology, and wordlist. Pacific Linguistics B-54. Canberra: Austronesian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-B54.
- Sneddon, James N. (1989). "The North Sulawesi Microgroups: In Search of Higher Level Connections". In Sneddon, James N. (ed.). Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics, Part 1 (PDF). NUSA Vol. 31. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya.
- Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
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