Demographics of Cuba

According to the 2002 census, Cuba's population was 11,177,743, whereas the 2012 census numbered the population at 11,167,325.[2] The drop between the 2002 and 2012 censuses was the first drop in Cuba's population since Cuba's war of independence. This drop was due to low fertility and emigration, as during this time (fiscal years 2003-2012), 332,028 Cubans received legal permanent residence in the United States.[3] In the last few years before the end of the wet feet, dry feet policy on January 12, 2017, the number of Cubans moving to the United States significantly outnumbered the natural increase during those years.

According to the previous censuses, the Chinese were counted as white.[10] The ancestry of Cubans comes from many sources:

• Spanish

During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Spanish immigrants from Canary Islands, Catalonia, Andalusia, Galicia, and Asturias emigrated to Cuba. Between 1820 and 1898, a total of 508,455 people left Spain, and more than 750,000 Spanish immigrants left for Cuba between 1899 and 1930, with many returning to Spain.[11] There are 139,851 Spanish citizens living in Cuba on January 1, 2018.

• Canary Islanders
• Catalans
• Andalusians
• Galicians
• Asturians

The Slave trade brought Africans to Cuba during its early history: Between 1842 and 1873, 221,000 African slaves entered Cuba.[11]

• Africans

People of the Americas:

• Haitians
• Jamaicans

Other European people that have contributed include:

• Germans
• French
• Portuguese
• Italians
• Russians

People from Asia:

• Chinese
• Koreans
• Filipino

Between 1842 and 1873, 124,800 Chinese arrived.[11]

• Lebanese

There are also a small number of Jews living in Cuba.

An autosomal study from 2014 has found out the genetic average ancestry in Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African and 8% Native American with different proportions depending on the self-reported ancestry (White, Mulatto or Mestizo, and Black):[12]

A 1995 study done on the population of Pinar del Rio, found that 50% of the Mt-DNA lineages (female lineages) could be traced back to Europeans, 46% to Africans and 4% to Native Americans. This figure is consistent with both the historical background of the region, and the current demographics of it.[13]

According to another study in 2008, the Native American contribution to present-day Cubans accounted for 33% of the maternal lineages, whereas Africa and Eurasia contributed 45% and 22% of the lineages, respectively. Haplogroup A2 is the main Native American haplogroup in Cuba (21.9% of the total sample), accounting for 67% of the Native American mtDNA gene pool. Regarding Y-chromosome haplogroups (male lineages), 78.8% of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin, 19.7% of African origin and 1.5% of East Asian origin. Among the West Eurasian fraction, the vast majority of individuals belong to West European haplogroup R1b. The African lineages found in Cubans have a Western (haplogroups E1, E2, E1b1a ) and Northern (E1b1b-M81 ) African origin. The "Berber" haplogroup E1b1b1b (E-M81), is found at a frequency of 6.1%.[14]

According to Fregel et al. (2009), the fact that autochthonous male North African E-M81 and female U6 lineages from the Canaries have been detected in Cuba and Iberoamerica, demonstrates that Canary Islanders with indigenous ancestors actively participated in the American colonization.[15]

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[17]

• One birth every 4 minutes
• One death every 6 minutes
• One net migrant every 26 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 85 minutes

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[18]

Population

11,209,628 (2018)

Ethnic groups

white 64.1%, mulatto or mixed 26.6%, black 9.3% (2012 est.)

note: data represent racial self-identification from Cuba's 2012 national census

Age structure

Population pyramid of Cuba in 2017

0-14 years: 16.44% (male 940,787 /female 886,996)

15-24 years: 12.1% (male 698,220 /female 646,684)

25-54 years: 43.69% (male 2,443,190 /female 2,414,119)

55-64 years: 12.54% (male 677,304 /female 716,704)

65 years and over: 15.22% (male 773,636 /female 918,756) (2018 est.)

Median age

total: 41.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 36th

male: 40.2 years

female: 43.1 years (2018 est.)

Birth rate

10.6 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 185th

Death rate

8.9 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 63rd

Total fertility rate

1.71 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 170th

Net migration rate

-4.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 188th

Population growth rate

-0.27% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 215th

Contraceptive prevalence rate

73.7% (2014)

Religions

Christian 59.2%, folk 17.4%, other .4%, none 23% (2010 est.)

note: data is estimative because no authoritative source on religious affiliation in Cuba

Dependency ratioS

total dependency ratio: 43.3 (2015 est.)

youth dependency ratio: 23.3 (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio: 19.9 (2015 est.)

potential support ratio: 5 (2015 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 77% of total population (2018)

rate of urbanization: 0.14% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 78.9 years. Country comparison to the world: 56th

male: 76.6 years

female: 81.4 years (2018 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 99.8%

male: 99.9%

female: 99.8% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 14 years

male: 14 years

female: 14 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 6.1%. Country comparison to the world: 150th

male: 6.4%

female: 5.6% (2010 est.)

Languages

Spanish (official)

Spanish is the official language of Cuba. Of all the regional variations of Spanish, Cuban Spanish is most similar to, and originates largely from, the dialect spoken in the Canary Islands. This is a consequence of Canarian migration, which in the 19th and early 20th century was heavy and continuous. There were also migrations of Galicians and Asturians as well, but they did not impact Cuban Spanish to the same degree.

Much of the typical Cuban replacements for standard Spanish vocabulary stems from Canarian lexicon. For example, guagua (bus) differs from standard Spanish autobús the former originated in the Canaries and is an onomatopoeia stemming from the sound of a Klaxon horn (wah-wah!). An example of Canarian usage for a Spanish word is the verb fajarse[19] ("to fight"). In standard Spanish the verb would be pelearse, while fajar exists as a non-reflexive verb related to the hemming of a skirt.

The second most spoken language of Cuba is Haitian Creole, used mainly by Haitian immigrants and its descendants going back since the late 18th century, of whom fled the Haitian Revolution.

Other languages of Cuba are Cuban Sign Language, and English is commonly studied as a foreign language.

There are also reports of Lucumi, "Lengua Conga" (Kongo-based liturgical language of the Palo religion) and Bozal Spanish (an "African" socio-dialect of Spanish; now used only in folk religion).[20] Historically, the Ciboney and Classic dialects of Taino and the unattested Guanahatabey were spoken.

Cuba has a multitude of faiths reflecting the island's diverse cultural elements. Catholicism, which was brought to the island by Spanish colonialists at the beginning of the 16th century, is the most prevalent professed faith. After the revolution, Cuba became an officially atheistic state and restricted religious practice. Since the Fourth Cuban Communist Party Congress in 1991, restrictions have been eased and, according to the National Catholic Observer, direct challenges by state institutions to the right to religion have all but disappeared,[21] though the church still faces restrictions of written and electronic communication, and can only accept donations from state-approved funding sources.[21] The Roman Catholic Church is made up of the Cuban Catholic Bishops' Conference (COCC), led by Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, Cardinal Archbishop of Havana. It has eleven dioceses, 56 orders of nuns and 24 orders of priests. In January 1998, Pope John Paul II paid a historic visit to the island, invited by the Cuban government and Catholic Church.

Afro-Cuban religions, a blend of native African religions and Roman Catholicism, are widely practiced in Cuba. This diversity derives from West and Central Africans who were transported to Cuba, and in effect reinvented their African religions. They did so by combining them with elements of the Catholic belief system, with a result very similar to Brazil. One of these Afro-Cuban religions is Santeria.

Protestantism, introduced from the United States in the 18th century, has seen a steady increase in popularity. 300,000 Cubans belong to the island's 54 Protestant denominations. Pentecostalism has grown rapidly in recent years, and the Assemblies of God alone claims a membership of over 100,000 people. The Episcopal Church of Cuba claims 10,000 adherents. Cuba has small communities of Jews, Muslims, Buddhists and members of the Bahá'í Faith.

Part of a series on
Life in Cuba
Art Censorship Cinema Cuisine Culture Demographics Education Elections Health Healthcare Holidays Human Rights LGBT Internet Literature Media Television Music Politics Propaganda Rationing Religion Tourism Women

Illicit migration is a continuing problem. Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US including direct flights to Miami and overland via the southwest US/Mexican border, and islands adjacent to Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.

• Cuban American
• Afro-Cuban
• Haitian Cuban
• Isleños
• Chinese Cuban
• Jewish Cuban
• Women in Cuba
• Provinces of Cuba

 This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document: "2006 edition".

• Statoids (July 2003). "Municipios of Cuba". Retrieved 2007-02-15.
• Matanzas Portal (2004). "Population gowth by municipality and province". Archived from the original on 2006-07-14. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
• The Peninsular (May 2007). Population, birth rate falling in Cuba: Official

• Cuba statistics and related publications