Wind power in the Netherlands

Wind power in the Netherlands reached an installed capacity of 4,341 MW by year end 2017, 1,118 MW of which were based offshore.^[1] The 2,294 turbines sited in the Netherlands by the end of 2017 provided the country with 9% of its electricity demand during the year, a figure that is growing but somewhat below the average of 11.6% that wind power provides across the whole of the EU’s electricity consumption.^[2] 2015 was a record year for new installations in the Netherlands with 586 MW added of which 180 MW were offshore.^[1]

The Dutch are trying to meet the EU-set target of producing 14% of total energy use from renewable sources by 2020, and 16% by 2023. Windmills have historically played a major part in the Netherlands by providing an alternative to water driven mills.^[3]

Many of the numerous smaller and older wind farms in the Netherlands consist of much smaller turbines compared to those typically deployed today. These were often manufactured by lesser known wind turbine manufacturers, sometimes producing innovative products such as the Nedwind 2 blade turbine. Many of these smaller companies were eventually acquired by the larger wind turbine manufactures such as Vestas, Siemens and Lagerwey.

Since 2015 there has been a trend towards the deployment and planning for large wind farms, both onshore and offshore, with a view to the approximate tripling wind power capacity from 2015 levels by 2023.^[4] The first of these, the 429 MW Noordoostpolder wind farm was already partially deployed by year end 2015 whilst the 600 MW Gemini offshore wind farm is expected to be commissioned in 2017. These newer and larger wind farms are making use of some of the largest wind turbines available, in particular in the case of Noordoostpolder the Enercon E-126 7500 kW wind turbine, the largest onshore turbine available at that time. The Netherlands is also well prepared for a significant rise in the production of intermittent power from wind energy by good linkages to its neighbours via high voltage cables enabling power to be imported or exported as required. These include the 580 km NorNed submarine cable (700 MW) link to Norway, the 1,000 MW BritNed cable link to the United Kingdom and the planned 2019 COBRA cable link to Denmark (700 MW).

Future targets

The Dutch government has set a target of 6,000 MW of onshore wind power by 2020 and 4,450 MW of offshore wind power by 2023.^[4] This will contribute towards the Dutch target of 14% renewable energy use out of total energy use by 2020^[5] and 16% by 2023.^[4]

For offshore wind a new system of tendering is under development. New wind farm deployment is based on the SER agreement that describes a plan for five years of tendering 700 MW per year. Under this system the government chooses locations and organizes tenders for projects of 350 MW, and project developers can offer bids for each farm. These sites are also surveyed centrally by the government allowing developers to avoid costly and multiple surveys.^[6]

Turbine manufacturers and rempowering

Many small scale wind farms exist throughout the Netherlands which bear testament to earlier models of wind turbines and lesser known manufacturers which provided a range of niche products, ranging in size and power output. There are several Dutch turbine manufacturers that continue to manufacture both large and small installations for domestic and international clients. Smaller turbines are often used for off grid, bespoke and community power internationally.

Some of the newer larger wind farms currently under construction are replacing smaller turbines previously installed at given locations. One such example is the largest wind farm in Holland, Noordoostpolder, which is installing industrial scale wind turbines such as the new Enercon onshore wind turbines, the largest onshore turbines in the world rated at 7500 kW. The turbines have a hub heigh of 135 m and each new turbine can generate as much electricity as all 50 turbines of the old wind farm combined.^[8] The wind farm demonstrates the growth in scale in wind power as between 1987 and 1991 was the largest of its kind in Europe with 50 turbines and a total capacity of 15 MW. The new Zuidwester site at the wind farm will have just 12 turbines and a total capacity of 90 MW.^[9] A second hand market for turbines also exists, which could grow as older turbines are replaced by larger newer ones.^[10]

Timeline of developments

2018

In March 2018 the Dutch government announced that it will build between 2023 and 2030 several new windfarms with a total installed capacity of 7 gigawatt.^[11] Where the parks will come and how they will be built is still being discussed. However, the government wants 40% of the total electricity used in 2030 in the Netherlands to be supplied by wind.^[12]

2016

In the first week of December 2016, all 150 turbines of the new 600 MW Gemini offshore windfarm began producing power, and the project is expected to be fully commissioned by mid 2017.^[13] In July 2016, the first two stages of offshore wind farm development for a combined 700 MegaWatt capacity in a water area near Borssele was awarded to DONG Energy at a price of 7.27 Euro cent per kilowatt hour for 15 years. Transmission costs of 1.4 eurocent/kWh is to be added as TenneT is required to take power from sea to shore.^[10][11][12]

2015

The Dutch government has expressed the aspiration to build 4.450 MW of offshore wind power by 2023^[4] which will have a considerable impact on the Dutch electricity grid, operated by TenneT.^[9] As a first step, the government has determined 65 sites for offshore wind farms in the North Sea and IJsselmeer.^[1]

2013

By December 2013, 1,975 wind turbines were operational on land in the Netherlands, with an aggregate capacity of 2,479 MW.^[14] An additional 228 MW of capacity was installed at sea.^[15]

2011

In November 2011, the Dutch government decided to no longer fund €6 billion per year to maintain subsidized wind kWh at €0.18. It sharply cut subsidies down to €1.5 billion , leaving private sector to carry over wind turbine investments should these be beneficial.^[6]

Onshore wind power

Wind turbines at the Westereems Wind Park

Whilst there are a growing number of large onshore wind farms in Holland most of the onshore farms in 2015 consisted of a large number of small wind farms, including many single installation turbines as well as farms of between 1-10 turbines. Detailed maps and information about wind farms in the Netherlands can be found from this wind map and list of wind farms.^[16] In total there were 3,004 MW of onshore wind power at the end of 2015. Most wind power is produced in the province of Flevoland.^[14] A few of the larger wind farms are listed here.

Offshore wind power

See also: List of offshore wind farms in the Netherlands, List of offshore wind farms in the North Sea

In contrast to onshore wind farms, almost all turbines by January 2017 were situated in just a few large wind farms.

Wind farm	Cap. (MW)	Turbines	Where	When	Build Cost	Cap. fac.	Depth range (m)	km to shore	Country	Owner	Refs.
Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ)	108	36x Vestas V90-3MW	52°36′22″N 4°25′8″E / 52.60611°N 4.41889°E / 52.60611; 4.41889 (Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) 108MW)	2008	€200m		15-18	13	Netherlands	Nuon, Shell	[20][21]
Eneco Luchterduinen	129	43 × Vestas V112/3000	52°24′18″N 4°09′43″E / 52.40500°N 4.16194°E / 52.40500; 4.16194 (Eneco Luchterduinen 129MW)	2015	€450 million		18-24	24	Netherlands	Eneco, Mitsubishi	[22]
Friesland	320	89 × Siemens SWT-3.6-107	53°2′26″N 5°16′59″E / 53.04056°N 5.28306°E / 53.04056; 5.28306 (Friesland 320MW)	2021			3-4	2	Netherlands	Windpark Fryslân B.V.	[23][24]
Gemini	600	150x Siemens SWT- 4.0-130	54°2′13″N 5°57′54″E / 54.03694°N 5.96500°E / 54.03694; 5.96500 (Gemini 600MW)	2017	€2.8 b		28-36	55	Netherlands	Northland Power, Siemens, Van Oord, HVC Groep	[25][26]
Irene Vorrink	17	28x Nordtank NTK600/43	52°35′53″N 5°35′20″E / 52.59806°N 5.58889°E / 52.59806; 5.58889 (Irene Vorrink 17MW)	1996	GBP 19m		2-3	1	Netherlands	Nuon	[27]
Lely (decommissioned 2016)	2	4x Nedwind 500kW/41	52°47′49″N 5°7′8″E / 52.79694°N 5.11889°E / 52.79694; 5.11889 (Lely (decommissioned 2016) 2MW)	1994	GBP 4.4m		3-4	0.8	Netherlands	Nuon	[28]
Princess Amalia	120	60x Vestas V80-2MW	52°35′16″N 4°13′23″E / 52.58778°N 4.22306°E / 52.58778; 4.22306 (Princess Amalia 120MW)	2008	€350m		19-24	26	Netherlands	Eneco Energie	[29][30]
"Cap." is the rated nameplate capacity of the wind farm "When" is the year when the windfarm was commissioned and put into service. "Cost" is the total capital cost of the project up to commissioning. "Cap. Fac." is the average capacity factor, i.e. the average power generated by the windfarm, as a percentage of its nameplate capacity. "km to shore" is the average distance of the windfarm to shore, or (where available) the distance from the in-farm transformer/substation to the shore "Depth range (m)" is the range of minimum to maximum depths of water that the windfarm is sited in "Refs" cite the source references for the information. The [w ...] footnotes link to each windfarm's own home page

Luchterduinen

Princess Amalia Wind Farm in the North Sea

The Eneco Luchterduinen wind farm was officially opened in September 2015 and is a 50/50 joint venture between Dutch energy company Eneco and Japan’s Mitsubishi corporation. The 129 MW Eneco Luchterduinen wind farm is located 23 km off the coast between Zandvoort and Noordwijk cities in the Netherlands. The farm consists of 43 Vestas V112 turbines of 3 MW capacity each.^[31] A further 228 MW of installed capacity will be added when completed.^[31]

See also

• Community wind energy
• Solar power in the Netherlands
• Hydroelectric power in the Netherlands
• Renewable energy in the Netherlands
• Renewable energy by country

References