Wind power in Maine

There are a number of wind power projects in the state of Maine, totalling more than 900 MW in capacity and responsible for 13.85% of in-state electricity production.[1][2] The largest single wind farm is the Bingham Wind Farm in Kingsbury Plantation with an installed capacity of 185 MW.[3]

Overview

As of the end of 2016, 901 megawatts of wind generation capacity had been installed in Maine.[1] In 2016 wind power generated nearly 14% of the state's total electricity.[4]

Former Governor John Baldacci set a goal for the state of 2,000 megawatts of wind power installed by 2015 and 3,000 MW by 2020.[3] While the 2015 goal was not met, wind power still provides Maine with over 10 percent of its generation.[4] Since 2007 windpower generation has increased more than 16 times from 99 GWH generated for 2007 to 1623 GWH for 2016.[5]

Maine Wind Power Generation from 2007 to 2016

Operating Wind Farms

Mars Hill

Mars Hill wind farm.

Mars Hill (46°31.26′N 67°48.82′W / 46.52100°N 67.81367°W / 46.52100; -67.81367 (Mars Hill)), in the town of Mars Hill, Maine, underwent an $85 million wind turbine project in the fall of 2006, installing more than 28 GE 1.5 MW Wind Turbines along the top and northern section of the mountain, which overlooks Canada. The wind turbines are assembled in four parts. The towers, made of three support sections stacked on top of one another, and each weighing 20,000 pounds, are 262 ft (80 m) tall. The blades attached to the hub of the turbine are about 115 ft (35 m) long – giving a rotor span exceeding the wingspan of a Boeing 747 jet-liner. This is small, though, compared to the wind turbines available in 2018.

Beaver Ridge

The 3 turbine Beaver Ridge Wind Project is located in Freedom Maine(44°29′48″N 69°20′01″W / 44.496576°N 69.333690°W / 44.496576; -69.333690). It is owned and operated by Patriot Renewables and was commissioned on November 1, 2008.[6][7]

Stetson

Stetson Wind Farm began commercial operations in January 2009. The 57 megawatt wind farm consists of 38  GE 1.5 MW Wind Turbines strung along the north-south ridge of Stetson Mountain (45°31′34″N 67°58′35″W / 45.52611°N 67.97639°W / 45.52611; -67.97639 (Stetson Mountain)), and will generate approximately 167 million kilowatt-hours (kW·h) of electricity per year. Stetson Wind Farm surpassed the Mars Hill Wind Farm as the largest wind energy project in operation in New England.[8] In March 2009, the LURC approved First Wind's $60 million 25.5 MW Stetson II expansion. Seventeen turbines will be installed on nearby Jimmy (45°37′48″N 67°58′47″W / 45.63000°N 67.97972°W / 45.63000; -67.97972 (Jimmy Mountain)) and Owl (45°35′34″N 67°57′34″W / 45.59278°N 67.95944°W / 45.59278; -67.95944 (Owl Mountain)) mountains.[9] In September 2009, First Wind received $40.44 million from the federal government for the Stetson I project; it was one of twelve grants made to wind projects under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act stimulus program.[10] First Wind was bought by SunEdison and TerraForm Power in November 2014.[11]

Fox Islands

The Fox Islands Wind Power Project (44°05′38″N 68°52′05″W / 44.094°N 68.868°W / 44.094; -68.868 (Fox Islands, Maine)) is a 4.5 MW wind project consisting of three GE 1.5 MW wind turbines, providing power for North Haven and Vinalhaven Island. The $14.5 million project is expected to produce 11,600 megawatt-hours of electricity per year. Approved by a vote of 383–5 on July 29, 2008 by members of the Fox Islands Electric Cooperative, construction began on June 29, 2009, and the wind farm went online on November 17.[12][13][14] The project has significantly reduced rates on the island residents, who previously imported all their power from the mainland via a submarine power cable.[15][16] However, the noise generated by the turbines has caused considerable controversy on the island.[17]

Kibby Mountain

Kibby Wind Power

The Kibby Mountain wind farm project—at a capacity of 132 MW, prospectively New England's largest[18]—comprises forty-four 3 MW wind turbines strung along the ridges of Kibby Mtn. (45°25.12′N 70°32.66′W / 45.41867°N 70.54433°W / 45.41867; -70.54433 (Kibby Mountain)) and nearby Kibby Range (45°21.13′N 70°34.58′W / 45.35217°N 70.57633°W / 45.35217; -70.57633 (Kibby Range)).[19] is expected to generate about 357 million kilowatt-hours (41 MW·yr) of electricity annually. Half the turbines were put online in October 2009, and TransCanada completed the project in 2010.[20] The capital cost of the project is approximately US $320 million.[21] Work on clearing the site began by September 2008.[22]

Spruce Mountain

The Spruce Mountain wind farm consists of 10 Gamesa G90 2-MW wind turbines. The project is located in Woodstock Maine.(44°25′12″N 70°33′19″W / 44.419937°N 70.555273°W / 44.419937; -70.555273 (Spruce Mountain))[23]

Rollins

In addition to the Stetson and Mars Hill projects, First Wind completed a 60 MW wind farm, with forty 1.5-MW turbines, on Rollins Mountain (45°23′14″N 68°21′49″W / 45.38724°N 68.36371°W / 45.38724; -68.36371 (Rollins Mountain)) and other hills in the Penobscot County towns of Lincoln, Burlington, Lee, and Winn.[24][25] The estimated cost is US$130 million.[26] First Wind was bought by SunEdison and TerraForm Power in November 2014.[11]

Record Hill

Record Hill Wind is a 50.6 MW wind project in Roxbury, consisting of 22 turbines arrayed along a four mile long north-south ridgeline connecting Record Hill, Flathead Mountain (44°39′40″N 70°37′41″W / 44.661°N 70.628°W / 44.661; -70.628 (Flathead Mountain, Record Hill Wind)), and Partridge Peak. The electrical output of the project is estimated to be approximately 160 million kW·h (18 MW·yr) per year.[27]

Bull Hill

A 34.2 MW wind project on Bull Hill (44°43′34″N 68°10′11″W / 44.72616°N 68.16963°W / 44.72616; -68.16963 (Bull Hill)) and adjoining hills in Maine Township 16, MD, was built by First Wind and put online October 31, 2012. The $78.5 million project consists of 19 Vestas V100-1.8MW wind turbines. [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]First Wind was bought by SunEdison and TerraForm Power in November 2014.[11]

Oakfield

The Oakfield wind project at 148 MW was completed in 2015. The project is located near Oakfield (46°06′N 68°09′W / 46.10°N 68.15°W / 46.10; -68.15 (Oakfield, Maine)) and uses 48 Vestas wind turbines.[34][35]

Saddleback Ridge

The Saddleback Ridge wind project is a 34.2 megawatt, 12-turbine wind project located in Carthage, Maine.(44°36′21″N 70°22′33″W / 44.605755°N 70.375844°W / 44.605755; -70.375844 (Carthage, Maine)) It uses GE's 2.85 MW wind turbines and was developed by Patriot Renewables.

Passadumkeag Windpark

The Passadumkeag Windpark is located on Passadumkeag Mountain near Burlington, ME (45°07′55″N 68°21′31″W / 45.132037°N 68.358513°W / 45.132037; -68.358513 (Burlington, Maine)). It consists of 13 Vestas V112 3.0 series wind turbines with a rated capacity of 3.3 MW.[36][37]

Hancock Wind

The Hancock Wind project is a project developed by Novatus Energy which consists of 17 Vestas V117 3.0 MW turbines.[38] The project is located in Franklin Maine. (44°45′53″N 68°07′14″W / 44.764733°N 68.120521°W / 44.764733; -68.120521 (Franklin, Maine))

Bingham Wind Farm

The Bingham Wind Farm was developed by Novatus Energy and is located near Kingsbury Plantation, Maine (45°07′58″N 69°41′29″W / 45.132707°N 69.691472°W / 45.132707; -69.691472 (Franklin, Maine)) and consists of 56 Vestas V112 3.3 MW turbines.[39]

Pisgah Mountain

Pisgah Mountain wind farm is owned by Pisgah Mountain LLC and operates five Vestas V90-1.8 MW wind turbines in Clifton Maine (44°46′31″N 68°31′20″W / 44.775151°N 68.522281°W / 44.775151; -68.522281 (Clifton, Maine)). Seven local owners own 51% of Pisgah Mountain LLC and the remaining 49% is owned by SWEB Development USA a subsidiary of WEB Windenergie.[40]

Canton Mountain Wind Project

The Canton Mountain Wind Project consists of eight GE 2.85 megawatt wind turbines with 103 meter rotors on 85 meter towers. It was developed by Patriot Renewables, it is located in Canton Maine (44°31′02″N 70°18′09″W / 44.517242°N 70.302412°W / 44.517242; -70.302412), and went online in November, 2017. [41]

Offshore Wind Energy

Offshore wind energy represents Maine's largest untapped natural energy resource, rated at 156 GW.[42] The University of Maine Advanced Structures and Composites Center has led efforts to develop this resource with its patented floating wind turbine technology, VolturnUS.

In 2008, as a result of the Maine Ocean Energy Task Force, Maine established a renewable ocean energy goal, including the installation of 5 GW of offshore wind energy by 2030.[43]

North America’s first offshore wind turbine was deployed in 2013.[44][45][46][47][48] The VolturnUS was a floating grid-connected, 65 foot tall, 1:8th scale test of a 6 MW turbine.[49] It was towed to Castine, Maine where it was deployed for 18 months. Following the successful deployment of the VolturnUS Maine Aqua Ventus 1, GP, LLC, is leading a demonstration project off Monhegan Island, ME called New England Aqua Ventus I using the same floating turbine technology.[50]

DeepCwind Consortium

Led by the University of Maine, the DeepCwind Consortium's [51] mission is to establish the State of Maine as a national leader in deepwater offshore wind technology through a research initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and others. The University of Maine-led consortium includes universities, nonprofits, and utilities; a wide range of industry leaders in offshore design, offshore construction, and marine structures manufacturing; firms with expertise in wind project siting, environmental analysis, environmental law, composites materials to assist in corrosion-resistant material design and selection, and energy investment; and industry organizations to assist with education and tech transfer activities.

Ocean Energy Institute

The Ocean Energy Institute, founded by Matthew Simmons, advocated developing wind power in the Gulf of Maine.[52] Simmons and his partner, physicist George Hart, proposed an enormous, 5-gigawatt wind farm, with five 64 nmi² (220 km²) sections, each containing 200 5-MW turbines. That would generate sufficient power in winter to replace the state's consumption of home heating oil. According to Simmons, a proponent of peak oil, "If we don't do this, we're going to have to evacuate most of Maine."[53]

As proposed, the turbines would be built on floating platforms, anchored in waters 100–200 meters (330–660 ft) deep — something that has never been done in the United States. It will take several years to test the feasibility of such buoyed turbines. (The Hywind wind turbine became the world's first operating large-capacity (2.3 MW) floating wind turbine in the summer of 2009, operating in the North Sea off Norway.) Hart said, "three qualities — survivability, reliability, and performance — are what investment bankers need to see before they're going to put up the large amount of capital needed".[53]

While former governor Angus King was supportive of the idea, others challenged the project's projected cost, which could reach $25 billion.[54][55]

The Ocean Energy Institute ceased operations in 2011 after Simmons died in late 2010. The University of Maine's Advanced Structures and Composites Center received a $250,000 donation in Simmons memory to advance research in wind power.

Proposed Wind Projects

Electricity generation sources in Maine

New England Aqua Ventus I

New England Aqua Ventus I is a proposed 12 MW floating wind farm that will be anchored off Monhegan Island at the UMaine Deepwater Offshore Wind Test Site in Lincoln County. It will use two 6 MW turbines mounted on VolturnUS floating concrete hulls. It is intended to demonstrate the potential for floating wind power on the New England coast.[42] Project participants include Emera, Inc., Cianbro Corporation, DCNS, and the University of Maine. It is intended to finish construction in 2019.[42]

Wind projects

NameCapacity
(MW)		Number of TurbinesLocation
(county)		DeveloperCompleted
Mars Hill4228AroostookSunEdison2006
Beaver Ridge4.53WaldoPatriot Renewables2008
Stetson I5738WashingtonSunEdison2009
Fox Islands4.53KnoxFox Islands Electric Cooperative2009
Kibby Mountain132  44FranklinTransCanada2010
Stetson II25.517WashingtonSunEdison2010
Spruce Mountain2010OxfordPatriot Renewables2011
Rollins6040Penobscot[56]SunEdison2011
Record Hill50.622Oxford[57]Independence Wind2012
Bull Hill[58][59]34.219HancockSunEdison / Blue Sky East2012
Oakfield[60][61]14848AroostookSunEdison2015
Saddleback Ridge[62][63]34.212Franklin Patriot Renewables LLC 2015
Passadumkeag Windpark[64]39.913Penobscot Quantum Utility Generation 2016
Hancock Wind[65]5117Hancock CountyNovatus Energy2016
Bingham Wind Farm[66][1][67] 18556Somerset & Piscataquis Novatus Energy2016
Pisgah Mountain 9 5 Penobscot Pisgah Mountain LLC 2016
Canton Mountain 22.8 8 Oxford Patriot Renewables LLC 2017

Canceled proposals

Redington and Black Nubble

Public opinion for a proposed wind farm on Redington Mountain

In 2005, Maine Mountain Power (MMP) filed an application with the Maine Land Use Regulation Committee (LURC) for a permit to develop a 30-turbine wind farm on Mount Redington (45°1.50′N 70°23.32′W / 45.02500°N 70.38867°W / 45.02500; -70.38867 (Mount Redington)) and neighboring Black Nubble (45°1.92′N 70°26.83′W / 45.03200°N 70.44717°W / 45.03200; -70.44717 (Black Nubble)).[68] After years of contentious debate, the proposal was voted down by the LURC in 2007. The summit of Redington was seen as too ecologically sensitive — a sub-alpine fir habitat providing a home for two rare species, the bog lemming and Bicknell's thrush. Also, the development would have been visible for miles along the Appalachian Trail (AT).[69][70][71] A revised proposal, for 18 turbines only on Black Nubble, was put forward by MMP, supported by many environmental groups,[69][72] but still opposed by Maine Audubon.[73] The project was rejected by the LURC in 2008.[74]

Longfellow

First Wind proposed an installation on Black Mountain (44°35′02″N 70°38′15″W / 44.5840°N 70.6376°W / 44.5840; -70.6376 (Black Mountain)) in Rumford.

The Longfellow project would have 16 turbines that could produce 40 MW of electricity, enough to power about 17,000 homes in the Northeast. The power would be sold to the New England power grid. The wind turbines would have been built on the west side of the mountain, away from the Black Mountain ski area. The developer placed the project on hold due to the strength of wind gusts in the area.[75]

Hywind 2

In April 2012 Statoil, a Norwegian multinational oil and gas company, received state regulatory approval to build a large four-unit demonstration floating wind farm off the coast of Maine.[76] As of April 2013, the Hywind 2 4-tower, 12–15 MW wind farm was being developed by Statoil North America for placement 20 kilometres (12 mi) off the east coast of Maine in 140–158 metres (459–518 ft)-deep water of the Atlantic Ocean. Like the first Hywind installation off Norway, the turbine foundation will be a spar floater.[77][78] The State of Maine Public Utility Commission voted to approve the construction and fund the US$120 million project by adding approximately 75 cents/month to the average retail electricity consumer. Power could be flowing into the grid no earlier than 2016.[78]

As a result of new legislation (LD 1472) by the State of Maine, Statoil placed their planned Hywind Maine floating wind turbine development project on hold in July 2013. The legislation required the Maine Public Utilities Commission to undertake a second round of bidding with a different set of ground rules that led Statoil to suspend the project due to increased uncertainty and risk.[79] Statoil ultimately abandoned the Hywind 2 project in Maine and developed Hywind Scotland instead.[80]

Community debate

A statewide poll in Spring 2007 by the Pan Atlantic SMS Group showed that 85% of Maine people supported wind power development.[81]

A 2009 poll conducted by Portland-based Critical Insights shows that 90% of Maine people support the development of wind power as a source of electricity. Nearly nine in ten Mainers agree that "wind power can improve energy security and reduce Maine’s dependence on fossil fuels, and eight in ten agree that wind power will produce jobs and other forms of economic benefits".[81]

In a 2010 statewide telephone poll of 500 registered voters, 88 percent supported wind power in Maine. Calls to residents in seven rural counties, from Aroostook to Oxford, where most wind power projects are built or planned, showed 83 percent support. Survey results show that Maine residents strongly support wind power development, chiefly because it cuts dependence on fossil fuels and creates jobs. The survey was done by Portland-based Pan Atlantic SMS Group for the Maine Renewable Energy Association.[82]

Some community opposition has arisen, in the form of litigation against mountain wind farms and an ocean wind turbine proposal, as civic activism, and as development of municipal ordinances.[83][84][85][86]

Wind generation

Maine Wind Generation in 2015
Net Maine Wind Generation (GWh, Million kWh)[87]
Year Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
20141098121101120103666767468210612693
20151295 1361141321139975625577129167136
20161613 163157139130108116104111100133143209
2017190225246230199179140122132

Maine used 11,449 GWh in 2016.[88]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "Maine Wind Energy" (PDF). U.S. Wind Energy State Facts. American Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
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  5. ↑ "U.S. Energy Information Administration Detailed State Data". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
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  8. ↑ "57-MW Stetson Wind Farm Starts Commercial Operations in Maine". RenewableEnergyWorld.com. January 23, 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
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  19. ↑ "Kibby Wind Power". TransCanada Corporation. 2009-10-09. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
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  28. ↑ Miller, Kevin (5 October 2011). "LURC approves 19-turbine wind farm in Hancock County". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  29. ↑ "First Wind - Blue Sky East LLC/Bull Hill Development Permit for Wind Energy". Maine Land Use Regulation Commission (LURC). 3 October 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  30. ↑ "EastbrookWind.Org". 2009-04-09. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  31. ↑ "WABI-TV: Bull Hill Wind Farm Project Completed". 14 November 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  32. ↑ "First Wind's Bull Hill Wind page". 14 November 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  33. ↑ "First Wind press release on Bull Hill" (PDF). 14 November 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  34. ↑ "Oakfield Wind Project". Power Technology. Kable Intelligence Ltd. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
  35. ↑ Electric Power Monthly,December 2015. U.S. Energy Information Administration
  36. ↑ "Passadumkeag". Quantum Utility Generation.
  37. ↑ "Vestas receives 40 MW order in U.S. state of Maine". Vestas. 26 March 2015. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
  38. ↑ "Hancock Wind Project". Novatus Energy. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  39. ↑ "Bingham Wind Project". Novatus Energy. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  40. ↑ Ricker, Nok-Noi (March 14, 2016). "Clifton wind farm owners enter partnership with Canadian energy firm". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  41. ↑ "Canton Mountain Wind Project". Patriot Renewables. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  42. 1 2 3 "Floating Offshore Wind In Maine - Advanced Structures & Composites Center - University of Maine". Advanced Structures & Composites Center. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  43. ↑ Final Report of the Ocean Energy Task Force to Governor John E. Baldacci. https://umaine.edu/offshorewindtestsite/wp-content/uploads/sites/303/2017/02/OETF_FinalReportAppendices.pdf: State of Maine. 2009 – via University of Maine.
  44. ↑ http://www.offshorewind.biz/2013/06/01/volturnus-18-launched-maine-brings-u-s-offshore-wind-dream-to-reality/
  45. ↑ Danko, Pete. "First US Floating Wind Turbine Launches In Maine". EarthTechling. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
  46. ↑ http://www.nature.com/news/renewable-energy-wind-power-tests-the-waters-1.15992
  47. ↑ http://climate.org/smart-solutions/?p=126
  48. ↑ http://energy.gov/articles/maine-project-launches-first-grid-connected-offshore-wind-turbine-us
  49. ↑ "University of Maine Advanced Structures and Composites Center". University of Maine | VolturnUS. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  50. ↑ "New England Aqua Ventus I". Maine Aqua Ventus. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
  51. ↑ Deepcwind.org
  52. ↑ "Ocean Energy Institute". 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
  53. 1 2 Gies, Erica (November 26, 2008). "Plans for the world's biggest wind farm". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
  54. ↑ J Dwight (December 14, 2008). "The biggest con job in the history of man". Sun Journal. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
  55. ↑ Fehrenbacher, Katie (December 1, 2008). "Gulf of Maine Wind Proposal Could Cost $25B". earth2tech.com. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
  56. ↑ EIA Electric Power Monthly, Oct 2011 p.13
  57. ↑ EIA Electric Power Monthly, February 2012 p.16
  58. ↑ "Visual Impact Assessment Bull Hill Wind Project T16 MD, Maine" (PDF). maine.gov. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
  59. ↑ "Blue Sky East LLC/Bull Hill Development Permit Application DP 4886". maine.gov. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
  60. ↑ "Oakfield Wind Project". novatusenergy.com. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
  61. ↑ "Oakfield Wind Project, Maine, United States of America". power-technology.com. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
  62. ↑ EIA Electric Power Monthly, November 2015
  63. ↑ "Saddleback Ridge". Patriot Renewables. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
  64. ↑ EIA Electric Power Monthly, October 2016
  65. ↑ "Hancock Wind Project". novatusenergy.com. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
  66. ↑ "Bingham Wind Project". novatusenergy.com. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
  67. ↑ http://www.maine.gov/dep/land/sitelaw/selected-developments/bingham/bingham_wind_project_draft_order.pdf
  68. ↑ "Get The Facts". Maine Mountain Power. 2006. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  69. 1 2 Crowell, Alan (2007-07-11). "Black Nubble wind project supporters line up". Kennebec Journal. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  70. ↑ "Maine Mountain Power Redington Wind Farm Application for Development". Maine LURC. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  71. ↑ "Redington wind farm a step toward Maine's energy future". Portland Press Herald. 2006-07-29. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  72. ↑ "Support Builds for Black Nubble Wind Farm". Natural Resources Council of Maine. 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  73. ↑ "Will you help Maine Audubon fight an uphill battle for wildlife-friendly wind power in Maine?". Maine Audubon. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
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  75. ↑ Wind Energy Projects - Albert Frick
  76. ↑ Hampton, Stuart (30 April 2012). "Statoil to demonstrate floating offshore wind turbines in the US". Bizmology. Hoovers. Retrieved 2012-05-20. Statoil has secured the support of government officials in Maine to develop a demonstration wind park in the US with four full-scale offshore wind turbines.
  77. ↑ "Hywind 2 Demonstration (Maine)". Offshore Wind Farms Project Database. 4C Offshore. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  78. 1 2 "Pioneering Maine wind project passes 'biggest hurdle'". Portland Press Herald. 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
  79. ↑ "USA: Statoil Freezes Hywind Maine Project". OffshoreWind.biz. 2013-07-05. Retrieved 2013-08-02.
  80. ↑ Turkel, Tux (November 22, 2015). "Spurned in Maine, wind farm to float in Scotland". Portland Press Herald.
  81. 1 2 "Poll Shows Overwhelming Support for Wind Power". NRCM. November 13, 2009.
  82. ↑ Tux Turkel (June 29, 2010). "Mainers full of gusto for wind power, survey finds". Portland Press Herald.
  83. ↑ Bangor News: Group renews legal challenge to Rollins Mountain Wind
  84. ↑ Petition against offshore wind test areas
  85. ↑ Friends of Ragged Mountain
  86. ↑ Dixmont Wind Ordinance
  87. ↑ "Electricity Data Browser". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
  88. ↑ EIA (December 2017). "Electric Power Annual". United States Department of Energy. p. Table 2.8. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
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