List of private spaceflight companies
This page is a list of non-governmental entities that currently offer—or are planning to offer—equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human.
List of abbreviations used in this article |
---|
LEO: Low Earth orbit |
Commercial astronauts
Association of Spaceflight Professionals[1][2] — Astronaut training, applied research and development, payload testing and integration, mission planning and operations support (Christopher Altman, Soyeon Yi)[3][1]
Manufacturers of space vehicles
Cargo transport vehicles
Company name | Spacecraft | Launch system | Length (m) | Dry mass (kg) | Launch mass (kg) | Payload (kg) | Payload volume (m³) | Return payload (kg) | Diameter (m) | Generated power (W) | Automated docking | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dragon | Falcon 9 | 6.1 | 4,200[4] | 10,200 | 3,310 pressurized or unpressurized, in any mixture[5] | 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized), or 34 (unpressurized with extended trunk)[6] | 2,500 capsule return[7] | 3.7 | 2,000[8] | No | Operational (16/17) | |
Dragon 2 cargo | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 8.1 | 6,400 | 3,310 | 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized) | 2,500 | 3.7 | Yes | Development | |||
Cygnus (standard) | Antares 1x0 | 5.14 | 1,500[9] | 2,000[9] | 18.9[9] | None | 3.07 | 3,500[10] | No | Retired (3/4) | ||
Cygnus (enhanced) | Antares 230 Atlas V 401 |
6.34 | 1,800[11] | 3,500[11] | 27[11] | None | 3.07 | No | Operational (5/5) | |||
Dream Chaser Cargo System | Atlas V Vulcan[12] |
5,000 pressurized, 500 unpressurized[13] | 1,750[13] | Yes | Development |
Crew transport vehicles
Orbital
Company name | Spacecraft | Range | Launch system |
Crew size |
Length (m) | Diameter (m) | Launch mass (kg) | Power system |
Generated power (W) |
First spaceflight* |
Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biconic Space Vehicle | LEO | New Glenn | Planned date not known | Development | |||||||
CST-100 | LEO | Multiple, initially Atlas V | 7 [14] | 5.03 [15] | 4.56 [15] | Solar panels | Planned: 2018 | Development | |||
Dream Chaser Space System | LEO | Multiple, initially Atlas V | 7 [16][17] | 9 [18] | 11,300 [19] | Planned date not known | Development | ||||
Dragon 2 | LEO | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 7[note 1] | 8.1[20] | 3.7[21] | Solar panels | Planned: 2018 | Development | |||
BFR Spaceship | Solar System | BFR[22] | 100[note 3] | 48[22] | 9[22][note 4] | 1,335,000[22] | Solar panels | Planned: 2024 [22] (2022) |
Development |
- * - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures
Suborbital
Company name | Spacecraft | Range | Launch system |
Crew size |
Length (m) | Diameter (m) | Launch mass (kg) | First spaceflight* |
Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SpaceShipOne | 112 km X Prize |
White Knight Hybrid Motor |
1 | 8.53 | 8.05 | 3,600 | 2004 | Retired (3/3)[note 1] | |
(SARGE SRLV) | 100Km Kármán line+ on future flights | N/A | 0 | 11 | .51 | 50 | Planned
1/5/2019 |
Testing | |
New Shepard | 114 km (capsule, using the launch escape system motor) | N/A | 6 | Planned: 2018 (2015) |
Testing (9/9) | ||||
SpaceShipTwo | 110 km Kármán line+10 |
White Knight Two RocketMotorTwo |
8[note 2] | 18.3 | 8.3 | 9,740 | Planned date not known | Testing |
- * - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures
Launch vehicle makers
Company name | Launcher name |
Launcher type |
No. of stages |
Maximum reach |
Launcher status |
Maiden flight |
Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Haas 2b | Suborbital crewed rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | [23] | ||
Haas 2CA | Light rocket | 1 | LEO | Development | 2018 (planned) | [24] | |
Super Haas | Medium rocket | 2 | LEO | Proposed | 2019 (planned) | [25] | |
AUSROC Nano | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | [26] | ||
Rocket 1 | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Development | 2018 (planned) | [27][28][29] | |
Astra | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | [30] | ||
SALVO | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Cancelled | — | [31][32][33] | |
New Shepard | Suborbital crewed rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (8/8) | 2015 | ||
New Glenn | Heavy rocket | 2 or 3 | GTO | Development | 2020 (planned) | [34][35] | |
Canadian Arrow | Suborbital crewed rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | [36] | |
JFCR.2000-Pollux | Sounding socket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | [37][38] | ||
SARGE | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational | 8/2018 Pathfinder | [39][40] | |
Firefly Alpha | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2019 (Planned) | ||
Firefly Beta | Light rocket | 2 + 2 boosters | LEO | Development | |||
Urania | Medium rocket | 3 | LEO | Cancelled | — | [41][42] | |
Ariel | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | 2019 (planned) | [43] | |
Eris | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | 2020 (planned) | [43] | |
GOLauncher 1 | Air-launched sounding rocket | 1 + airplane | Suborbital | Development | 2019 (planned) | [44] | |
GOLauncher 2 | Air-launch-to-orbit | 2 + airplane | LEO | Development | |||
DNLV (Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle) | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2023 (planned) | [45][46] | |
NEPTUNE N series | Light rocket | 3–4 | LEO | Development | [47][48] | ||
NEPTUNE N36 | Light rocket | 4 | TLI | Proposed | [47][48] | ||
Neptune TSAAHTO | Medium rocket | 2½ | TLI | Proposed | [47] | ||
Momo | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (0/2) | 2017 | [49][50] | |
Primo | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Proposed | [51][52] | ||
Taymyr | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | 2020 (planned) | [53][54] | |
VentureStar | Reusable spaceplane | 1 | LEO | Cancelled | — | [55] | |
Athena | Medium rocket | 2 or 3 | TLI | Retired (5/7) | 1995 | ||
M-SV | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | [56][57][58] | ||
M-OV | Light rocket | 1 + 6 Boosters | LEO | Development | [56][57][59] | ||
M-LV | Light rocket | 1 + 8 boosters | TLI | Development | [56][57][60] | ||
OS-X | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2018 (planned) | [61] | |
OS-M1 | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | [62] | ||
OS-M2 | Light rocket | 3 + 2 boosters | LEO | Development | [63] | ||
OS-M4 | Light rocket | 3 + 4 boosters | LEO | Development | [64] | ||
Antares | Medium rocket | 3 | LEO | Operational (7/8) | 2013 | [65] | |
Minotaur-C, formerly Taurus | Light rocket | 4 | LEO | Operational (7/10) | 1994 | [66][67][68] | |
Pegasus | Air-launch-to-orbit | 3-4 + airplane | HEO | Operational (38/43) | 1990 | ||
Omega | Medium rocket | 3 + 0-6 boosters | GEO | Proposed | 2021 (planned) | ||
OTRAG | Medium rocket | variable | LEO (designed) Suborbital (achieved) |
Retired (15/18) | 1977 | [69] | |
Arion 1 | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | 2019 (planned) | [70][71][72] | |
Arion 2 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2020 (planned) | [71] | |
Terran 1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2020 (planned) | [73] | |
Intrepid-1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2018 (planned) | [74][75] | |
Ātea-1 | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Operational (1/1) | 2009 | [76][77] | |
Ātea-2 | Sounding rocket | 2 | Suborbital | Cancelled | [78] | ||
Electron | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Operational (1/2) | 2017 | [79] | |
Skyrora-1 | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | 2018 (planned) | [80][81] | |
Skyrora XL | Light rocket | 3 | LEO | Development | [82][83] | ||
Bigos | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (5/5) | 2015 | [84] | |
Candle-2 | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Operational (1/1) | 2016 | [85][86][87] | |
SIR (Suborbital Inexpensive Rocket) | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Development | 2022 (planned) | [84][88] | |
Percheron | Sounding rocket | 1 | Suborbital | Cancelled | — | [89] | |
Conestoga 1620 | Medium rocket | 4 | LEO (designed) Suborbital (achieved) |
Retired (0/1) | 1995 | [89] | |
Prometheus-1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | [90][91] | ||
Falcon 1 | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Retired (2/5) | 2008 | [92] | |
Falcon 1e | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Cancelled | — | [92] | |
Falcon 5 | Medium rocket | 2 | GTO | Cancelled | — | [93] | |
Falcon 9 v1.0 | Medium rocket | 2 | GTO (designed) LEO (achieved) |
Retired (5/5) | 2010 | [94] | |
Falcon 9 v1.1 | Medium rocket | 2 | HCO | Retired (14/15) | 2013 | [94] | |
Falcon 9 Full Thrust | Medium rocket (first stage reusable) / Heavy Rocket (expendable configuration) |
2 | TMI[95] | Retired (36/36) | 2015 | [94] | |
Falcon 9 Block 5 | Medium rocket (first stage reusable) / Heavy Rocket (expendable configuration) |
2 | TMI[95] | Operational (3/3) | 2018 | [96][97] | |
Falcon Heavy | Heavy rocket (first stage core and side boosters reusable) / Super heavy rocket (expendable configuration) | 2 + 2 boosters | Deep space (Pluto)[98] | Operational (1/1) | 2018 | [94][99] | |
ITS Launch Vehicle | Super heavy rocket | 2 | Deep space[100] | Cancelled | — | [101] | |
BFR | Super heavy rocket | 2 | TMI | Development | 2019 (planned)[102] | [103] | |
Atlas V | Medium rocket | 2 + 0-5 boosters | TMI | Operational (77/78) | 2002 | [104] | |
Delta II 6000 | Medium rocket | 2-3 + 9 boosters | GTO | Retired (17/17) | 1989 | [105] | |
Delta II 7000 | Light rocket | 2-3 + 3, 4 or 9 boosters | GTO | Operational (129/131) | 1990 | [105] | |
Delta II 7000H | Medium rocket | 2-3 + 9 boosters | TMI | Retired (6/6) | 2003 | [105] | |
Delta IV | Medium rocket | 2 + 0, 2 or 4 boosters | GTO | Operational (35/36) | 2003 | [106] | |
Delta IV Heavy | Heavy rocket | 2 + 2 boosters | GTO | Operational (8/9) | 2004 | [107] | |
Vulcan | Heavy rocket | 2 + 0-6 boosters | GTO | Development | 2020 (planned) | [108] | |
Vector-R | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2018 (planned) | ||
Vector-RE1 | Light rocket | 2 or 3 | LEO | Development | |||
Vector-H | Light rocket | 2 | LEO | Development | 2019 (planned) | ||
Vector-HE1 | Light rocket | 2 or 3 | LEO | Development | |||
LauncherOne | Air-launch-to-orbit | 2 + airplane | LEO | Testing | 2018 (planned) | [109] | |
Bloostar | Rockoon system (high-altitude balloon and in-space rocket launcher) | 3 + high-altitude balloon | LEO | Development | 2018 (planned) | [110] |
Landers, rovers and orbiters
Company name | Craft name | Craft type | Craft status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
ARCASPACE | ELE (European Lunar Explorer) | lunar orbiter | Cancelled | [111] |
Astrobotic Technology | Red Rover | lunar rover | Development | [112] |
Astrobotic Technology | Griffin (previously Artemis Lander) | lunar lander | Negotiating | [113] |
Astrobotic Technology | Peregrine Lander | lunar lander | Development | [114] |
Euroluna | ROMIT | lunar rover | Cancelled | [115] |
Golden Spike Company | unnamed | Crewed lunar lander | Proposed (2010) | [116] |
Hakuto | Sorato | lunar rover | Development | [117][118] |
Hakuto | Tetris | lunar rover | Cancelled | [119] |
Independence-X Aerospace | SQUALL (Scientific Quest Unmanned Autonomous Lunar Lander) | lunar lander | Cancelled | [120] |
Interorbital Systems | RIPPER (Robotic InterPlanetary Prospector Excavator Retriever) | lunar lander | Development | [121] |
Lunar Mission One | unnamed | lunar lander | Proposed (2014) | [122] |
Masten Space Systems | XEUS | lunar lander | Negotiating | [113] |
Masten Space Systems | XL-1 | lunar lander | Development | [123] |
Moon Express | MX-1 | lunar lander | Testing | [113][124] |
Odyssey Moon | MoonOne (M-1) | lunar rover | Cancelled | [125] |
Omega Envoy | Sagan | lunar rover | Cancelled | [126] |
Part Time Scientists | Audi Lunar quattro | lunar rover | Testing | [127] |
Part Time Scientists | ALINA (Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module) | lunar lander | Development | [128] |
Puli Space Technologies | Puli | lunar rover | Fundraising | [129] |
Team FREDNET | Picorover | lunar rover | Cancelled | [130] |
Team Italia | AMALIA (Ascensio Machinae Ad Lunam Italica Arte) | lunar rover | Cancelled | [131] |
Team Indus | HHK-1 | lunar lander | Development | |
Team Indus | ECA | lunar rover | Development | |
TransOrbital | TrailBlazer | lunar orbiter | Cancelled | [132] |
Team Plan B | Plan B | lunar rover | Cancelled | |
Space IL | Sparrow | lunar lander | Testing | |
STELLAR | Stellar Eagle | lunar rover | Cancelled | [133] |
Synergy Moon | Tesla | lunar rover | Development | [134] |
Research craft and tech demonstrators
Company name | Craft name | Craft purpose | Craft status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
ARCA | Demonstrator 2b | demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine | Retired | |
Armadillo Aerospace | Quad | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
ASRI | AUSROC I | systems Testing | Retired | |
ASRI | AUSROC II | payload to 10 km | Retired | |
ASRI | AUSROC 2.5 | systems Testing | Testing | |
ASRI | AUSROC III | payload of 150 kg to 500 km | Development | |
Blue Origin | Goddard | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
Interorbital Systems | Neutrino | systems Testing | Operational | |
Interorbital Systems | Tachyon | systems Testing | Operational | [135] |
Lockheed Martin | X-33 | demonstrate SSTO | Cancelled | |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1 | demonstrate VTOL | Retired | |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1B | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1 | Operational | |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1E | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2, commercial precursor flights | Retired (12 flights) | |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1E2 | commercial flights | Destroyed (115 flights) | |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1E4 | commercial flights | Retired (75 flights) | |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1E5 | commercial flights | Operational | |
Masten Space Systems | XL-1T | terrestrial test bed for the XL-1 lunar lander | Development | |
Masten Space Systems | Xeus | commercial flights | Development | |
McDonnell Douglas | DC-X | demonstrate VTOL | Retired (11 test flights) | |
Rotary Rocket | Roton ATV | demonstrate VTOL | Retired (3 test flights) | |
Space Services Inc. | Conestoga I | systems Testing | Retired (1 test) | [89] |
SpaceX | Grasshopper | demonstrate VTOL | Retired (8 tests) | [136] |
SpaceX | F9R Dev1 | refine VTOL (low altitude) | Destroyed (5 flights) | [137] |
SpaceX | F9R Dev2 | refine VTOL (high altitude) | Cancelled | [138] |
Swedish Space Corp. | Maxus | payload to 700 km | Operational | |
Swedish Space Corp. | Maser | payload to 300 km | Operational | |
UP Aerospace | SpaceLoft XL | payload to 140 km | Operational | [139] |
World View Enterprises | Tycho Platform | payload up to 46 km and 300 kg | Operational | [140] |
zero2infinity | nanobloon 1.0 | payload to 32 km | Operational | [141] |
zero2infinity | nanobloon 2.0 | payload to 33 km | Operational | |
zero2infinity | microbloon 1.0 | payload to 24 km | Operational | |
zero2infinity | microbloon 2.0 | payload to 31 km | Operational | |
zero2infinity | microbloon 3.0 | payload to 27 km | Operational |
Propulsion manufacturers
Satellite launchers
Company | Launch vehicles | Private | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
Arianespace | Ariane, Vega | Partial; minority owned by some EU states | |
Eurockot Launch Services | Rockot | No; 49% owned by Russia, and 51% by Kazakhstan | |
Rocket Lab | Electron | Yes; own launchers | |
International Launch Services | Proton | No; 51%+ owned by Russia | |
ISC Kosmotras | Dnepr | No; Owned by Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. | |
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | H-IIA, H-IIB | Yes; own launchers, R&D done by JAXA. | [157] |
Orbital ATK | Antares, Minotaur | Partial; own launchers, funded by NASA | |
SpaceX | Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy | Yes; own launchers | |
Sea Launch | Zenit | No; Bankrupt. Owned by Russia. | |
Starsem | Soyuz | No; 25% Owned by Russia, 25% Samara, 35% EADS SPACE Transportation, 15% EU | |
United Launch Alliance | Atlas, Delta | Yes; 50% owned by Lockheed Martin, 50% Boeing | |
i-Space | Hyperbola-1 | Yes; own launchers | [158] |
Space-based economy
Space manufacturing
Company name | Products | Manufacturing craft | Status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shackleton Energy Company | propellant, space infrastructure, propellant depot | Unknown | Proposed (2007) | [159] |
Made In Space | 3D printing in ISS, in-space antenna systems, fiber optics | Unknown | Operational (2018) | [160] |
Deep Space Industries | propellant, communications platforms, space solar power satellites | MicroGravity Foundry | Development | [161] |
Space mining
Company name | Body to be mined | Mining craft | Mining status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Deep Space Industries | Near-Earth asteroids | Prospector-1, Harvestor 1 | Development | [162][163] |
Moon Express | Moon | MX-1, MX-2, MX-5, MX-9 | Development | [164] |
Planetary Resources | Near-Earth asteroids | Arkyd Series 100, 200, 300 | Development | [165] |
Shackleton Energy Company | Moon | TBD | Proposed (2007) | [159] |
ispace | Moon | TBD | Development | [166][167] |
Space stations
Private Company name | Space Craft name | Space Craft type | Internal volume |
Passenger capacity |
Craft status | Orbit Around | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Axiom Space | Axiom International Commercial Space Station | Rigid Module | 8[168] | Proposed (2016) | Earth | [169][170] | |
Bigelow Aerospace | Genesis I subscale test spacecraft | Inflatable module | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[171] | Uncrewed | Retired, on orbit[172] | Earth | [173] |
Bigelow Aerospace | Genesis II subscale test spacecraft | Inflatable module | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[174] | Uncrewed | Retired, on orbit[172] | Earth | [175] |
Bigelow Aerospace | Galaxy | Inflatable module | 16.7 m3 (590 cu ft)[176] | Uncrewed | Cancelled | Earth | [177] |
Bigelow Aerospace | Sundancer | Inflatable module | 180 m3 (6,357 cu ft) | 3 | Cancelled | Earth | [178] |
Bigelow Aerospace | BA 330 | Inflatable module | 330 m3 (11,654 cu ft) | 6 | Testing | Earth | [179][180][181] |
Bigelow Aerospace | BA 2100 | Inflatable module | 2,100 m3 (74,161 cu ft) | 16 | Proposed (2010) | Earth | [182] |
Bigelow Aerospace | Space Complex Alpha | Inflatable space station | 690 m3 (24,367 cu ft) | 12 | Development | Earth | |
Excalibur Almaz | Almaz derivative | Rigid module | 3 | Cancelled | Earth | [183][184][185] | |
Galactic Suite Ltd. | Galactic Suite | Rigid module | 6 | Proposed (2007) | Earth | [186] | |
Orion Span | Aurora Space Station | Rigid module | 160 m3 (5,650 cu ft) | 6 (2 Crew, 4 Tourists) | Proposed (2018) | Earth | [187][188] |
Space settlement
Company name | Colony location | Status | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
SpaceX | Mars | Development[189] | [190][191] |
Mars One | Mars | Fundraising and assessing astronaut applications (2017)[192] | [193] |
Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers
Company | Products | Refs |
---|---|---|
Altius Space Machines | Rendezvous and capture technology for uncooperative satellites; magnetoshell aerocapture and aerobraking technology for cubesats; lightweight robotic manipulators | |
Andrews Space | Reusable space vehicles; HTHL spacecraft; magnetorquers | |
Axelspace | Cubesats | [194][195] |
EADS Astrium Satellites | Spacecraft and ground segment elements | |
EADS Astrium Space Transportation | Launchers and orbital infrastructure | |
Made in Space | 3D printers for use in microgravity | [196] |
Mynaric | Laser communication for satellites and aircraft | |
NanoRacks | In-space services; small satellite launch services; CubeSat launch services; microgravity payload integration | [197] |
SpaceDev | Small spacecraft; propulsion products and services; space components, mechanisms and structures | |
SpaceQuest, Ltd. | Spacecraft and spacecraft components |
Spaceliner companies
Company name | Contracts for | Craft utilised | Status | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benson Space Company | SpaceDev | Dream Chaser | Defunct | [198] | |
MirCorp | none | Soyuz TM, Progress M1 and Mir | Defunct | Mir deorbited | |
Space Adventures | none | Soyuz and the ISS | Active | 7 tourists sent | |
RocketShip Tours | XCOR | Lynx rocketplane | Defunct | ||
Virgin Galactic | Scaled Composites | Spaceship Two, White Knight 2 | Development | 7 Spaceship Two glide flights successfully completed |
See also
- List of government space agencies
- List of spacecraft manufacturers including the "traditional space" companies
- NewSpace
- Private spaceflight
- Robert Truax
- Space industry
- Tourism on the Moon
References
- 1 2 "Association of Spaceflight Professionals - H+Pedia". hpluspedia.org. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
- ↑ Kisfaludy, Eddie (2012-06-17), Welcome to the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps, Christopher Altman, Kristine Ferrone, Jose Hurtado, IMDb: Internet Movie Database, retrieved 2018-07-31
- ↑ Seedhouse, Erik. Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps. Springer-Verlag: New York (2012).
- ↑ "SpaceX Brochure v7" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ↑ Bergin, Chris (19 October 2012). "Dragon enjoying ISS stay, despite minor issues – Falcon 9 investigation begins". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
CRS-2 will debut the use of Dragon’s Trunk section, capable of delivering unpressurized cargo, prior to the payload being removed by the ISS’ robotic assets after berthing.
- ↑ "Fact sheet" (PDF). www.spacex.com.
- ↑ "Falcon 9 launches Dragon on CRS-1 mission to the ISS – NASASpaceFlight.com". www.nasaspaceflight.com.
- ↑ "Dragonlab Datasheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- 1 2 3 "Cygnus Fast Sheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Co. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ↑ "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. February 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
- 1 2 3 "Cygnus Spacecraft Information". Spaceflight101.
- ↑ "NSRC Day 2 Summary". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
- 1 2 "Sierra Nevada Hopes Dream Chaser Finds "Sweet Spot" of ISS Cargo Competition". SpaceNews. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
- ↑ "Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled". Aviation Week. July 20, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
- 1 2 Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System" (PDF). Boeing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-01. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
- ↑ "Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden" (Press release). Dryden Flight Research Center: NASA. 2010-12-17. Archived from the original on 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
- ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times. p. D1. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
- ↑ Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
- ↑ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation". Spacevidcast. Retrieved 2011-08-16. Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace.
- ↑ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. Archived from the original on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
- ↑ "SpaceX Brochure – 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Making Life Multiplanetary" (PDF). SpaceX. 2017-10-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2017-11-19.
- ↑ Haas2b specifications ARCA
- ↑ Haas2c specifications ARCA
- ↑ Super haas Specifications Archived 2014-10-09 at the Wayback Machine. ARCA
- ↑ "AUSROC Nano | Australian Space Research Institute". www.asri.org.au. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
- ↑ "SKY7 spots stealthy space startup Testing its rocket in Alameda". 16 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ↑ "Astra Space preparing for suborbital test launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
- ↑ "Super Cali upstart's new rocket test approaches, even though the size of it won't launch a Tesla motor". The Register. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
- ↑ "A Closer Look at Astra Space". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
- ↑ "SALVO Cubesat Rocket Debuts Stealth Launch Vehicle Era". AmericaSpace. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ↑ "Ventions, LLC to launch liquid-fueled rocket from Wallops this week". NewSpace Watch. 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2012-11-06. (Subscription required (help)).
- ↑ Pike, John. "Airborne Launch Assist Space Access (ALASA)". www.globalsecurity.org.
- ↑ "Blue Origin Announces Big 'New Glenn' Rocket for Satellite & Crew Launches". Space.com. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
- ↑ Henry, Caleb (12 September 2017). "Blue Origin enlarges New Glenn's payload fairing, preparing to debut upgraded New Shepard". SpaceNews. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
- ↑ "Canadian Arrow". www.astronautix.com.
- ↑ "Edison Effect | Aerospace". edisoneffect.tech. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ↑ Vázquez, Nelly Acosta (17 May 2017). "Datiotec, los mexicanos que van en busca del espacio perdido" – via Huff Post.
- ↑ Foust, Jeff (23 March 2018). "Exos Aerospace prepares for first suborbital launch". Space New.
- ↑ "Stig-B / SARGE". space.skyrocket.de.
- ↑ General Astronautics Urania 2001-02-01
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