List of private spaceflight companies

This page is a list of non-governmental entities that currently offer—or are planning to offer—equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human.

List of abbreviations used in this article

LEO: Low Earth orbit
GTO: Geostationary transfer orbit
VTOL: Vertical take-off and landing
SSTO: Single-stage-to-orbit
TSTO: Two-stage-to-orbit
SSTSO: Single-stage-to-sub-orbit

Commercial astronauts

Manufacturers of space vehicles

Cargo transport vehicles

Company name Spacecraft Launch system Length (m) Dry mass (kg) Launch mass (kg) Payload (kg) Payload volume (m³) Return payload (kg) Diameter (m) Generated power (W) Automated docking Status
United States SpaceX Dragon Falcon 9 6.1 4,200[4] 10,200 3,310 pressurized or unpressurized, in any mixture[5] 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized), or 34 (unpressurized with extended trunk)[6] 2,500 capsule return[7] 3.7 2,000[8] No Operational (16/17)
United States SpaceX Dragon 2 cargo Falcon 9 Block 5 8.1 6,400 3,310 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized) 2,500 3.7 Yes Development
United States Orbital Cygnus (standard) Antares 1x0 5.14 1,500[9] 2,000[9] 18.9[9] None 3.07 3,500[10] No Retired (3/4)
United States Orbital ATK Cygnus (enhanced) Antares 230
Atlas V 401		 6.34 1,800[11] 3,500[11] 27[11] None 3.07 No Operational (5/5)
United States Sierra Nevada Corporation Dream Chaser Cargo System Atlas V
Vulcan[12]		 5,000 pressurized, 500 unpressurized[13] 1,750[13] Yes Development

Crew transport vehicles

Orbital

Company name Spacecraft Range Launch
system		 Crew
size		 Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power
system		 Generated
power (W)		 First
spaceflight*		 Status
United States Blue Origin Biconic Space Vehicle LEO New Glenn Planned date not known Development
United States Boeing CST-100 LEO Multiple, initially Atlas V 7 [14] 5.03 [15] 4.56 [15] Solar panels Planned: 2018 Development
United States Sierra Nevada Corporation Dream Chaser Space System LEO Multiple, initially Atlas V 7 [16][17] 9 [18] 11,300 [19] Planned date not known Development
United States SpaceX Dragon 2 LEO Falcon 9 Block 5 7[note 1] 8.1[20] 3.7[21] Solar panels Planned: 2018 Development
United States SpaceX BFR Spaceship Solar System

[22][note 2]

 BFR[22] 100[note 3] 48[22] 9[22][note 4] 1,335,000[22] Solar panels Planned: 2024 [22]
(2022)		 Development
* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures
  1. ↑ Number of seats will probably be a multiple of the 3 crew member rotations for the ISS
  2. ↑ Designed to land almost everywhere in the solar system
  3. ↑ Number of seats will be lower on early missions
  4. ↑ Plus delta wings

Suborbital

Company name Spacecraft Range Launch
system		 Crew
size		 Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) First
spaceflight*		 Status
United States Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne 112 km
X Prize		 White Knight
Hybrid Motor		 1 8.53 8.05 3,600 2004 Retired (3/3)[note 1]
United States Exos Aerospace (SARGE SRLV) 100Km Kármán line+ on future flights N/A 0 11 .51 50 Planned

1/5/2019

 Testing
United States Blue Origin New Shepard 114 km (capsule, using the launch escape system motor) N/A 6 Planned: 2018
(2015)		 Testing (9/9)
United States The Spaceship Company SpaceShipTwo 110 km
Kármán line+10		 White Knight Two
RocketMotorTwo		 8[note 2] 18.3 8.3 9,740 Planned date not known Testing
* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures
  1. ↑ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
  2. ↑ 2 crew + 6 passengers

Launch vehicle makers

Company name Launcher
name		 Launcher
type		 No. of
stages		 Maximum
reach		 Launcher
status		 Maiden
flight		 Ref
Romania ARCA Haas 2b Suborbital crewed rocket 1 Suborbital Development [23]
Romania ARCA Haas 2CA Light rocket 1 LEO Development 2018 (planned) [24]
Romania ARCA Super Haas Medium rocket 2 LEO Proposed 2019 (planned) [25]
Australia Australian Space Research Institute AUSROC Nano Light rocket 2 LEO Development [26]
United States Astra Space Rocket 1 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Development 2018 (planned) [27][28][29]
United States Astra Space Astra Light rocket 2 LEO Development [30]
United States Astra Space SALVO Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [31][32][33]
United States Blue Origin New Shepard Suborbital crewed rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (8/8) 2015
United States Blue Origin New Glenn Heavy rocket 2 or 3 GTO Development 2020 (planned) [34][35]
Canada Canadian Arrow Canadian Arrow Suborbital crewed rocket 2 Suborbital Cancelled — [36]
Mexico Datiotec Aeroespacial / INMEU A.C. JFCR.2000-Pollux Sounding socket 1 Suborbital Development [37][38]
United States Exos Aerospace SARGE Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational 8/2018 Pathfinder [39][40]
United States Firefly Aerospace Firefly Alpha Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2019 (Planned)
United States Firefly Aerospace Firefly Beta Light rocket 2 + 2 boosters LEO Development
United States General Astronautics Urania Medium rocket 3 LEO Cancelled — [41][42]
AustraliaSingapore Gilmour Space Technologies Ariel Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2019 (planned) [43]
AustraliaSingapore Gilmour Space Technologies Eris Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2020 (planned) [43]
United States Generation Orbit GOLauncher 1 Air-launched sounding rocket 1 + airplane Suborbital Development 2019 (planned) [44]
United States Generation Orbit GOLauncher 2 Air-launch-to-orbit 2 + airplane LEO Development
Malaysia Independence-X Aerospace DNLV (Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle) Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (planned) [45][46]
United States Interorbital Systems NEPTUNE N series Light rocket 3–4 LEO Development [47][48]
United States Interorbital Systems NEPTUNE N36 Light rocket 4 TLI Proposed [47][48]
United States Interorbital Systems Neptune TSAAHTO Medium rocket 2½ TLI Proposed [47]
Japan Interstellar Technologies Momo Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (0/2) 2017 [49][50]
Italy Leaf Space Primo Light rocket 2 LEO Proposed [51][52]
Russia Lin Industrial Taymyr Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2020 (planned) [53][54]
United States Lockheed Martin VentureStar Reusable spaceplane 1 LEO Cancelled — [55]
United States Lockheed Martin Athena Medium rocket 2 or 3 TLI Retired (5/7) 1995
United States Mishaal Aerospace M-SV Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development [56][57][58]
United States Mishaal Aerospace M-OV Light rocket 1 + 6 Boosters LEO Development [56][57][59]
United States Mishaal Aerospace M-LV Light rocket 1 + 8 boosters TLI Development [56][57][60]
China OneSpace OS-X Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2018 (planned) [61]
China OneSpace OS-M1 Light rocket 3 LEO Development [62]
China OneSpace OS-M2 Light rocket 3 + 2 boosters LEO Development [63]
China OneSpace OS-M4 Light rocket 3 + 4 boosters LEO Development [64]
United States Orbital ATK Antares Medium rocket 3 LEO Operational (7/8) 2013 [65]
United States Orbital ATK Minotaur-C, formerly Taurus Light rocket 4 LEO Operational (7/10) 1994 [66][67][68]
United States Orbital ATK Pegasus Air-launch-to-orbit 3-4 + airplane HEO Operational (38/43) 1990
United States Orbital ATK Omega Medium rocket 3 + 0-6 boosters GEO Proposed 2021 (planned)
Germany Orbital Transport & Raketen AG OTRAG Medium rocket variable LEO (designed)
Suborbital (achieved)		 Retired (15/18) 1977 [69]
Spain PLD Space Arion 1 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2019 (planned) [70][71][72]
Spain PLD Space Arion 2 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2020 (planned) [71]
United States Relativity Space Terran 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2020 (planned) [73]
United States Rocket Crafters Intrepid-1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2018 (planned) [74][75]
New Zealand Rocket Lab Ātea-1 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2009 [76][77]
New Zealand Rocket Lab Ātea-2 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Cancelled [78]
New Zealand Rocket Lab Electron Light rocket 2 LEO Operational (1/2) 2017 [79]
United KingdomUkraine Skyrora Skyrora-1 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2018 (planned) [80][81]
United KingdomUkraine Skyrora Skyrora XL Light rocket 3 LEO Development [82][83]
Poland SpaceForest Bigos Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (5/5) 2015 [84]
Poland SpaceForest Candle-2 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2016 [85][86][87]
Poland SpaceForest SIR (Suborbital Inexpensive Rocket) Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2022 (planned) [84][88]
United States Space Services Inc. of America Percheron Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Cancelled — [89]
United States Space Services Inc. of America Conestoga 1620 Medium rocket 4 LEO (designed)
Suborbital (achieved)		 Retired (0/1) 1995 [89]
United Kingdom SpaceLS Prometheus-1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development [90][91]
United States SpaceX Falcon 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (2/5) 2008 [92]
United States SpaceX Falcon 1e Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [92]
United States SpaceX Falcon 5 Medium rocket 2 GTO Cancelled — [93]
United States SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.0 Medium rocket 2 GTO (designed)
LEO (achieved)		 Retired (5/5) 2010 [94]
United States SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.1 Medium rocket 2 HCO Retired (14/15) 2013 [94]
United States SpaceX Falcon 9 Full Thrust Medium rocket (first stage reusable) /
Heavy Rocket (expendable configuration)		 2 TMI[95] Retired (36/36) 2015 [94]
United States SpaceX Falcon 9 Block 5 Medium rocket (first stage reusable) /
Heavy Rocket (expendable configuration)		 2 TMI[95] Operational (3/3) 2018 [96][97]
United States SpaceX Falcon Heavy Heavy rocket (first stage core and side boosters reusable) / Super heavy rocket (expendable configuration) 2 + 2 boosters Deep space (Pluto)[98] Operational (1/1) 2018 [94][99]
United States SpaceX ITS Launch Vehicle Super heavy rocket 2 Deep space[100] Cancelled — [101]
United States SpaceX BFR Super heavy rocket 2 TMI Development 2019 (planned)[102] [103]
United States United Launch Alliance Atlas V Medium rocket 2 + 0-5 boosters TMI Operational (77/78) 2002 [104]
United States United Launch Alliance Delta II 6000 Medium rocket 2-3 + 9 boosters GTO Retired (17/17) 1989 [105]
United States United Launch Alliance Delta II 7000 Light rocket 2-3 + 3, 4 or 9 boosters GTO Operational (129/131) 1990 [105]
United States United Launch Alliance Delta II 7000H Medium rocket 2-3 + 9 boosters TMI Retired (6/6) 2003 [105]
United States United Launch Alliance Delta IV Medium rocket 2 + 0, 2 or 4 boosters GTO Operational (35/36) 2003 [106]
United States United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy Heavy rocket 2 + 2 boosters GTO Operational (8/9) 2004 [107]
United States United Launch Alliance Vulcan Heavy rocket 2 + 0-6 boosters GTO Development 2020 (planned) [108]
United States Vector Launch Vector-R Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2018 (planned)
United States Vector Launch Vector-RE1 Light rocket 2 or 3 LEO Development
United States Vector Launch Vector-H Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2019 (planned)
United States Vector Launch Vector-HE1 Light rocket 2 or 3 LEO Development
United Kingdom Virgin Galactic LauncherOne Air-launch-to-orbit 2 + airplane LEO Testing 2018 (planned) [109]
Spain Zero2infinity Bloostar Rockoon system (high-altitude balloon and in-space rocket launcher) 3 + high-altitude balloon LEO Development 2018 (planned) [110]

Landers, rovers and orbiters

Company name Craft name Craft type Craft status Ref
ARCASPACE ELE (European Lunar Explorer) lunar orbiter Cancelled [111]
Astrobotic Technology Red Rover lunar rover Development [112]
Astrobotic Technology Griffin (previously Artemis Lander) lunar lander Negotiating [113]
Astrobotic Technology Peregrine Lander lunar lander Development [114]
Euroluna ROMIT lunar rover Cancelled [115]
Golden Spike Company unnamed Crewed lunar lander Proposed (2010) [116]
Hakuto Sorato lunar rover Development [117][118]
Hakuto Tetris lunar rover Cancelled [119]
Independence-X Aerospace SQUALL (Scientific Quest Unmanned Autonomous Lunar Lander) lunar lander Cancelled [120]
Interorbital Systems RIPPER (Robotic InterPlanetary Prospector Excavator Retriever) lunar lander Development [121]
Lunar Mission One unnamed lunar lander Proposed (2014) [122]
Masten Space Systems XEUS lunar lander Negotiating [113]
Masten Space Systems XL-1 lunar lander Development [123]
Moon Express MX-1 lunar lander Testing [113][124]
Odyssey Moon MoonOne (M-1) lunar rover Cancelled [125]
Omega Envoy Sagan lunar rover Cancelled [126]
Part Time Scientists Audi Lunar quattro lunar rover Testing [127]
Part Time Scientists ALINA (Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module) lunar lander Development [128]
Puli Space Technologies Puli lunar rover Fundraising [129]
Team FREDNET Picorover lunar rover Cancelled [130]
Team Italia AMALIA (Ascensio Machinae Ad Lunam Italica Arte) lunar rover Cancelled [131]
Team Indus HHK-1 lunar lander Development
Team Indus ECA lunar rover Development
TransOrbital TrailBlazer lunar orbiter Cancelled [132]
Team Plan B Plan B lunar rover Cancelled
Space IL Sparrow lunar lander Testing
STELLAR Stellar Eagle lunar rover Cancelled [133]
Synergy Moon Tesla lunar rover Development [134]

Research craft and tech demonstrators

Company name Craft name Craft purpose Craft status Ref
ARCA Demonstrator 2b demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine Retired
Armadillo Aerospace Quad demonstrate VTOL Retired
ASRI AUSROC I systems Testing Retired
ASRI AUSROC II payload to 10 km Retired
ASRI AUSROC 2.5 systems Testing Testing
ASRI AUSROC III payload of 150 kg to 500 km Development
Blue Origin Goddard demonstrate VTOL Retired
Interorbital Systems Neutrino systems Testing Operational
Interorbital Systems Tachyon systems Testing Operational [135]
Lockheed Martin X-33 demonstrate SSTO Cancelled
Masten Space Systems XA-0.1 demonstrate VTOL Retired
Masten Space Systems XA-0.1B Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1 Operational
Masten Space Systems XA-0.1E Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2, commercial precursor flights Retired (12 flights)
Masten Space Systems XA-0.1E2 commercial flights Destroyed (115 flights)
Masten Space Systems XA-0.1E4 commercial flights Retired (75 flights)
Masten Space Systems XA-0.1E5 commercial flights Operational
Masten Space Systems XL-1T terrestrial test bed for the XL-1 lunar lander Development
Masten Space Systems Xeus commercial flights Development
McDonnell Douglas DC-X demonstrate VTOL Retired (11 test flights)
Rotary Rocket Roton ATV demonstrate VTOL Retired (3 test flights)
Space Services Inc. Conestoga I systems Testing Retired (1 test) [89]
SpaceX Grasshopper demonstrate VTOL Retired (8 tests) [136]
SpaceX F9R Dev1 refine VTOL (low altitude) Destroyed (5 flights) [137]
SpaceX F9R Dev2 refine VTOL (high altitude) Cancelled [138]
Swedish Space Corp. Maxus payload to 700 km Operational
Swedish Space Corp. Maser payload to 300 km Operational
UP Aerospace SpaceLoft XL payload to 140 km Operational [139]
World View Enterprises Tycho Platform payload up to 46 km and 300 kg Operational [140]
zero2infinity nanobloon 1.0 payload to 32 km Operational [141]
zero2infinity nanobloon 2.0 payload to 33 km Operational
zero2infinity microbloon 1.0 payload to 24 km Operational
zero2infinity microbloon 2.0 payload to 31 km Operational
zero2infinity microbloon 3.0 payload to 27 km Operational

Propulsion manufacturers

Company name Engine Engine type Applications Status Ref
Accion Systems Inc. MAX-1, TILE electrospray ion small satellite/CubeSat Development [142][143]
Ad Astra Rocket Company VASIMR plasma propulsion space tug/orbital transfer vehicle Development [144]
ARCA Executor LOX/RP-1 IAR 111, Haas 2, Haas 2b, Super Haas Development
Blue Origin BE-3 LH2/LOX New Shepard Operational
Blue Origin BE-4 LOX/CH
4		 Vulcan, New Glenn Development
CU Aerospace PUC microcavity discharge small satellite/CubeSat Development [145][146]
CU Aerospace CHIPS resistojet small satellite/CubeSat Development [146][147]
CU Aerospace PPT-11 pulsed plasma small satellite/CubeSat Development [148][149]
Reaction Engines Ltd. SABRE hybrid air-breathing/chemical Skylon Development [150]
SpaceDev RocketMotorOne hybrid SpaceShipOne Retired [151]
SpaceX Kestrel LOX/RP-1 Falcon 1 second stage Retired
SpaceX Merlin LOX/RP-1 Falcon 1, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy first stage/boosters Operational [152][153][98]
SpaceX Merlin Vacuum LOX/RP-1 Falcon 9 second stage, Falcon Heavy second stage Operational [153][98]
SpaceX Raptor LOX/CH
4		 SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure Development [154]
TGV Rockets RT30 LOX/JP-8 Michelle B Development [155][156]
Virgin Galactic RocketMotorTwo hybrid SpaceShipTwo Development

Satellite launchers

Company Launch vehicles Private Refs
Arianespace Ariane, Vega Partial; minority owned by some EU states
Eurockot Launch Services Rockot No; 49% owned by Russia, and 51% by Kazakhstan
Rocket Lab Electron Yes; own launchers
International Launch Services Proton No; 51%+ owned by Russia
ISC Kosmotras Dnepr No; Owned by Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries H-IIA, H-IIB Yes; own launchers, R&D done by JAXA. [157]
Orbital ATK Antares, Minotaur Partial; own launchers, funded by NASA
SpaceX Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy Yes; own launchers
Sea Launch Zenit No; Bankrupt. Owned by Russia.
Starsem Soyuz No; 25% Owned by Russia, 25% Samara, 35% EADS SPACE Transportation, 15% EU
United Launch Alliance Atlas, Delta Yes; 50% owned by Lockheed Martin, 50% Boeing
i-Space Hyperbola-1 Yes; own launchers [158]

Space-based economy

Space manufacturing

Company name Products Manufacturing craft Status Ref
Shackleton Energy Company propellant, space infrastructure, propellant depot Unknown Proposed (2007) [159]
Made In Space 3D printing in ISS, in-space antenna systems, fiber optics Unknown Operational (2018) [160]
Deep Space Industries propellant, communications platforms, space solar power satellites MicroGravity Foundry Development [161]

Space mining

Company name Body to be mined Mining craft Mining status Ref
Deep Space Industries Near-Earth asteroids Prospector-1, Harvestor 1 Development [162][163]
Moon Express Moon MX-1, MX-2, MX-5, MX-9 Development [164]
Planetary Resources Near-Earth asteroids Arkyd Series 100, 200, 300 Development [165]
Shackleton Energy Company Moon TBD Proposed (2007) [159]
ispace Moon TBD Development [166][167]

Space stations

Private Company name Space Craft name Space Craft type Internal
volume		 Passenger
capacity		 Craft status Orbit Around Ref
Axiom Space Axiom International Commercial Space Station Rigid Module 8[168] Proposed (2016) Earth [169][170]
Bigelow Aerospace Genesis I subscale test spacecraft Inflatable module 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[171] Uncrewed Retired, on orbit[172] Earth [173]
Bigelow Aerospace Genesis II subscale test spacecraft Inflatable module 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[174] Uncrewed Retired, on orbit[172] Earth [175]
Bigelow Aerospace Galaxy Inflatable module 16.7 m3 (590 cu ft)[176] Uncrewed Cancelled Earth [177]
Bigelow Aerospace Sundancer Inflatable module 180 m3 (6,357 cu ft) 3 Cancelled Earth [178]
Bigelow Aerospace BA 330 Inflatable module 330 m3 (11,654 cu ft) 6 Testing Earth [179][180][181]
Bigelow Aerospace BA 2100 Inflatable module 2,100 m3 (74,161 cu ft) 16 Proposed (2010) Earth [182]
Bigelow Aerospace Space Complex Alpha Inflatable space station 690 m3 (24,367 cu ft) 12 Development Earth
Excalibur Almaz Almaz derivative Rigid module 3 Cancelled Earth [183][184][185]
Galactic Suite Ltd. Galactic Suite Rigid module 6 Proposed (2007) Earth [186]
Orion Span Aurora Space Station Rigid module 160 m3 (5,650 cu ft) 6 (2 Crew, 4 Tourists) Proposed (2018) Earth [187][188]

Space settlement

Company name Colony location Status Ref
SpaceX Mars Development[189] [190][191]
Mars One Mars Fundraising and assessing astronaut applications (2017)[192] [193]

Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers

Company Products Refs
Altius Space Machines Rendezvous and capture technology for uncooperative satellites; magnetoshell aerocapture and aerobraking technology for cubesats; lightweight robotic manipulators
Andrews Space Reusable space vehicles; HTHL spacecraft; magnetorquers
Axelspace Cubesats [194][195]
EADS Astrium Satellites Spacecraft and ground segment elements
EADS Astrium Space Transportation Launchers and orbital infrastructure
Made in Space 3D printers for use in microgravity [196]
Mynaric Laser communication for satellites and aircraft
NanoRacks In-space services; small satellite launch services; CubeSat launch services; microgravity payload integration [197]
SpaceDev Small spacecraft; propulsion products and services; space components, mechanisms and structures
SpaceQuest, Ltd. Spacecraft and spacecraft components

Spaceliner companies

Company name Contracts for Craft utilised Status Notes Refs
Benson Space Company SpaceDev Dream Chaser Defunct [198]
MirCorp none Soyuz TM, Progress M1 and Mir Defunct Mir deorbited
Space Adventures none Soyuz and the ISS Active 7 tourists sent
RocketShip Tours XCOR Lynx rocketplane Defunct
Virgin Galactic Scaled Composites Spaceship Two, White Knight 2 Development 7 Spaceship Two glide flights successfully completed

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Association of Spaceflight Professionals - H+Pedia". hpluspedia.org. Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  2. ↑ Kisfaludy, Eddie (2012-06-17), Welcome to the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps, Christopher Altman, Kristine Ferrone, Jose Hurtado, IMDb: Internet Movie Database, retrieved 2018-07-31
  3. ↑ Seedhouse, Erik. Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps. Springer-Verlag: New York (2012).
  4. ↑ "SpaceX Brochure v7" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  5. ↑ Bergin, Chris (19 October 2012). "Dragon enjoying ISS stay, despite minor issues – Falcon 9 investigation begins". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 21 October 2012. CRS-2 will debut the use of Dragon’s Trunk section, capable of delivering unpressurized cargo, prior to the payload being removed by the ISS’ robotic assets after berthing.
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  24. ↑ Haas2c specifications ARCA
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