Masten Space Systems

Masten Space Systems, Inc.
Private
Industry Aerospace and defense
Founded 2004
Headquarters Mojave, California, United States
Key people
 Sean Mahoney, CEO
David Masten, CTO and Chairman
Reuben Garcia, Director of Technical Operations
Products Suborbital spacecraft,
Space systems,
Throttleable rocket engines,
Rocket propulsion hardware,
Reusable launch vehicles.
Services Rocket propulsion design and analysis,
Space hardware tests,
Concept demonstration,
Vertical landing software.
Number of employees
 8 (2018)
Website masten.aero
Footnotes / references
The company's slogan is "We Fly"
XA0.1E "Xoie" rocket on the competition-winning landing in the Lunar Lander Challenge at Mojave on Oct 30, 2009
XA0.1B "Xombie" lander tethered flight test on Sep 11, 2009

Masten Space Systems is an aerospace manufacturer startup company in Mojave, California (formerly Santa Clara, California) that is developing a line of vertical takeoff, vertical landing (VTVL) rockets, initially for unmanned research sub-orbital spaceflights and eventually intended to support unmanned orbital spaceflight launches.

Overview

Masten Space Systems is a Mojave, California based rocket company that is currently developing a line of reusable VTVL spacecraft, and related rocket propulsion hardware.

Masten Space Systems competed in the NASA and Northrop Grumman Lunar Lander Challenge X Prize in 2009, winning the level one second prize of $150,000 [1][2] and the level two first prize of $1,000,000.[3][4] On November 2, 2009 it was announced that Masten Space Systems had won first place in the level two category, with Armadillo Aerospace coming in second.[5][6]

Xombie

Masten's Xombie (model XA-0.1B) won the US$150,000 second prize in the Level One competition of the Lunar Lander Challenge on October 7, 2009 with an average landing accuracy of 16 centimetres (6.3 in).[2]

The primary goal of these two airframes was to demonstrate stable, controlled flight using a GN&C system developed in-house at Masten. XA-0.1B originally featured four engines with 1,000 pounds-force (4 kN) thrust, but was converted in Spring 2009 to be powered by one engine of 750 pounds-force (3 kN) thrust.[7] By October 2009, the regeneratively cooled isopropyl alcohol and liquid oxygen rocket engine was running at around 900 pounds-force (4 kN).[8]

XA-0.1B, nicknamed "Xombie", first flew free of tether September 19, 2009 [9] and qualified for the Lunar Lander Challenge Level One second prize of $150,000 on October 7, 2009.[10]

In October 2016, NASA reported using Xombie to test the Landing Vision System (LVS), as part of the Autonomous Descent and Ascent Powered-flight Testbed (ADAPT) experimental technologies, for the Mars 2020 mission landing.[11]

As of 7 March 2017 Xombie has flown 224 times.[12]

Xoie

Masten's Xoie (model XA-0.1E) won the US$1,000,000 Level Two prize of the Lunar Lander Challenge on October 30, 2009. They beat Armadillo Aerospace by just a bit more than 24 inches (610 mm) of total landing accuracy, with an average accuracy of about 7.5 inches (190 mm) on the two landings in the round-trip competition flight.[4][13]

Xoie has an aluminum frame and features a version of Masten's 750 pounds-force (3 kN) thrust engine that produces around 1,000 pounds-force (4 kN) of thrust. "Xoie", as the craft is nicknamed, qualified for the Lunar Lander Challenge level two on October 30, 2009.[14]

Xaero

The Xaero reusable launch vehicle is a vertical-takeoff, vertical-landing (VTVL)[15] unmanned rocket which is being developed by Masten in 2010–2011. It has been proposed to NASA as a potential suborbital reusable launch vehicle (sRLV) for carrying research payloads under NASA's Flight Opportunities Program (initially known as the Commercial Reusable Suborbital Research/CRuSR program), projecting 30 km (19 mi) altitude in initial flights of five to six minutes duration, while carrying a 10 kg (22 lb) research payload.[15] It is propelled by the 1,150 pounds-force (5.1 kN) Cyclops-AL-3 rocket engine burning isopropyl alcohol and liquid oxygen.[16][17]

The first Xaero test vehicle flew 110 test flights before being destroyed in its 111th flight. During the record-setting[18] flight on Sep 11, 2012, an engine valve stuck open during descent, was sensed by the control system. As designed, the flight termination system was triggered, destroying the vehicle before it could create a range safety problem.[19] The final test flight was intended to test the vehicle at higher wind loads and altitudes, flying to an altitude of one kilometer while testing the flight controls at higher ascent and descent velocities before returning to a precise landing point. The ascent and initial portion of the descent was nominal, prior to the stuck throttle valve which resulted in termination of the flight prior to the planned precision landing.[18]

Xaero-B

A follow up to Xaero with the ability to reach 6 km (3.7 mi) altitude with engine on throughout. Xaero-B is between 15 and 16 feet tall where Xaero was 12 feet tall. Xaero-B is proceeding through hot-fire testing.[20][21] It will be used for the bulk of research flights up to initial altitudes between 20 km to 30 km.[22] The vehicle has now been retired due to damage on a test flight in April 2017. It flew 75 times.[23]

Xodiac

The Xodiac, a new VTVL rocket, was introduced in 2016.[20][24][25] It features pressure-fed LOX/IPA propellant, and a regeneratively cooled engine.

Video of Xodiac performing in-flight air flow tests Tuft strings.[26]

Xeus

Xeus (pronounced Zeus) is a vertical-landing, vertical-takeoff lunar lander demonstrator. Xeus consists of a Centaur upper stage (from United Launch Alliance) with RL-10 main engine to which four Katana vertical thrusters have been added. Production Xeus are estimated to be able to land on the Moon with up to 14 tonnes (revised to 10 tonnes) payload when using the expendable version or 5 tonnes payload when using the reusable version.[27]

The damaged Centaur on the demonstrator Xeus limits it to Earth flights. The production versions would have to be manufacturing fault free and certified for space operations. Man rating may also be needed. United Launch Alliance, supplier of the Centaur, refer to Xeus as an abbreviation for eXperimental Enhanced Upper Stage. Further details of the proposed design are given in the paper "Experimental Enhanced Upper Stage (XEUS): An affordable large lander system."[28]

Each of the Katanas used on a Xeus lander are likely to produce 3,500 pounds-force (16 kN) when performing a horizontal touchdown.[29] In December 2012, Masten demonstrated their all-aluminum 2,800 pounds-force (12 kN) regeneratively-cooled engine, the KA6A.[30]

The talk in this video announced the Xeus also shows NASA's Space Exploration Vehicle rover with its two astronauts as a possible payload for the XEUS.[27]

On April 30, 2014 NASA announced that Masten Space Systems Inc. was one of the three companies selected for the Lunar CATALYST initiative.[31] NASA signed an unfunded Space Act Agreement (SAA) with Masten in September 2014. The SAA lasts until August 2017, has 22 milestone and calls for "End-to-end demonstration of hardware and software that enables a commercial lander on the Moon."[32]

As of December 2015 United Launch Alliance (ULA) is planning to upgrade the XEUS's main body from a Centaur Upper Stage to the Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES) which they are currently developing, significantly increasing the payload.[33][34] Masten Space intend to incorporate experience from developing the XL family of cargo landers into the XEUS family of landers.[35]

In August 2016 ULA's President and CEO said they intend to man rate both the Vulcan and ACES.[36]

XL-1

The XL-1 is a small cargo lunar lander that Masten is developing as part of the Lunar CATALYST program (SAAM ID 18250).[31][37] When powered by MXP-351 the XL-1 is designed to land 100 kilograms (220 lb) payloads onto the surface of the Moon.[38]

As of August 2017 Masten Space expects the XL-1 to have 4 main engines which are being prototyped on the XL-1T and a wet mass of about 2400kg.[39][35]

On October 11, 2016 Masten Space Tweeted a video showing the test firing of its new bi-propellant combination, internally called MXP-351. The test used an existing engine with an experimental injector, the first 'Machete', producing 225lb thrust. Development of their 3D printed regen lunar engine that will use MXP-351 to land on the Moon continues. As of March 2017 a 1000lb thrust version of Machete for the terrestrial testbed of the lander, dubbed XL-1T, is being manufactured.[38][40][41][42]

In October 2017 NASA extended the Lunar CATALYST agreement for 2 years.[43]

XL-1T

The XT-1T is a (T)errestrial technology and process demonstrator for the XL-1 and XEUS. A terrestrial flying test bed is being used since lack of vehicle access to lunar landers after launch would make Masten's incremental design and test development methodology difficult and very expensive. Like the XL-1 the XL-1T is under development in partnership with NASA CATALYST (SAAM ID 18250).[39]

The XL-1T is expected to have a dry mass of 588.93kg and a wet mass of 1270.68kg which is less than the XL-1. The vehicle has 4 off Machete 4400N main engines able to throttle between 25% and 100% (4:1). The propellant is MPX-351. Yaw and pitch are controlled by differential throttling. There are 4 off 22N ACS thrusters to control roll.[39]

Many characteristics of the XL-1T have been deliberately made similar to the XL-1. These include multi-engine architecture, avionics, software, fuel, movement of inertia, slosh management and mission design tools.[39]

XS-1

Masten has been awarded a US$3 million contract from DARPA to develop the XS-1 experimental spaceplane.[44] Project ended as DARPA awarded the Phase 2 to Boeing.[45]

Other products and services

In addition to its line of vehicles, Masten Space Systems is currently offering its internally developed igniters and engines commercially to interested and qualified parties.[46] Masten also has stated its intent at multiple conferences to participate in technology maturation and proof of concept projects.

Broadsword

Broadsword
Country of origin USA
Manufacturer Masten Space Systems, Inc[47]
Application to provide a lower-cost reusable launch service for the CubeSat and smallsat launch market[47]
Status Maturing[47]
Liquid-fuel engine
Propellant LOX[47] / Methane[47]
Performance
Thrust (vac.) 35,000 lbf (160 kN) (estimate)[48]
Thrust (SL) 25,000 lbf (110 kN)[47]
Throttle range To be determined
Isp (SL) To be determined
Dimensions
Measurement To be determined
Length To be determined
Diameter To be determined
Dry weight To be determined


Hotfire testing of 25,000lbf liquid oxygen/liquid methane Broadsword thrust chamber on September 30, 2016.
Masten Space Systems

Broadsword is a 25,000 pounds-force (110 kN) methane/liquid oxygen rocket engine Masten Space Systems is developing for the US government. Advanced manufacturing techniques will permit the engine to be used to provide a lower-cost reusable launch service for the growing CubeSat and smallsat launch market. [47] The prototype engine took 1.5 months to construct and is made of aluminium. The engine consists of 3 parts that are bolted together.[12] The engine uses an expander cycle[49] and may produce 35,000 lbf (160 kN) with a bell extension in vacuum.[48]

Development of a technology demonstration unit was completed in September 2016. The hot-fire test campaign concluded with the demonstration of six successful engine starts. As of 2017, a second development unit containing enhancements was being developed for NASA under the Tipping Point program with the aim of being flight qualified.[50]

Cutlass

Cutlass
Country of origin USA
Date Start April 2016
Manufacturer Masten Space Systems, Inc[51]
Application Mars ascent engine with in-space propulsion capabilities[51]
Associated L/V 65,000 lbf+ LOX/methane booster Broadsword engine for Xephyr[51]
Status development on hold[52]
Liquid-fuel engine
Propellant LOX[51] / Methane[51]
Performance
Thrust 25,000 lbf (110 kN)[51]
Throttle range To be determined
Isp (vac.) To be determined
Restarts Yes
Dimensions
Measurement To be determined
Length To be determined
Diameter To be determined
Dry weight To be determined

Cutlass is a 25,000 pounds-force (110 kN) methane/liquid oxygen rocket engine Masten Space Systems was developing for the US government. Built using aluminium alloy via additive manufacturing techniques.[51][53] Cutlass evolved into a low cost expendable upper stage engine using a gas generator cycle. A Phase 2 SBIR grant was not awarded so development has been put on hold.[52]

Katana

Katana class engines produce up to 4,000 lbf (18 kN) of thrust and are regeneratively cooled. They are designed for indefinite runtime and good throttle response.[54] A video of the all aluminium Katana KA6A Regen 2,800 lbf engine's shake down test burning LOX/IPA (Isopropyl alcohol).[55]

Machete

Machete
Country of origin USA
Manufacturer Masten Space Systems, Inc[38]
Application to provide an additively manufactured bipropellant engine for the XL-1 lunar lander[38]
Status terrestrial prototype in manufacturing[38]
Liquid-fuel engine
Propellant MXP-351 (bipropellant)[38]
Performance
Thrust 1,000 lbf (4.4 kN)[38]
Throttle range 4:1
Isp (vac.) 322 s
Isp (SL) 180 s
Restarts Yes
Dimensions
Measurement To be determined
Length To be determined
Diameter To be determined
Dry weight To be determined
Used in
XL-1T
References
References [39][38]

Machete is the name for a family of throttle rocket engine designs Masten Space Systems is developing to permit their XL-1 lunar lander to land on the Moon. The Machete rocket engines burn the nontoxic storable hypergolic propellant combination MXP-351. The first Machete had an experimental injector design that was used to test MXP-351 in 2016, producing a thrust of 225lbf. As of March 2017 Masten is modifying the design to make the engines additively-manufactured with regeneratively-cooled thrust chambers. Machete engines are being scaled up to produce 1,000 lb thrust for a terrestrial test bed version dubbed (XL-1T).[38]

MXP-351

MXP-351 is Masten Space's internal name for a self-igniting bipropellant combination invented to fuel its small lunar landers. Unlike the traditional NTO/MMH bipropellant, the two propellant chemicals in MXP-351 are safer to handle because they are nontoxic. The bipropellant can also be stored at room temperatures, unlike liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. The hypergolic combination has an ISP of 322 seconds. The storage life of MXP-351 before use is undergoing long term studies but is expected to be a few years. The reduced operation constraints may permit a reduction in recurring operating costs.[41][38][38][56][57][58]

For handling instructions see the section on Safety below.

Safety

Masten Space use similar precautions when handling MXP-351 to those used for HTP (High-Test Peroxide). These include wearing splash protection clothing plus a simple chemical respirator.[56][59] They claim that spills can be rectified by diluting with water and rinsing away.[38]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Masten Space Systems Qualifies for Level One Prize in Lunar Lander Challenge". October 8, 2009.
  2. 1 2 "Masten and Armadillo Claim Lunar Lander Prizes". Centennial Challenges: NASA's Prize Program for the "Citizen Inventor". NASA. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2011-03-10. In the Level One competition, Armadillo Aerospace previously claimed the first place prize of $350,000 in 2008. Masten Space Systems qualified for the remaining second place prize on Oct. 7, 2009 with an average landing accuracy of 16 cm. There were no other qualifying Level One flights this year and so the Masten team will receive the second place prize of $150,000.
  3. ↑ "Masten Qualifies for $1 Million Prize". October 30, 2009.
  4. 1 2 "Masten and Armadillo Claim Lunar Lander Prizes". Centennial Challenges: NASA's Prize Program for the "Citizen Inventor". NASA. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2011-03-10. With only a few days remaining in the 2009 competition period, Masten Space Systems of Mojave, California successfully met the Level Two requirements for the Centennial Challenges - Lunar Lander Challenge and by posting the best average landing accuracy, won the first place prize of $1,000,000. The flights were conducted with their "Xoie" (XA-0.1E) vehicle on October 30 at the Mojave Air and Space Port. Armadillo Aerospace, the long-time leader in Lunar Lander Challenge efforts, was the first team to qualify for the Level Two prize with successful flights on Sept. 12 in Caddo Mills, Texas. The average landing accuracy determines which teams will receive first and second place prizes. The average accuracy for Armadillo Aerospace flights was 87 cm. but the Masten team achieved an accuracy of 19 cm, moving them into first place. Armadillo Aerospace will receive the $500,000 second place prize.
  5. ↑ "NASA and X Prize Announce Winners of Lunar Lander Challenge" (Press release). NASA. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  6. ↑ "X PRIZE Foundation and NASA Cap Amazing Lunar Lander Competition and Award $2 Million in Prizes" (Press release). X-Prize Foundation. 2009-11-02. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  7. ↑ Goff, Jonathan (April 17, 2009). "Post Space Access Technical Update".
  8. ↑ Mealling, Michael (2009-09-08). "Masten Space Systems Successfully Completes Lunar Lander Challenge". Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  9. ↑ Mealling, Michael (September 19, 2009). "First Successful Free Flight".
  10. ↑ "Masten Space Systems Qualifies for Level One Prize in Lunar Lander Challenge". October 8, 2009.
  11. ↑ Williams, Leslie; Webster, Guy; Anderson, Gina (4 October 2016). "NASA Flight Program Tests Mars Lander Vision System". NASA. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  12. 1 2 Renee Eng (April 7, 2017). "Masten Space Systems Wins NASA Contract". Spectrum News. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
  13. ↑ Paur, Jason (2009-11-04). "Xoie Claims $1 Million Lunar Lander Prize". Wired. Retrieved 2011-03-10. Leaving it to the last minute, the team from Masten Space Systems has made a come-from-behind effort to win the $1 million prize after successfully flying its lunar lander last week. The team flew a new ship, called Xoie, to qualify for level 2 of the Northrop Grumman Lunar Lander Challenge. … more than 1000 pounds of thrust … managed to make the round trip with an average landing accuracy of about 7.5 inches.
  14. ↑ "Masten Qualifies for $1 Million Prize; Unreasonable Rocket Completes 1st Attempt". October 30, 2009.
  15. 1 2 "Flight Opportunities - Xaero". NASA. 2013-06-10. Archived from the original on 2013-04-26. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  16. ↑ "Meet Xaero". 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  17. ↑ "Suborbital Firms Have Mixed Results in Tests". Space News. 2011-07-05. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
  18. 1 2 Paur, Jason (2012-09-14). "Masten Space Systems Loses Rocket After Record Flight". Wired Magazine. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  19. ↑ Norris, Guy (2012-09-13). "Masten Xaero Destroyed During Test Flight". Aviation Week. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  20. 1 2 "Masten Space Systems Introduces Xodiac and XaeroB Next Generation Reusable Rockets". SpaceRef. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
  21. ↑ "Xaero B Rises". Masten - Blog. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
  22. ↑ Norris, Guy (Apr 10, 2013). "Masten Starts Xaero B Rocket Tests". Aviation Week. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
  23. ↑ Doug Messier (May 11, 2017). "Masten's Xaero-B Damaged in Flight Test". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
  24. ↑ "Masten Unveils Two New Reusable Rockets". Popular Science. Retrieved 2016-06-08.
  25. ↑ "Introducing Xodiac and XaeroB". Masten Space Systems. 2016-06-07. Retrieved 2016-06-08.
  26. ↑ "Xodiac Tuft Testing". You Tube. Masten Space. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  27. 1 2 Spacevidcast (April 8, 2012). "What if Apollo never happened? Episode 4". YouTube. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
  28. ↑ Scotkin, J.; Masten, D.; Powers, J.; O'Konek, N.; Kutter, B.; Stopnitzky, B. (March 2–9, 2013). "Experimental Enhanced Upper Stage (XEUS): An affordable large lander system". Aerospace Conference, 2013 IEEE. ISBN 978-1-4673-1812-9. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
  29. ↑ Belfiore, Michale. "Video: moon landers advance at Masten Space". Michale Belfiore. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  30. ↑ Lindsay, Clark (2012-12-11). "Masten Space test fires new Katana engine". NewSpace Watch. Retrieved 2012-12-13. (Subscription required (help)).
  31. 1 2 "RELEASE 14-126 NASA Selects Partners for U.S. Commercial Lander Capabilities". NASA.GOV website. NASA. April 30, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  32. ↑ Masten Space Systems Inc., NASA. "Space Act Agreement between NASA and Masten Space Systems for Lunar CATALYST" (PDF). www.nasa.gov. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  33. ↑ George Sowers (December 15, 2015). "Transportation Architecture for Cislunar Space" (PDF). www.ulalaunch.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  34. ↑ Barr, Jonathan (2015). ACES Stage Concept: Higher Performance, New Capabilities, at a Lower Recurring Cost (pdf). AIAA SPACE 2015 Conference & Exposition. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 5, 6. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  35. 1 2 "XL1 / XL1T". Masten Space Systems. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  36. ↑ Tory Bruno. ""@A_M_Swallow @ULA_ACES We intend to human rate Vulcan/ACES"". Twitter.com. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  37. ↑ Masten Space Systems. "1st order design model of our XL-1 lunar lander ACS thruster. 3D printed 1:1 scale 15N". Twitter. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Masten's Green Bipropellant: MXP-351". www.masten.aero. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 "XL-1T". Masten Space Systems. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
  40. ↑ "Same run - different angle @NASAexplores #CATALYST (Side view of MXP-351 propellant test video)". Twitter. Masten Space. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  41. 1 2 "MXP-351 is our internal designation for the biprop combo. We intend to use this biprop with our small lunar landers". Twitter. Masten Space. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  42. ↑ "Sort of. We were testing the propellant combo and an injector design. The actual lunar engines are 3D printed and regen". Twitter. Masten Space. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  43. ↑ Erin Mahoney. "NASA Extends Agreements to Advance Commercial Lunar Landers". NASA.GOV. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  44. ↑ Masten Space Systems, Inc. award notice, US government document, June 27, 2014.
  45. ↑ Doug Messier. "DARPA Picks Boeing for XS-1 Program". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
  46. ↑ "Masten Space Systems Products". November 1, 2009.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gina Anderson (February 22, 2017). "NASA Establishes New Public-Private Partnerships to Advance U.S. Commercial Space Capabilities". www.nasa.gov. NASA.
  48. 1 2 strangequark (April 26, 2017). "Masten Space Systems Update (thread)". NASA Space Flight. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  49. ↑ http://masten.aero/2017/05/masten-achieves-first-hot-fire-of-broadsword-rocket-engine/
  50. ↑ Doug Messier (May 12, 2017). "Masten Achieves First Hot-Fire of Broadsword Rocket Engine". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Masten Space Systems, Inc. "Additive Manufacturing Technology for a 25,000 lbf LOX/Methane Mars Ascent Engine". sibr.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  52. 1 2 strangequark (April 26, 2017). "Masten Space Systems Update (thread)". NASA Space Flight. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  53. ↑ David Masten. "@A_M_Swallow @rocketrepreneur @NASA @mastenspace and get a few Astros plus rocks off the surface too!". twitter.com. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  54. ↑ Colinake (May 21, 2012). "Katana First Fire". Masten Space Systems. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
  55. ↑ "Katana KA6A Regen 2,800lbf Shakedown Test". YouTube.com. Mastenspace. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  56. 1 2 "Theoretical Isp:322s vs 336 for NTO Both propellants nontoxic. Splash protection & simple chem respirator 2 handle". Twitter. Masten Space. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  57. ↑ "we have demonstrated a safer & easier to handle hypergolic alternative to NTO/MMH. We call it MXP-351". Twitter. Masten Systems. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  58. ↑ "That is a long-term study currently in progress. With a proper feed system in place, our current estimate is a few years". Twitter. Masten Space. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  59. ↑ "We use the same precautions as for handling HTP plus the addition of a simple chemical respirator". Twitter. Masten Space. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
External images
Video of MSS craft
Official MSS Youtube channel
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