Portuguese legislative election, 1991
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230 seats to the Portuguese Assembly 116 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Registered |
8,462,357 ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout |
5,735,431 (67.8%)![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This article is part of the series: |
Politics and government of Portugal |
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Portugal |
The Portuguese legislative election of 1991 took place on 6 October. The Social Democratic Party, under the lead of Cavaco Silva, won a historic third term and won with an absolute majority for the second consecutive turn, achieving a higher share than in the previous election, losing, however, 13 MPs due to the reduction of the overall number from the original 250 to 230. Cavaco Silva became the first Prime Minister since Hintze Ribeiro, in 1904, to lead a party into three successive democratic election victories.
The Socialist Party, at the time led by Jorge Sampaio, the future President of Portugal, increased the share by 7% and gained 12 MPs, but did not manage to avoid the absolute majority of the Social Democrats. In the first legislative election after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the communist dominated Democratic Unity Coalition lost much of its electoral influence, losing 14 MPs and 4% of the voting.
On the right, the CDS could not recover its past influence, mainly to the effect of tactical voting for the Social Democratic Party by right-wing voters, increasing its parliamentary group by only 1 MP. The National Solidarity Party, using a populist campaign, achieved for the first time an MP, in what would be the only presence of such party in the Parliament.
Voter turnout fell to 67.8%, and for the first time below 70% of the electorate.
Electoral system
The Parliament of the Portuguese Republic consists of a single chamber, the Assembly of the Republic, composed of 230 members directly elected by universal adult suffrage for a maximum term of four years. Assembly members represent the entire country, rather than the constituencies in which they were elected. Governments require majority support in the Assembly in order to remain in office. This election saw a reduction of seats to 230 from the 250 in the previous elections.
Each one of Portugal's eighteen administrative districts, as well as each one of the country's two autonomous regions - the Azores and Madeira - is an electoral constituency. Portuguese voters residing outside the national territory are grouped into two electoral constituencies - Europe and the rest of the world - each one of which elects two Assembly members. The remaining 226 seats are allocated among the national territory constituencies in proportion to their number of registered electors.
Political parties and party coalitions may present lists of candidates. The lists are closed, so electors may not choose individual candidates in or alter the order of such lists. Electors cast a ballot for a single list. The seats in each constituency are divided among parties according to the largest average method of proportional representation (PR), conceived by the Belgian mathematician Victor d'Hondt in 1899. Although there is no statutory threshold for participation in the allocation of Assembly seats, there is an effective threshold at the constituency level that depends on the district magnitude.[4] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation method such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[5]
Parties
The major parties involved and the respective leaders:
- Democratic Unity Coalition (CDU), Álvaro Cunhal
- Socialist Party (PS), Jorge Sampaio
- Social Democratic Party (PSD), Cavaco Silva
- CDS - People's Party (CDS), Diogo Freitas do Amaral
Aníbal Cavaco Silva, leader of the Social Democratic Party, was nominated Prime Minister for the third consecutive time.
Opinion Polling
The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Those parties that are listed are currently represented in parliament. Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1987 and 1991 for reference.
Note, until 2000, the publication of opinion polls in the last week of the campaign was forbidden.
Date Released | Polling Firm | PSD | PS | CDU | CDS | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 Oct 1991 | Leg. Election | 50.6 135 seats |
29.1 72 seats |
8.8 17 seats |
4.4 5 seats |
7.1 1 seat |
21.5 | ||
6 Oct | RTP1 - Universidade Católica | 48.0–51.9 | 28.5–31.5 | 7.5–10.0 | 4.5–5.5 | 19.5–20.4 | |||
6 Oct | TSF/Expresso - Euroexpansão | 45.8–50.2 | 29.8–33.9 | 6.8–9.1 | 3.7–5.5 | 16.0–16.3 | |||
6 Oct | Antena1 - Euroteste | 47.0–50.0 | 31.0–34.0 | 7.5–10.0 | 4.0–5.0 | 16.0 | |||
6 Oct | Rádio Comercial - GEOIDEIA | 49.0–52.0 | 29.0–31.0 | 7.0–9.0 | 3.0–4.0 | 20.0–21.0 | |||
6 Oct | Rádio Press | 45.5 | 35.0 | 9.6 | 4.5 | 10.5 | |||
Exit polls | |||||||||
28 Sep | Euroteste | 47.3 | 35.5 | 8.5 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 11.8 | ||
28 Sep | Euroteste | 46.0 | 37.0 | 9.7 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 9.0 | ||
28 Sep | Euroexpansão | 44.0 | 33.0 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 11.0 | ||
27 Sep | Marktest | 43.1 | 32.8 | 7.7 | 4.6 | 11.8 | 10.3 | ||
27 Sep | Pluriteste | 41.2 | 34.7 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.6 | 6.5 | ||
20 Sep | Euroteste | 45.6 | 35.5 | 10.0 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 10.1 | ||
20 Sep | Marktest | 41.9 | 31.9 | 7.3 | 4.4 | 14.5 | 10.0 | ||
16 Sep | Pluriteste | 39.2 | 26.6 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 22.0 | 12.6 | ||
16 Sep | Euroteste | 45.1 | 34.5 | 10.2 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 10.6 | ||
14 Sep | Norma | 45.0 | 37.5 | 11.2 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 7.5 | ||
28 Aug | Euroexpansão/Marktest | 35.3 | 36.8 | 8.7 | 4.9 | 14.3 | 1.5 | ||
4 Aug | Euroteste/JN | 47.5 | 37.8 | 12.3 | 8.2 | N/A | 7.7 | ||
1991 | |||||||||
19 Jul 1987 | Leg. Election | 50.2 148 seats |
22.2 60 seats |
12.1 31 seats |
4.4 4 seats |
11.1 7 seats |
28.0 |
National summary of votes and seats
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Parties | Votes | % | ± | MPs | MPs %/ votes % | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1987 | 1991 | ± | % | ± | ||||||
Social Democratic | 2,902,351 | 50.60 | ![]() | 148 | 135 | ![]() | 58.70 | ![]() | 1.16 | |
Socialist | 1,670,758 | 29.13 | ![]() | 60 | 72 | ![]() | 31.30 | ![]() | 1.07 | |
Democratic Unity Coalition[A] | 504,583 | 8.80 | ![]() | 31 | 17 | ![]() | 7.39 | ![]() | 0.84 | |
Democratic and Social Centre | 254,317 | 4.43 | ![]() | 4 | 5 | ![]() | 2.17 | ![]() | 0.49 | |
National Solidarity | 96,096 | 1.68 | N/A | N/A | 1 | N/A | 0.44 | N/A | 0.39 | |
Revolutionary Socialist | 64,159 | 1.12 | ![]() | 0 | 0 | ![]() | 0.00 | ![]() | 0.0 | |
Portuguese Workers' Communist | 48,542 | 0.85 | ![]() | 0 | 0 | ![]() | 0.00 | ![]() | 0.0 | |
Democratic Renewal | 35,077 | 0.61 | ![]() | 7 | 0 | ![]() | 0.00 | ![]() | 0.0 | |
People's Monarchist | 25,216 | 0.44 | ![]() | 0 | 0 | ![]() | 0.00 | ![]() | 0.0 | |
Democratic Party of the Atlantic | 10,842 | 0.19 | N/A | N/A | 0 | N/A | 0.00 | N/A | 0.0 | |
Left Revolutionary Front | 6,661 | 0.12 | N/A | N/A | 0 | N/A | 0.00 | N/A | 0.0 | |
People's Democratic Union[B] | 6,157 | 0.11 | ![]() | 0 | 0 | ![]() | 0.00 | ![]() | 0.0 | |
Total valid | 5,624,759 | 98.07 | ![]() |
250 | 230 | ![]() |
100.00 | ![]() |
— | |
Blank ballots | 47,652 | 0.83 | ![]() | |||||||
Invalid ballots | 63,020 | 1.10 | ![]() | |||||||
Total (turnout 67.78%) | 5,735,431 | 100.00 | ![]() | |||||||
A Portuguese Communist Party (15 MPs) and "The Greens" (2 MPs) ran in coalition.[6] B People's Democratic Union electoral list only in Madeira and Azores. | ||||||||||
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |
Distribution by constituency
Constituency | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | % | S | Total S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSD | PS | CDU | CDS | PSN | |||||||
Azores | 64.1 | 4 | 25.8 | 1 | 1.3 | - | 3.4 | - | 5 | ||
Aveiro | 58.6 | 9 | 27.8 | 4 | 2.8 | - | 6.1 | 1 | 1.3 | - | 14 |
Beja | 29.3 | 1 | 28.4 | 1 | 30.4 | 2 | 2.3 | - | 1.0 | - | 4 |
Braga | 53.6 | 10 | 31.5 | 5 | 4.6 | - | 5.6 | 1 | 0.8 | - | 16 |
Bragança | 57.9 | 3 | 25.7 | 1 | 2.1 | - | 8.2 | - | 1.5 | - | 4 |
Castelo Branco | 51.8 | 3 | 32.4 | 2 | 4.6 | - | 3.9 | - | 2.3 | - | 5 |
Coimbra | 49.9 | 6 | 34.4 | 4 | 5.0 | - | 3.5 | - | 1.7 | - | 10 |
Évora | 35.0 | 2 | 25.9 | 1 | 27.1 | 1 | 2.8 | - | 1.4 | - | 4 |
Faro | 50.8 | 5 | 31.2 | 3 | 7.2 | - | 2.8 | - | 2.2 | - | 8 |
Guarda | 58.6 | 3 | 26.8 | 1 | 2.3 | - | 5.9 | - | 1.3 | - | 4 |
Leiria | 61.2 | 7 | 23.0 | 3 | 4.5 | - | 4.8 | - | 1.4 | - | 10 |
Lisbon | 45.3 | 25 | 29.7 | 16 | 12.2 | 6 | 4.0 | 2 | 2.6 | 1 | 50 |
Madeira | 62.4 | 4 | 20.2 | 1 | 1.0 | - | 6.1 | - | 1.9 | - | 5 |
Portalegre | 38.9 | 2 | 33.5 | 1 | 15.2 | - | 3.3 | - | 1.8 | - | 3 |
Porto | 51.3 | 21 | 32.9 | 13 | 6.4 | 2 | 4.1 | 1 | 1.1 | - | 37 |
Santarém | 49.1 | 6 | 29.4 | 3 | 9.8 | 1 | 3.3 | - | 2.2 | - | 10 |
Setúbal | 34.7 | 6 | 28.4 | 5 | 24.9 | 5 | 2.7 | - | 2.4 | - | 16 |
Viana do Castelo | 56.9 | 4 | 25.2 | 2 | 5.0 | - | 7.2 | - | 1.2 | - | 6 |
Vila Real | 60.6 | 4 | 26.0 | 2 | 2.6 | - | 5.1 | - | 1.2 | - | 6 |
Viseu | 64.3 | 7 | 19.4 | 2 | 2.1 | - | 6.3 | - | 1.3 | - | 9 |
Europe | 53.7 | 1 | 31.9 | 1 | 7.8 | - | 3.0 | - | 2 | ||
Rest of the World | 77.3 | 2 | 4.9 | - | 1.0 | - | 14.6 | - | 2 | ||
Total | 50.6 | 135 | 29.1 | 72 | 8.8 | 17 | 4.4 | 5 | 1.7 | 1 | 230 |
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |
Maps
- Most voted political force by municipality.
References
- ↑ Assembleia da República - Deputados e Grupos Parlamentares
- ↑ Assembleia da República - Deputados e Grupos Parlamentares
- ↑ Assembleia da República - Deputados e Grupos Parlamentares
- ↑ "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
- ↑ Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
- ↑ Electoral results - Assembly of the Republic