Khash (dish)

Armenian khash
Fresh and prebaked sheep heads being sold in a market

Khash (Armenian: խաշ; Azerbaijani: xaş; Georgian: ხაში, Khashi), pacha (Persian: پاچه‎; Albanian: paçe; Arabic: باجة‎; Bosnian: pače; Bulgarian: пача; Greek: πατσάς), kalle-pache (Persian: کله‌پاچه‎; Turkish: kelle paça), or kakaj šürpi (Chuvash: какай шÿрпи) refers to a dish of boiled cow or sheep parts, which might include the head, feet, and stomach (tripe). It is a traditional dish in Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Mongolia, and Turkey.

Etymology

The name khash originates from the Armenian verb xašel (խաշել), which means "to boil".[1] The dish, initially called khashoy, is mentioned by a number of medieval Armenian authors, including Grigor Magistros (11th century), Mkhitar Heratsi (12th century), and Yesayi Nchetsi (13th century).[1]

The Persian term pāče literally means "trotter".[2] The combination of a sheep's head and trotters is called kalle-pāče, which literally means "head [and] trotter" in Persian.[3]

In the Caucasus

Azerbaijani khash

Khash is a purist meal with great parsimony in ingredients. The feet are depilated, cleaned, kept in cold water in order to get rid of bad smell, and boiled in water all night long, until the water has become a thick broth and the meat has separated from the bones. No salt or spices are added during the boiling process. The dish is served hot. One may add salt, garlic, lemon juice, or vinegar according to one's taste. Dried lavash is often crumbled into the broth to add substance. Khash is generally served with a variety of other foods, such as hot green and yellow peppers, pickles, radishes, cheese, and fresh greens such as cress. The meal is almost always accompanied by vodka (preferably mulberry vodka) and mineral water.

In Georgia, Khashi is served together with onions, milk, salt and chacha. Usually they eat this dish early morning, or during hangovers.

In the medieval Armenian medical textbook Relief of Fevers (1184), khash was described as a dish with healing properties, e.g., against snuffle. It was recommended to eat it while drinking wine.[4] In case of ailment, khash from the legs of yeanling was advised.[5]

Formerly a nutritious winter food, it is now considered a delicacy, and is enjoyed as a festive winter meal. Modern-day convention in Armenia dictates that it should be consumed during the month that has an r in its name, thus excluding May, June, July, and August (month names in Armenian are derivatives of the Latin names). Khash is traditionally consumed during cold months in Azerbaijan and Georgia.

In the Caucasus, khash is often seen as a food to be consumed in the mornings after a party, as it is known to battle hangovers (especially by men) and eaten with a "hair of the dog" vodka chaser.[6]

There is much ritual involved in khash parties. Many participants abstain from eating the previous evening, and insist upon using only their hands to consume the unusual (and often unwieldy) meal. Because of the potency and strong smell of the meal, and because it is eaten early in the mornings and so often enjoyed in conjunction with alcohol, khash is usually served on the weekend or on holidays.

In Iran and Afghanistan

Kalle-pache (kalle-pāče) in Tehran
An Iranian pache (pāče) dish

Kalle-pache (kalle-pāče; kalla-pāča; literally meaning "head [and] trotter") consists of a sheep's head (including the brain) and trotters,[7][8][9] and is typically seasoned with lemon and cinnamon.[8] Usually consumed as a breakfast soup,[8] kalle-pache is traditional to Afghanistan[10] and Iran.[8]

In Iran, kalle-pache is usually cooked in specialty stores, and is served in the morning.[11] It is especially consumed during cold seasons.[11] To prepare kalle-pache, the sheep's head and trotters are collected, cooked, and treated as per the recipe.[12]

In Israel

During winter it is very common to eat sheep or cow parts soup with onions and spices, especially the legs wich is called 'Maraq rigl' it is usually accompanied with an alcoholic drink.

In Arab countries

Pacha is a traditional Iraqi dish made from sheep's head, trotters, and stomach; all boiled slowly and served with bread sunken in the broth.[13] The cheeks and tongues are considered the best parts. Many people prefer not to eat the eyeballs which could be removed before cooking.[14] The stomach lining would be filled with rice and lamb and stitched with a sewing thread (Arabic: كيبايات‎).[15] Sheep brain is also included.[16][17][18]

The dish is known in Kuwait, Bahrain, and other Persian Gulf countries as pacha (پاچة), too. A variation of that is found in other Arab countries such as in Egypt and is known as kawari' (كوارع), Egyptians eat cow brain and sheep brain.[19]

In Albania

Albania's popular pache (paçe) consists of a sheep's or any cattle's head, that is boiled until meat comes off easily. It is then stewed with garlic, onion, black pepper, and vinegar. Sometimes a little flour is added to thicken the stew. It makes a hot and hearty winter stew.

In Turkey

In Turkish culinary culture, pacha (paça is a generic word for certain soup preparations, especially with offal, but also without it. In most parts of Turkey, such as in Kastamonu, for instance, the term ayak paça ("feet pacha") is used for cow, sheep, or goat hooves,[20] and the term kelle paça is used for "head pacha" (chorba). Sometimes the term dil paça is also used for tongue soup, while "meat pacha" is made with gerdan (scrag end of sheep's neck). In Turkey, the word kelle refers to a sheep's head roasted in the oven, which is served after grilling at specialized offal restaurants.

In Greece

A bowl of Greek patsás (with skordostoubi and hot pepper flakes)

The Greek version, called patsás (πατσάς), may be seasoned with red wine vinegar and garlic (skordostoubi), or thickened with avgolémono. The Greek version sometimes uses calf feet with the tripe.

Specialized tavernas serving patsa are known as patsatzidika. Because patsas has the reputation of remedying hang-over and aiding digestion, patsatzidika are often working overnight, serving people returning home after dinner or clubbing.

Similar dishes

  • Paya, South Asian version of this dish
  • Smalahove, boiled sheep's head, a traditional western Norwegian food
  • Soğuk paça, a Turkish cold dish made with the jelly obtained from sheep or cow hooves
  • Svið, an Icelandic dish that includes a sheep's head cut in half

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Adjarian, Hrachia (1973). "Armenian Etymological Dictionary" (in Armenian). p. 346.
  2. ↑ "پاچه" [pāče]. Amid Dictionary (in Persian). Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  3. ↑ "کله پاچه" [kalle pāče]. Amid Dictionary (in Persian). Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  4. ↑ Heratsi, Mkhitar. "Chapter 6". Relief of Fevers.
  5. ↑ Heratsi, Mkhitar. "Chapter 10". Relief of Fevers.
  6. ↑ Elliott, Mark (2010). Azerbaijan with Excursions to Georgia. Trailblazer. p. 356. ISBN 978-1-905864-23-2.
  7. ↑ Edelstein, Sari (2009). Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 236. ISBN 0-7637-5965-1.
  8. 1 2 3 4 King, Bart (2010). The Big Book of Gross Stuff. Gibbs Smith. p. 243. ISBN 1-4236-0746-5.
  9. ↑ "Sheep Heads, Brains And Hooves Are Delicacies In Iran". HuffPost. April 13, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  10. ↑ Elliott, Mark (2010). Azerbaijan with Excursions to Georgia. Trailblazer. p. 353. ISBN 978-1-905864-23-2.
  11. 1 2 "KALLA-PĀČA". Encyclopædia Iranica. XV. April 20, 2012. p. 408.
  12. ↑ Field, Henry (1939). Contributions to the anthropology of Iran. 2. Chicago Natural History Museum. p. 559.
  13. ↑ "Food in Iraq – Iraqi Cuisine – popular, dishes, diet, common meals, customs". Foodbycountry.com. April 6, 2001. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  14. ↑ "Assyrian Restuarant (Sic) in Chicago Reminds Iraqis of Home". Christiansofiraq.com. August 28, 2005. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  15. ↑ "Little Shedrak's Pacha (Lamb's Head) – Chicago Area – Chowhound". Chowhound.chow.com. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  16. ↑ David Finkel (September 15, 2009). The Good Soldiers. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-4299-5271-2.
  17. ↑ John Martinkus (2004). Travels in American Iraq. Black Inc. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-86395-285-9.
  18. ↑ Peggy Faw Gish (February 12, 2015). Iraq. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-4982-1763-7.
  19. ↑ "Meat | Egyptian Cuisine and Recipes". Egyptian-cuisine-recipes.com. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  20. ↑ Koz, M. Sabri (2002). Yemek kitabı: tarih, halkbilimi, edebiyat (in Turkish). Kitabevi. p. 486. ISBN 978-975-7321-74-3.
  • "A Brief History of Khash, Armenia's Love-It-or-Hate-It Hangover Cure (Recipe)". Smithsonian Institution. February 27, 2018.
  • "Khash.org".
  • "Khash and other Azeri adventures". Toronto Star. February 7, 2007.
  • "HIS MAJESTY KHASH". Vision TV. April 2013.
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