O'Hare International Airport

O'Hare International Airport
Summary
Airport type Public
Owner City of Chicago
Operator Chicago Department of Aviation
Serves Chicago
Location Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Opened February 1944 (1944-02)[1]
Hub for
Focus city for
Elevation AMSL 668 ft / 204 m
Coordinates 41°58′43″N 87°54′17″W / 41.97861°N 87.90472°W / 41.97861; -87.90472Coordinates: 41°58′43″N 87°54′17″W / 41.97861°N 87.90472°W / 41.97861; -87.90472
Website www.flychicago.com/ohare
Map
ORD
Location of airport in Chicago
ORD
ORD (Illinois)
ORD
ORD (the US)
ORD
ORD (North America)
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
4L/22R 7,500 2,286 Asphalt
4R/22L 8,075 2,461 Asphalt
9L/27R 7,500 2,286 Concrete
9C/27C 11,245 3,428 Under Construction
9R/27L 7,967 2,428 Asphalt/Concrete
10R/28L 7,500 2,286 Concrete
10C/28C 10,801 3,292 Concrete
10L/28R 13,000 3,962 Asphalt/Concrete
Helipads
Number Length Surface
ft m
H1 200 61 Concrete
Statistics (2017)
Passenger volume 79,828,183
Aircraft movements 867,049
Cargo (metric tonnes) 1.9 million
Economic impact $39 billion
Sources: FAA[4] and airport's website.[5]

O'Hare International Airport (IATA: ORD, ICAO: KORD, FAA LID: ORD), typically referred to as O'Hare Airport, Chicago O'Hare, or simply O'Hare, is an international airport located on the far Northwest Side of Chicago, Illinois, 14 miles (23 km) northwest of the Loop business district, operated by the Chicago Department of Aviation[6] and covering 7,627 acres (3,087 ha).[4] O'Hare has direct flights to 217 destinations in North America, South America, Asia, Africa, and Europe.[7][8]

Established to be the successor to Chicago’s ”busiest square mile in the world” Midway Airport, O’Hare began as an airfield serving a Douglas manufacturing plant for C-54 military transports during World War II. It was named for Edward "Butch" O'Hare, the U.S. Navy's first Medal of Honor recipient during that war.[9] Later, at the height of the Cold War, O'Hare served as an active fighter base for the Air Force.[10]

As the first major airport planned post-war, O’Hare's innovative design pioneered concepts such as concourses, direct highway access to the terminal, jet bridges, and underground refueling systems.[11] It became famous as the first World’s Busiest Airport of the jet age, holding that distinction from 1963 to 1998; today, it is the world's sixth-busiest airport, serving 79.8 million passengers in 2017.

O'Hare is unusual in that it serves a major hub for more than one of the three U.S. mainline carriers; it is United's largest hub in both passengers and flights, while it is American's third-largest hub.[12][13] It is also a focus city for Frontier Airlines and Spirit Airlines.[2][3]

Today, Terminals 2 and 3 remain of the original design, but O’Hare has been modernizing the airfield since 2005, and is beginning an expansion of passenger facilities that will remake it as North America’s first airport built around airline alliances.[14][15]

History

Establishment and defense efforts

Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat on display in O'Hare's Terminal 2, restored in the markings of "Butch" O'Hare's plane

Not long after the opening of Midway Airport in 1926, the City of Chicago realized that additional airport capacity would be needed in the future. The city government investigated various potential airport sites during the 1930s, but made little progress prior to America's entry into World War II.[9]

O'Hare's place in aviation began with a manufacturing plant for Douglas C-54s during WWII. The site was then known as Orchard Place, and had previously been a small German farming community. The 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) plant, located in the northeast corner of what is now the airport property, needed easy access to the workforce of the nation's then second-largest city, as well as its extensive railroad infrastructure and location far from enemy threat. Some 655 C-54s were built at the plant. The attached airfield, from which the completed planes were flown out, was known simply as Douglas Airport; initially, it had four 5,500-foot (1,700 m) runways.[9] Less known is the fact that it was the location of the Army Air Force’s 803rd Specialized Depot[16], a unit charged with storing many captured enemy aircraft. A few representatives of this collection would eventually be transferred to the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.[17][18]

Douglas Company's contract ended in 1945 and, though consideration was given to building commercial aircraft at Orchard, the company ultimately chose to concentrate commercial production at its original headquarters in Santa Monica, CA.[9] With the departure of Douglas, the complex took the name of Orchard Field Airport, and was assigned the IATA code ORD.[19]

The United States Air Force used the field extensively during the Korean War, at which time there was still no scheduled commercial service at the airport. Although not its primary base in the area, the Air Force used O'Hare as an active fighter base; it was home to the 62nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron flying F-86 Sabres from 1950 to 1959.[10] By 1960, the need for O'Hare as an active duty fighter base was diminishing, just as commercial business was picking up at the airport. The Air Force removed active-duty units from O'Hare and turned the station over to Continental Air Command, enabling them to base reserve and Air National Guard units there.[20] As a result of a 1993 agreement between the City and the Department of Defense, the reserve based was closed on April 1, 1997, ending its career as the home of the 928th Airlift Wing. At that time, the 357 acre (144 ha) site came under the ownership of the Chicago Department of Aviation.[21]

Commercial development

In 1945, Chicago mayor Edward Kelly established a formal board to choose the site of a new facility to meet future aviation demands. After considering various proposals, the board decided upon the Orchard Field site, and acquired most of the federal government property in March 1946. The military retained a relatively small parcel of property on the site, and the rights to use 25% of the airfield's operating capacity for free.[9]

Ralph H. Burke devised an airport master plan based on the pioneering idea of what he called "split finger terminals", allowing a terminal building to be attached to "airline wings" (concourses), each providing space for gates and planes. (Pre-war airport designs had favored ever-larger single terminals, exemplified by Berlin's Tempelhof.) Other innovations Burke called for included underground refueling, direct highway access to the front of terminals, and direct rail access, all of which are utilized at airports worldwide today. O'Hare was the site of the world's first jet bridge in 1958,[22][23] and successfully adapted slip form paving, developed for the nation's new Interstate highway system, for seamless concrete runways.

In 1949, the City renamed the facility O'Hare Field to honor Edward "Butch" O'Hare, the U.S. Navy's first flying ace and Medal of Honor recipient in World War II.[24] Its IATA code (ORD) remained unchanged, however, resulting in O'Hare's being one of the few IATA codes bearing no connection to the airport's name or metropolitan area.[19]

Scheduled passenger service began in 1955,[25] but growth was slow at first. Although Chicago had invested over $25 million in O'Hare, Midway remained the world's busiest airport and airlines were reluctant to move until highway access and other improvements were completed.[26] The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows only 36 weekday departures from the airport, while Midway coped with 414. Improvements began to attract the airlines: O'Hare's first dedicated international terminal opened in August 1958, and by April 1959 the airport had expanded to 7,200 acres (2,900 ha) with new hangars, terminals, parking and other facilities. The expressway link to downtown Chicago, now known as the Kennedy Expressway, was completed in 1960.[25] And new Terminals 2 and 3, designed by C. F. Murphy and Associates, opened on January 1, 1962.[27]

However, the biggest factor driving the airlines to O'Hare from Midway was the emergence of commercial jet transports; one-square-mile Midway did not have the space for the lengthy runways the new planes required.[28] While airlines had initially been reluctant to move to O'Hare, they were equally unwilling to split operations between the two airports: in July 1962 the last fixed-wing scheduled airline flight in Chicago moved from Midway to O'Hare. The arrival of Midway's traffic quickly made O'Hare the world's busiest airport, serving 10 million passengers annually. Within two years that number would double, with Chicagoans proudly boasting that more people passed through O'Hare in 12 months than Ellis Island had processed in its entire existence. O'Hare remained the world's busiest airport until 1998.

On January 17, 1980, the airport's weather station became the official point for Chicago's weather observations and records by the National Weather Service, replacing Midway.[29]

Post-deregulation developments and hubs

In the 1980s, after passage of US airline deregulation, the first major change at O'Hare occurred when TWA decamped Chicago for St. Louis as its main mid-continent hub.[30] Although TWA had a large hangar complex at O'Hare and had initiated non-stop service to Europe from Chicago using 707s in 1958, by the time of deregulation its operation was losing $25 million a year under intense competition from United and American.[31] Northwest likewise ceded O'Hare to the competition and shifted to a Minneapolis and Detroit-centered network by the early 1990s following its acquisition of Republic Airlines in 1986.[32] Delta maintained a Chicago hub for some time, even commissioning a new Concourse L in 1983.[33] Ultimately, Delta found competing from an inferior position at O'Hare too expensive and closed its Chicago hub in the 1990s, concentrating its upper Midwest operations at Cincinnati.

The dominant hubs established at O'Hare in the 1980s by United and American continue to operate today. United developed a new two-concourse Terminal 1 (dubbed "The Terminal for Tomorrow"), designed by Helmut Jahn. It was built between 1985 and 1987 on the site of the original Terminal 1; the structure, which includes 50 gates, is best known for its curved glass forms and the connecting underground passage between Concourses B and C.[34] American renovated and expanded its existing facilities in Terminal 3 from 1987 to 1990; these renovations feature a flag-lined entrance hall to Concourses H/K.[35][35]

The demolition of the original Terminal 1 in 1984 to make way for Jahn's design forced a "temporary" relocation of international flights into facilities called "Terminal 4" on the ground floor of the airport's central parking garage. International passengers were then bused to and from their aircraft. Relocation finally ended with the completion of the 21-gate International Terminal in 1993 (now called Terminal 5); it contains all customs facilities. Its location, on the site of the original cargo area and east of the terminal core, necessitated the construction of the Airport Transit System people-mover, which connected the terminal core with the new terminal as well as remote rental and parking lots.[33]

The large consolidating mergers in the airline industry from 2008-2014 left O'Hare's domestic operations simplified: the airport found itself primarily with United mainline in Terminal 1, United Express, Air Canada, and Delta in Terminal 2, and American and smaller carriers in Terminal 3.

Field modernization and reconfiguration

Reconstructed Brachiosaurus skeleton, formerly in the Field Museum, exhibited at the airport since 1999

O'Hare's high volume and crowded schedule, along with the vagaries of weather in the upper Midwest, frequently led to major delays; its hub status meant delays could affect airlines system-wide, causing issues for air travel across North America. Official reports at the end of the 1990s ranked O'Hare as one of the worst performing airports in the United States, based on the percentage of delayed flights.[36] The situation was exacerbated by a practice known as banking, in which regional and mainline flights arrive within several narrow windows during each day (facilitating quick transfers but creating temporary congestion) and then made worse by bitter competition between United and American, who combined for over 86% of all operations but initially refused to cooperate to ease the situation. In 2004, facing the imposition of flight limits at O'Hare by the FAA, United and American agreed to modify their flight schedules to help reduce congestion caused by clustered arrivals and departures, mainly by adjusting the schedules of their regional carriers.[37]

While reducing the practice of banking helped, the reality was that the airfield had remained unchanged since the addition of its last new runway (4R/22L) in 1971.[38] The existing three pairs of runways at different angles were meant to allow takeoffs into the wind, but they came at a cost: the various intersecting runways were both dangerous and inefficient. In 2001, the Chicago Department of Aviation committed to a O'Hare Modernization Plan (OMP). Initially estimated at $6.6 billion, the OMP was to be paid by bonds issued against the increase in the passenger facility charge enacted that year as well as federal airport improvement funds.[39] The modernization plan was approved by the FAA in October 2005 and involved a complete reconfiguration of the airfield.

The OMP included the construction of four new runways, the lengthening of two existing runways, and the decommissioning of two older runways in order to give the airport six parallel runways and two crosswind runways in a configuration similar to that used at other large hub airports in Atlanta, Dallas/Fort Worth, and Los Angeles.[14] This was a complete redesign of Burke's basic airfield structure; O'Hare had functioned in a circular manner, with the terminal complex in the center and runways effectively in a triangle around it.[9] Now, O'Hare would be organized into three sections, north to south: the North Airfield, containing three east-west and one crosswind runway and a new cargo area; the terminal complex and ground transportation access in the center; and the South Airfield, again containing three east-west and one crosswind runway and a large cargo area. Construction of the two new airfields and the new cargo area while the space-constrained airport continued full operations presented significant time and capacity challenges.

The OMP was the subject of lengthy legal battles, both with suburbs who feared the new layout's noise implications as well as survivors of persons interred in a cemetery the city proposed to relocate; some of the cases were not resolved until 2011.[14] These, plus the reduction in traffic as a result of the 2008 financial crisis, delayed the OMP's completion; construction of the sixth and final parallel runway (9C/27C)[40] began in 2017. Its completion in 2020, along with an extension of runway 9R/27L to be completed in 2021, will conclude the OMP.[41]

Although construction continues, peak capacity (number of operations/hour) has already increased by 50% and total (all weather) system delays reduced by 57%;[42] after completion of the first two phases of the OMP, on-time arrivals improved from 67.6% to 80.8%.[43] By 2017, O'Hare ranked 14th in on-time performance of the top 30 U.S. airports.[44] Costs of the O'Hare Modernization Plan had risen, by 2015, beyond $8 billion.[45]

Future

On March 28, 2018, the Chicago City Council gave approval to new leases with the airlines, which also contained an agreement to a Terminal Area Plan dubbed O'Hare 21.[15] It marks the first comprehensive redevelopment and expansion of the terminal core in O'Hare's history. The improvements are intended to enable same-terminal transfers between international and domestic flights, enable faster connections, improve facilities and technology for TSA and customs inspections, and modernize and expand landside amenities. The most unusual aspect of the plan is the reorganization of the airport into a Global Alliance Hub, the first in North America; airside connections and layout will be optimized around airline alliances. This will be made possible by the construction of the O’Hare Global Terminal where Terminal 2 currently stands. The Global Terminal and two new satellite concourses will allow for expansion for both American's and United's international operations as well as easy interchange with their various international partners through Oneworld (American) or Star Alliance (United), eliminating the need to exit the secured airside, ride the ATS, and re-clear security at Terminal 5. Delta and its SkyTeam partners, as well as all non-affiliated carriers, will relocate to Terminal 5.

The plan is set to add over three million square feet to the airport's terminals, a new customs processing center in the Global Terminal, 25% more ramp space at gates to accommodate larger aircraft, reconstruction of gates and concourses (new concourses will be a minimum of 120 feet (37 m) wide), and increase the gate count from 185 to 235.[46] Since construction cannot interfere with ongoing operations at the airport, it is scheduled to take place in stages, with the first step (scheduled to begin 2019) being to dig the tunnel that will connect the terminal core with two new satellite concourses.[47] Demolition of Terminal 2 and the subsequent construction of the Global Terminal can only proceed after the completion of the two new satellite concourses, which will provide the gates lost by the demolition of Terminal 2. In addition, construction continues on a nine-gate extension of Terminal 5, to open in 2021. A separate "stinger" extension of Concourse L, with five (eventually eight) new American regional gates, opened to service in April, 2018.[48]

By terms of the agreement between the airlines and the City, total costs of $8.7 billion (2018 est.) for O'Hare 21 are to be borne by bonds issued by the City and retired through airport usage fees paid by the airlines. The O'Hare 21 project is scheduled for completion in 2026.

Infrastructure

Runways

Runway layout at ORD

O'Hare is organized into two parallel east-west runways (9L/27R and 9R/27L) on the north side of the airfield (and forthcoming 9C/27C scheduled for completion in 2020), and three parallel east-west runways (10L/28R, 10C/28C, and 10R/28L) on the south side of the airfield. In addition, there are two parallel crosswind runways oriented northeast/southwest (4R/22L, 4L/22R), one on each side of the airfield. Neither can be used without major disruption to the east-west runways; in fact, 4L/22R crosses 9R/27L and the path of forthcoming 9C/27C, making the chances of the crosswind runways being used, at any given time, very low.[49] (Their role is emergency relief and overnight use.) Each side of the airfield has its own ground control tower.

Westbound operations involves the use of Runway 9L/27R for arrivals coming from the north, Runway 9R/27L for either direction, and Runway 10C.28C for arrivals from the south and heavies. Runway 10L/28R is the departure runway mostly used, with Runway 4R/22L for a few flights with a southwest departure.

Eastbound operations involves the use of Runway 9L/27R for arrivals coming from the north, Runway 10C/28C and sometimes Runway 10R/28L for arrivals coming from the south. Runway 10L/28R is the departure runway for southbound departures and all heavy departures, with Runway 9R/27L is the runway for northbound departures.

The last of the runways to close under the OMP, originally 14R/32L, was removed from service March 29, 2018, and the FAA Airport Diagram now designates the remaining sections[50] as taxiway SS.[51] Ironically, it had been the first new runway added by the city to the old Douglas Field layout, and was lengthened and rebuilt with concrete in 1960 to became O'Hare's first jet runway.[9]

O'Hare has a voluntary nighttime (2200–0700) noise abatement program.[52]

ATS, rental lots and remote parking

Airport Transit System with Hilton Hotel in background

Passengers within the airport complex are normally able to travel via the free 2.5 mi (4 km)-long automated Airport Transit System (ATS), connecting all four terminals landside and the rental and remote parking lots. However, as part of a larger project, the ATS is undergoing a $310 million modernization and expansion that includes replacing the existing 15-car fleet with 36 new Bombardier vehicles,[53] upgrading the previous infrastructure, and extending the line 2,000 feet (610 m)[54] to the new consolidated rental/parking/transit facility across Mannheim Road. Currently, the modernization means the ATS is shut down from 0500 Monday through 0500 Saturday (with some holiday exceptions), with free shuttle buses providing service when the ATS is not running.[55]

The ATS extension will end at a new consolidated rental/parking/transit center, a facility that will significantly alter ground access to O'Hare. Rental customers will proceed to the new transit/rental center via the ATS, as will customers seeking shuttle transportation to off-airport hotels or parking; travelers accessing long-term parking will also take the ATS. All shuttle bus service to the terminals will end with the opening of the integrated transit center, eliminating 1.3 million vehicle trips a year into the terminal core. The center, scheduled for completion in 2019, is a five-level, 2,500,000-square-foot (230,000 m2) structure containing 4,200 spaces for rental cars and offices for all airport-franchised ("on-airport") rental car firms, as well as 2,676 additional public parking spaces.[56] The center will also connect the ATS and the O'Hare Metra station; currently, a shuttle bus is necessary to transport passengers between the ATS and Metra.

Hotel

The Hilton Chicago O'Hare is between the terminal core and parking garage and is currently the only hotel on airport property. It is owned by the Chicago Department of Aviation and operated under an agreement with Hilton Hotels.

Environmental efforts

In 2011, O'Hare became the first major airport to build an apiary on its property; every summer, it hosts as many as 75 hives and a million bees. The bees are maintained by 30 to 40 ex-offenders with little to no work experience and few marketable skills from the North Lawndale community. They are taught beekeeping but also benefit from the bees' labor, turning it into bottled fresh honey, soaps, lip balms, candles and moisturizers marketed under the beelove product line; products are sold at stores and used by restaurants throughout both Chicago airports.[57] More than 500 persons have completed the program, transferring to jobs in manufacturing, food processing, customer service, and hospitality; the repeat-offender rate is reported to be less than 10%.[58]

O'Hare has used livestock, primarily goats, since 2013 to control vegetation in harder-to-reach areas or on steeper banks as along Willow-Higgins Creek on the airport property. In the summer of 2018, a mix of 30 goats, sheep, and a donkey named Jackson controlled buckthorn, garlic mustard, ragweed and various other invasive species.[59] The livestock assist not only with vegetation removal and control, but also reduce hiding and nesting places for birds that may interfere with safe aircraft operations, and all without food expense or environmental damage.[60]

Other facilities

Cots for stranded passengers[61]

The USO offers two facilities: one open 24 hours and located before security in Terminal 2, and an additional site behind security in Terminal 3, open 06:00-22:30 daily. Each offers meals, refreshments, TV and quiet rooms, and internet access. Active duty military personnel and their families, as well as new recruits going to Recruit Training Command, are welcome.[62]

The large Postal Service processing facility at O'Hare is located at the far south end of the airfield along Irving Park Road. Being on secured airfield property, it is not open to the public. USPS drop locations are provided in Terminals 1, 3 and 5.

Terminals

A terminal map of O'Hare Airport, 2008

O'Hare has four numbered passenger terminals with nine lettered concourses and a total of 191 gates.

With the exception of flights from destinations with U.S. Customs and Border Protection preclearance, all inbound international flights arrive at Terminal 5, as the other terminals do not have customs screening facilities. Several carriers, such as American, Iberia, Lufthansa, and United, have outbound international flights departing from Terminals 1 and 3. This requires that the aircraft arrive and discharge passengers at Terminal 5, after which the empty plane is towed to another terminal for boarding. This is to expedite connections for passengers transferring from domestic flights to those outbound international flights; while Terminals 1, 2, and 3 all allow airside connections, Terminal 5 is separated from the other terminals by a set of taxiways that cross over the airport's access road, requiring passengers to exit security, ride the Airport Transit System, and then re-clear security before boarding.

Terminal 1

United Airlines Terminal 1, Concourse B
United Airlines Terminal 1, Concourse C

Terminal 1 is used for United Airlines flights, including all mainline flights and some United Express operations, as well as departures for Star Alliance partners Lufthansa (except for flight LH437 to Munich, which departs from Terminal 5; B16-B17) and All Nippon Airways (C10). Terminal 1 has 50 gates on two concourses:

  • Concourse B – 22 gates
  • Concourse C – 28 gates

Concourses B and C are linear concourses located in separate buildings parallel to each other. Concourse B is adjacent to the airport roadway and houses passenger check-in, baggage claim, and security screenings on its landside and aircraft gates on its airside. Concourse C is a satellite terminal with gates on all sides, in the middle of the ramp, and is connected to Concourse B via an underground pedestrian tunnel under the ramp. The tunnel originates between gates B8 and B9 in Concourse B, and ends on Concourse C between gates C17 and C19. The tunnel is illuminated with a neon installation titled Sky's the Limit (1987) by Canadian artist Michael Hayden, which plays an airy and very slow-tempo version of Rhapsody in Blue.

United operates three United Clubs in Terminal 1: one on Concourse B near gate B6, one located near gate B16, and one on Concourse C near gate C16. There is also a United First International Lounge and United Arrivals Suite in Concourse C near gate C18. Additionally, there is a United Polaris Lounge near gate C18.[63]

Terminal 2

Terminal 2 houses Air Canada, Delta and Delta Connection domestic flights, and most United Express operations (although check-ins for United flights take place in Terminal 1). Terminal 2 has 43 gates on two concourses.

  • Concourse E – 17 gates
  • Concourse F – 24 gates

There is a United Club in Concourse F near gate F8, and a Delta Sky Club in Concourse E near gate E6. US Airways operated out of Terminal 2 until it moved operations to Terminal 3 in 2014 to join its merger partner American.

Terminal 3

American Airlines Terminal 3 Main Hall

Terminal 3 houses all departing and domestic arriving American Airlines and American Eagle flights, as well as departures for Oneworld carriers Iberia and Japan Airlines, plus unaffiliated low-cost carriers. Terminal 3 currently has 80 gates on four concourses:

  • Concourse G – 24 gates
  • Concourse H – 18 gates
  • Concourse K – 16 gates
  • Concourse L – 22 gates

Concourses G and L house most American Eagle operated flights, while Concourses H and K house American's mainline operations. American's oneworld partners Japan Airlines and Iberia depart from K19 or K16. Concourse L is also used by non-affiliated airlines Air Choice One, Alaska Airlines, Cape Air, JetBlue, and Spirit.[64]

American Airlines has three Admiral's Clubs in Terminal 3 and one Flagship Lounge. The main Club and Flagship Lounge is located in the crosswalk between concourses H and K at gates H6/K6; the other Admiral's Clubs are located at gates L1 and G8.[65]

Terminal 5

Terminal 5 houses all of O'Hare's international arrivals (excluding flights with Air Canada, American and United from destinations with U.S. border preclearance). Other destinations with preclearance, including flights operated by Aer Lingus and Etihad Airways, arrive at Terminal 5 but are treated as domestic arrivals. With the exception of select Star Alliance and Oneworld carriers that board from Terminal 1 or Terminal 3 respectively, all non-U.S. carriers except Air Canada depart from Terminal 5.

In 2018, Frontier Airlines became the first domestic carrier to move operations to T5 as a part of the ongoing O'Hare 21 plan.[66]

In 2014, Terminal 5 underwent a $26 million amenities improvement project which belatedly adapted the terminal to a post-September 11 layout; the project added dining and retail post-security, including many locally-owned restaurants.[67]

Terminal 5 has 21 gates on one concourse.

  • Concourse M – 21 gates

Terminal 5 has several airline lounges, including the Air France - KLM Lounge, British Airways First Class Galleries and Business Class Terraces Lounges, Korean Air Lounge, Scandinavian Airlines Lounge, Swissport Lounge, and Swiss International Air Lines First Class Lounge and Business Class Lounge. The airport's U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility is located at the arrival (lower) level.

Gate M11a is the only gate at O'Hare currently equipped to handle an Airbus A380. In May 2018, British Airways began service with the A380 on one of its daily flights to Heathrow Airport, beginning the first scheduled A380 service (although Lufthansa and Emirates had landed A380s in demonstrations earlier).[68]

Airlines and destinations

AirlinesDestinationsRefs
Aer Lingus Dublin [69]
Aeroméxico Guadalajara, Mexico City [70]
Air Canada Toronto–Pearson
Seasonal: Montréal–Trudeau 		[71]
Air Canada Express Montréal–Trudeau, Vancouver [71]
Air Choice One Burlington (IA), Ironwood, Mason City [72]
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle [73]
Air India Delhi [74]
Air New Zealand Auckland (begins November 30, 2018)[75] [76]
Alaska Airlines Anchorage, Los Angeles, Portland (OR), San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma [77]
Alitalia Seasonal: Rome–Fiumicino [78]
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita [79]
American Airlines Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Beijing–Capital (ends October 20, 2018),[80] Boston, Cancún, Charlotte, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, El Paso, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Hartford, Kansas City, Las Vegas, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Nashville, New York–JFK, New York–LaGuardia, Newark, Orange County (CA), Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Pittsburgh, Portland (OR), Raleigh/Durham, Reno/Tahoe, Sacramento, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Juan, Seattle/Tacoma, Shanghai–Pudong (ends October 26, 2018),[81] Tampa, Tokyo–Narita, Tucson, Tulsa, Vancouver, Washington–National, West Palm Beach
Seasonal: Aruba (begins December 22, 2018),[80] Athens (begins May 3, 2019),[82] Barcelona, Bozeman, Cozumel, Detroit, Dublin, Eagle/Vail, Grand Cayman (begins December 22, 2018),[80] Guatemala City, Honolulu (resumes December 19, 2018),[80] Houston–Intercontinental, Indianapolis, Jackson Hole, Montego Bay, Nassau (begins December 22, 2018),[80] New Orleans, Palm Springs, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Providenciales (begins December 22, 2018),[80] Puerto Vallarta, Punta Cana, Rome–Fiumicino, San José del Cabo, Venice 		[83]
American Eagle Akron/Canton, Albany, Albuquerque, Appleton, Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Bangor, Birmingham (AL), Bismarck, Bloomington/Normal, Boise, Buffalo, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Champaign/Urbana, Charlottesville, Chattanooga, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Columbia (MO), Columbus–Glenn, Dayton, Des Moines, Detroit, Dubuque, El Paso, Evansville, Fargo, Fayetteville/Bentonville, Flint, Fort Wayne, Grand Rapids, Green Bay, Greensboro, Greenville/Spartanburg, Harrisburg, Hartford, Hattiesburg/Laurel, Houston–Intercontinental, Huntsville, Indianapolis, Jacksonville (FL), Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Knoxville, La Crosse, Lansing, Lexington, Little Rock, Louisville, Madison, Manhattan (KS), Marquette, Memphis, Meridian (MS), Milwaukee, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Moline/Quad Cities, Montréal–Trudeau, Mosinee, Nashville, New Orleans, Newark, Norfolk, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Peoria, Pittsburgh, Providence, Rapid City, Richmond, Rochester (MN), Rochester (NY), St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, Sioux City, Sioux Falls, Springfield/Branson, Syracuse, Toledo, Toronto–Pearson, Traverse City, Tulsa, Tucson, Washington–National, Waterloo (IA), White Plains, Wichita, Wilkes-Barre
Seasonal: Aspen, Bozeman, Burlington (VT), Calgary, Charleston (SC), Denver, Fort Walton Beach (begins March 9, 2019),[84] Hayden/Steamboat Springs, Key West (begins February 16, 2019),[84] Missoula, Montrose, Myrtle Beach, Panama City (FL) (begins March 9, 2019),[84] Pensacola (FL) (begins March 9, 2019),[84] Portland (ME), Raleigh/Durham, Sarasota (begins December 19, 2018),[85] Savannah, Wilmington (NC) 		[83]
Asiana Airlines Seoul–Incheon [86]
Austrian Airlines Vienna [87]
Avianca Bogotá (begins November 17, 2018)[88] [89]
Avianca Costa Rica Guatemala City (begins October 29, 2018)[90] [89]
Avianca El Salvador San Salvador [89]
Bahamasair Nassau [91]
British Airways London–Heathrow [92]
Cape Air Decatur [93]
Cathay Pacific Hong Kong [94]
Cayman Airways Seasonal: Grand Cayman [95]
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai–Pudong [96]
Copa Airlines Panama City [97]
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–LaGuardia, Salt Lake City, Seattle/Tacoma [98]
Delta Connection Cincinnati, Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–JFK, New York–LaGuardia, Raleigh/Durham (begins April 2, 2019),[99] Salt Lake City [98]
Emirates Dubai–International [100]
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa1 [101]
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi [102]
EVA Air Taipei–Taoyuan [103]
Finnair Seasonal: Helsinki [104]
Frontier Airlines Cancún, Charleston (SC), Denver, Jacksonville (FL), Las Vegas, Orlando, Pensacola (FL), Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Punta Cana
Seasonal: Colorado Springs, El Paso, Fort Myers, Harlingen (begins November 21, 2018),[105] Long Island/Islip, Miami, Palm Springs (begins December 14, 2018),[106] Puerto Vallarta, Syracuse, Tampa, Trenton 		[107]
Hainan Airlines Beijing–Capital
Iberia Madrid [108]
Icelandair Reykjavík–Keflavík [109]
Interjet Guadalajara, Mexico City [110]
Japan Airlines Tokyo-Narita [111]
JetBlue Airways Boston, Fort Lauderdale, New York–JFK [112]
KLM Amsterdam [113]
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon [114]
LOT Polish Airlines Budapest, Kraków, Warsaw–Chopin [115]
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich [116]
Norwegian Air Shuttle London–Gatwick [117]
Qatar Airways Doha [118]
Royal Jordanian Amman–Queen Alia [119]
Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen, Stockholm–Arlanda [120]
Spirit Airlines Atlanta, Baltimore, Cancún, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Houston–Intercontinental, Jacksonville (FL) (begins December 20, 2018),[121] Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York–LaGuardia, Orlando, San Diego, Tampa
Seasonal: Boston, Myrtle Beach, Oakland, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Portland (OR), Seattle/Tacoma, West Palm Beach 		[122]
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich [123]
Turkish Airlines Istanbul–Atatürk [124]
United Airlines Albany, Amsterdam, Aruba, Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Beijing–Capital, Belize City, Boston, Brussels, Buffalo, Calgary, Cancún, Charleston (SC), Charlotte, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus–Glenn, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit, Duluth, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Frankfurt, Grand Rapids, Harrisburg, Hartford, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Houston–Intercontinental, Indianapolis, Kahului, Kansas City, Las Vegas, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Madison, Memphis, Mexico City, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Munich, Nashville, New Orleans, New York–LaGuardia, Newark, Norfolk, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Orange County (CA), Orlando, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Philadelphia, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Pittsburgh, Portland (OR), Raleigh/Durham, Richmond, Rochester (NY), Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Juan, São Paulo–Guarulhos, Sarasota, Seattle/Tacoma, Shanghai–Pudong, Spokane, Syracuse, Tampa, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver, Washington–Dulles, Washington–National, Wichita
Seasonal: Albuquerque, Anchorage, Bangor, Boise, Bozeman, Burlington (VT), Cozumel, Dublin, Edinburgh, Fairbanks, Grand Cayman, Ixtapa/Zihuatanejo, Jackson Hole, Jacksonville (FL), Kalispell, Liberia, Missoula, Montego Bay, Montrose, Myrtle Beach, Nassau, Palm Springs, Portland (ME), Providenciales, Puerto Vallarta, Punta Cana, Reno/Tahoe, Rome–Fiumicino, Saint Lucia–Hewanorra, St. Maarten, St. Thomas, San José del Cabo, San José de Costa Rica, Savannah, Sioux Falls, Traverse City, Vail/Eagle, West Palm Beach 		[125]
United Express Akron/Canton, Albany, Albuquerque, Allentown, Appleton, Asheville, Aspen, Atlanta, Austin, Birmingham (AL), Bismarck, Boise, Boston, Buffalo, Burlington (VT), Calgary, Cape Girardeau, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Charleston (SC), Charleston (WV), Charlotte, Charlottesville, Chattanooga, Cincinnati, Clarksburg (WV), Cleveland, Colorado Springs, Columbia (MO), Columbia (SC), Columbus–Glenn, Dallas/Fort Worth, Dayton, Des Moines, Detroit, Duluth, Eau Claire, El Paso, Erie, Evansville, Fargo, Fayetteville/Bentonville, Flint, Fort Wayne, Fresno, Grand Rapids, Green Bay, Greensboro, Greenville/Spartanburg, Harrisburg, Hartford, Houghton, Houston–Intercontinental, Huntsville, Indianapolis, Jackson (MS), Jackson Hole (WY), Jacksonville (FL), Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Knoxville, Lansing, León/Del Bajío (begins October 28, 2018),[126] Lewisburg (WV), Lexington, Lincoln, Little Rock, Louisville, Madison, Memphis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Moline/Quad Cities, Monterrey, Montréal–Trudeau, Mosinee, Muskegon, Nashville, New Orleans, New York–LaGuardia, Newark, Norfolk, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Ottawa, Paducah, Peoria, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland (ME), Providence, Quincy, Raleigh/Durham, Rapid City, Richmond, Roanoke, Rochester (MN), Rochester (NY), St. Louis, Saginaw, Salina, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, Sarasota, Savannah, Shenandoah Valley, Sioux Falls, South Bend, Springfield (IL), Springfield/Branson, State College, Syracuse, Toronto–Pearson, Traverse City, Tucson, Tulsa, Washington–Dulles, Washington–National, West Palm Beach, White Plains, Wichita, Wilkes–Barre/Scranton, Wilmington (NC), Winnipeg
Seasonal: Bangor, Billings, Bozeman, Brownsville (begins November 3, 2018),[127] Cody, Great Falls, Gunnison/Crested Butte, Hayden/Steamboat Springs, Kalispell, Key West, Miami, Missoula, Montrose, Myrtle Beach, Nassau, Palm Springs, Pensacola, Québec City, Sun Valley 		[125]
Vacation Express Seasonal Charter: Cancún, Cozumel, Freeport, Punta Cana [128]
Volaris Guadalajara, Mexico City [129]
WOW air Reykjavík–Keflavík [130]

Notes:

  • ^1 : Ethiopian Airlines' flight from Addis Ababa to O'Hare stops at Dublin,[131] but the flight from O'Hare to Addis Ababa is nonstop.

Cargo

There are two main cargo areas at O'Hare that have warehouse, build-up/tear-down and aircraft parking facilities.

The Cargo Area (now the South Cargo Area) was relocated in the 1980s from the airport's first air cargo facilities, which were located east of the terminal core, where Terminal 5 now stands. Many of the structures in the new Cargo Area then had to be rebuilt, again, to allow for the OMP and specifically runway 10R/28L; as a result, what is now called the South Cargo Area is located between 10R/28L and 10C/28C. These facilities were established mainly by traditional airline-based air cargo; Air France Cargo, American, JAL Cargo, KLM, Lufthansa Cargo, Northwest and United all built purpose-built, freestanding cargo facilities,[132] although most of them now lease the space out to dedicated cargo firms. In addition, the area contains two separate facilities for shipper FedEx and one for UPS.[132]

The Northeast Cargo Area (NEC) is a conversion of the former military base (the Douglas plant area) and is at the northeast corner of the airport property adjacent to Bessie Coleman Drive. It is a new facility designed to increase O'Hare's cargo capacity by 50%. Two buildings currently make up the NEC: a 540,000 square feet (50,000 m2) building completed in 2016,[133] and a 240,000 square feet (22,000 m2) building that was completed in 2017.[134] A third structure, scheduled for completion in 2019, will complete the NEC with another 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) of warehouse space.[135]

The combined capabilities of the cargo areas provide 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of airside cargo space, on four ramps, with parking for 40 wide-body freighters, matched with over 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of landside warehousing capability. O'Hare shipped over 1.9 million tonnes of cargo in 2017, third among major airports in the U.S. The Department of Aviation estimates the value of the yearly shipments at $200 billion.[136]

AirlinesDestinationsRefs
AeroUnion Mexico City
AirBridgeCargo Airlines Amsterdam, Dallas/Fort Worth, Frankfurt, Houston–Intercontinental, Luxembourg, Moscow–Domodedovo [137]
Air China Cargo Anchorage, Beijing–Capital, Frankfurt, New York–JFK, Shanghai–Pudong, Tianjin
Air France Cargo Dublin, New York–JFK, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Prestwick
Asiana Cargo Anchorage, Atlanta, New York–JFK, Seoul–Incheon, Seattle/Tacoma
ASL Airlines Belgium Liège
Atlas Air Anchorage, Miami, Seoul–Incheon
Cargolux Anchorage, Atlanta, Dallas/Fort Worth, Hong Kong, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Luxembourg, New York–JFK, Zhengzhou
Cathay Pacific Cargo Anchorage, Hong Kong, New York–JFK, Portland (OR)
China Airlines Cargo Anchorage, Houston–Intercontinental, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma
China Cargo Airlines Anchorage, Atlanta, Dallas/Fort Worth
China Southern Cargo Shanghai–Pudong [138]
DHL Aviation Anchorage, Calgary, Cincinnati, Newark, New York–JFK
Emirates SkyCargo Maastricht [139]
EVA Air Cargo Anchorage, Dallas/Fort Worth, Taipei–Taoyuan
FedEx Express Fort Worth/Alliance, Greensboro, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Memphis, Milwaukee, Newark, Oakland, Seattle/Tacoma, Pittsburgh
Korean Air Cargo Anchorage, Halifax, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma, Toronto–Pearson
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin
Lufthansa Cargo Anchorage, Atlanta, Frankfurt, Guadalajara, Los Angeles, Manchester (UK), Mexico City, New York–JFK [140]
Nippon Cargo Airlines Anchorage, Dallas/Fort Worth, Edmonton, Frankfurt–Hahn, Los Angeles, New York–JFK [141][142]
Qantas Freight Anchorage, Auckland, Chongqing, Honolulu, Los Angeles, Melbourne, Sydney [143][144][145][146]
Qatar Airways Cargo Amsterdam, Doha, Los Angeles, Milan–Malpensa [147][148][149]
Silk Way Airlines Baku [150]
Singapore Airlines Cargo Anchorage, Atlanta, Brussels, Chennai Airport, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Seattle/Tacoma [151]
Turkish Airlines Cargo Istanbul–Atatürk, Maastricht, Shannon, Toronto–Pearson [152][153]
UPS Airlines Cologne/Bonn, Columbus–Rickenbacker, Louisville, Miami, Philadelphia, Portland (OR)
Yangtze River Express Anchorage, Shanghai–Pudong

Statistics

A KLM Asia Boeing 747-400 taxiing
A Korean Air Boeing 747-400 taxiing
An Air Berlin Airbus A330-200 taxiing
A now retired United Airlines Boeing 747-400 taxiing

Top destinations

Busiest domestic routes from Chicago O'Hare
(August 2017 – July 2018)[154]
Rank Airport Passengers Carriers
1 New York–LaGuardia, New York 1,621,010 American, Delta, Spirit, United
2 Los Angeles, California 1,440,130 Alaska, American, Spirit, United
3 San Francisco, California 1,147,550 Alaska, American, United
4 Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas 1,083,640 American, Spirit, United
5 Denver, Colorado 1,005,570 American, Frontier, Spirit, United
6 Boston, Massachusetts 978,210 American, JetBlue, Spirit, United
7 Atlanta, Georgia 888,300 American, Delta, Spirit, United
8 Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota 845,670 American, Delta, United
9 Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Arizona 820,330 American, Frontier, Spirit, United
10 Seattle, Washington 787,560 Alaska, American, Delta, Spirit, United
Busiest International Routes to and from ORD (2016)[155]
Rank Airport Passengers Annual Change Carriers
1 London–Heathrow 1,037,444 Increase0.8% American, British Airways, United
2 Toronto–Pearson 887,663 Increase5.3% Air Canada, American, United
3 Tokyo–Narita 685,067 Decrease3.9% All Nippon, American, JAL, United
4 Frankfurt 607,328 Decrease2.5% Lufthansa, United
5 Cancún 522,129 Increase16.1% American, Frontier, Spirit, United
6 Mexico City 488,015 Decrease1.2% Aeroméxico, Interjet, United, Volaris
7 Beijing–Capital 413,448 Decrease3.1% American, Hainan, United
8 Shanghai–Pudong 412,485 Increase28.4% American, United, China Eastern
9 Dublin 397,559 Increase18.5% Aer Lingus, American, United
10 Montréal–Trudeau 393,089 Decrease2.1% Air Canada, American, United
11 Hong Kong 331,944 Decrease4.5% Cathay Pacific, United
12 Vancouver 305,317 Increase10.0% Air Canada, United
13 Paris–Charles de Gaulle 304,342 Decrease5.3% Air France, American, Delta, United
14 Munich 297,918 Increase8.5% Lufthansa, United
15 Seoul–Incheon 276,795 Increase4.5% Asiana, Korean Air
16 Amsterdam 251,141 Increase0.1% KLM, United
17 Abu Dhabi 245,376 Increase8.6% Etihad Airways
18 Doha 224,654 Increase4.2% Qatar Airways
19 Istanbul–Atatürk 207,558 Increase5.2% Turkish Airlines
20 Dubai–International 204,539 Increase9.6% Emirates

Airline market share

Top Airlines at ORD
(June 2017 - May 2018)[156]
Rank Airline Passengers Percent of market share
1 United Airlines 20,744,000 31.75%
2 American Airlines 17,487,000 26.77%
3 SkyWest Airlines 7,491,000 11.47%
4 Envoy Air 4,926,000 7.54%
5 Spirit Airlines 2,959,000 4.53%

Annual traffic

Traffic by calendar year[157]
YearPassenger volumeChange over previous yearAircraft operationsCargo tonnage
2000 72,144,244Decrease0.64%908,9891,640,524.1
2001 67,448,064Decrease6.51%911,9171,413,834.4
2002 66,565,952Decrease1.31%922,8171,436,385.7
2003 69,508,672Increase4.40%928,6911,601,735.5
2004 75,533,822Increase8.67%992,4271,685,808.0
2005 76,581,146Increase1.38%972,2481,701,446.1
2006 76,282,212Decrease0.30%958,6431,718,011.0
2007 76,182,025Decrease0.15%926,9731,690,741.6
2008 70,819,015Decrease7.03%881,5661,480,847.4
2009 64,397,782Decrease9.07%827,8991,198,426.3
2010 67,026,191Increase3.83%882,6171,577,047.8
2011 66,790,996Decrease0.35%878,7981,505,217.6
2012 66,834,931Increase0.04%878,1081,443,568.7
2013 66,909,638Increase0.12%883,2871,434,377.1
2014 70,075,204Increase4.45%881,9331,578,330.1
2015 76,949,336Increase9.81%875,1361,742,500.8
2016 77,960,588Increase1.31%867,6351,726,361.6
2017 79,828,183Increase2.40%867,0491,950,137.2
2018 (Through July) 47,516,068Increase4.92%515,2461,125,703.5

Ground transportation

Rail

O'Hare International Airport is served by the Blue Line of the Chicago "L", which links the airport with the Chicago Loop. The station is located under the parking garage at the terminal core and is connected via underground walkways to Terminals 1-3; access from T5 is via the ATS or alternate shuttle bus.

Road

O'Hare is directly served by Interstate 190, which offers interchanges with Mannheim Road (U.S. 12 and 45), the Tri-State Tollway (Interstate 294), and Interstate 90. I-90 continues as the Kennedy Expressway into downtown Chicago and becomes the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway northwest to Rockford and the Wisconsin state line.

Accidents and incidents

The following is a list of crashes or incidents that happened to planes at O'Hare, on approach, or just after takeoff from the airport.[158]

Arthur Hailey's novel Airport featured a thinly-disguised O'Hare as "Lincoln International Airport". The novel, adapted into a 1970 film starring Burt Lancaster, Dean Martin, Helen Hayes, Jacqueline Bisset, and George Kennedy, famously featured a stricken airliner seeking to return to a Chicago airport battling a fierce winter storm. Airport, along with other disaster films of the 1970s, provided the inspiration for the successful spoof Airplane! (1980).

Both Allegiant and the film adaptation set the Bureau of Genetic Welfare's headquarters at O'Hare. In the novel, it is stated that the agency stripped equipment from the city and refurbished the terminals into offices, laboratories, and other facilities. A hotel connected to the airport was converted into housing for the members of the bureau. Aircraft are stationed for surveillance and observation purposes. The film version has a futuristic facility built on the ruins of the old airport. Bullfrogs are launched from hangars mounted on the facility, and the rest of the airport's facilities are clearly seen to be heavily damaged or destroyed.

Well-known movies that have filmed scenes at O'Hare include Contagion, Couples Retreat, Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, The Jackal (1997), My Best Friend's Wedding, Risky Business, Sleepless in Seattle, U.S. Marshals and Wicker Park. The television series The Amazing Race and Prison Break have each filmed multiple scenes there.[169]

See also

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.

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  • Official website
  • O'Hare Modernization Program, City of Chicago
  • Council Ordinance authorizing O'Hare 21 (with TAP attached, O2018-1124 (V1).pdf), City of Chicago
  • Ward Map, City of Chicago
  • O'Hare History, Northwest Chicago Historical Society
  • The Fascinating History Chicago's O'Hare International Airport: 1920–1960, 1960–2000, 2000 to Present
  • Olson, William (January 4, 2010). "Sustainable Airport Design Takes Flight: The O'Hare Modernization Program". GreenBeanChicago.com.
  • openNav: ORD / KORD charts
  • FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective October 11, 2018
  • Resources for this airport:
  • Pate, R. Hewitt (Assistant Attorney General, Antitrust Division); McDonald, Bruce (Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Antitrust Division); Gillespie, William H. (Economist) (May 24, 2005). "Congestion And Delay Reduction at Chicago O'Hare International Airport: Docket No. FAA-2005-20704". Comments of The United States Department of Justice. Before The Federal Aviation Administration Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
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