National Party of Australia

National Party of Australia
President Larry Anthony
Leader Michael McCormack
Deputy leader Bridget McKenzie
Founded 20 January 1920
(as Australian Country Party)
Headquarters John McEwen House
7 National Circuit
Barton, ACT 2600
Youth wing Young Nationals
Ideology Conservatism
Agrarianism
Political position Centre-right
National affiliation Liberal–National Coalition
Colours           Green and yellow
Slogan For Regional Australia
House of Representatives
16 / 150
[Note 1]
Senate
6 / 76
[Note 2]
Website
http://www.nationals.org.au/

The National Party of Australia (also known as The Nationals or simply, The Nats) is an Australian political party. Traditionally representing graziers, farmers, and rural voters generally, it began as the Australian Country Party in 1920 at a federal level. It would later briefly adopt the name National Country Party in 1975, before adopting its current name in 1982.

Federally, and in New South Wales, and to an extent in Victoria and historically in Western Australia, it has, in government, been the minor party in a centre-right Coalition with the Liberal Party of Australia, and its leader has usually served as Deputy Prime Minister. In Opposition the Coalition was usually maintained, but otherwise still generally continued to work in co-operation with the Liberal Party of Australia (and their predecessors the Nationalist Party of Australia and United Australia Party). In Queensland however, they were the senior coalition party between 1925 and 2008, after which they merged with the junior Liberal Party of Australia to form the Liberal National Party (LNP).

The current leader of the National Party is Michael McCormack, who won a leadership election following Barnaby Joyce's resignation in February 2018.[1] The deputy leader of the Nationals, since 7 December 2017, is Bridget McKenzie.

History

William McWilliams, Country Party leader 1920–1921.
Sir Earle Page, Prime Minister of Australia 1939.
Sir Arthur Fadden, Prime Minister of Australia 1941.
Sir John McEwen, Prime Minister of Australia 1967-68.

The Country Party was formally founded in 1913 in Western Australia, and nationally in 1920 from a number of state-based parties such as the Victorian Farmers' Union (VFU) and the Farmers and Settlers Party of New South Wales.[2] Australia's first Country Party was founded in 1912 by Harry J. Stephens, editor of The Farmer & Settler, but under fierce opposition from rival newspapers,[3] failed to gain momentum.

The VFU won a seat in the House of Representatives at the Corangamite by-election held in December 1918, with the help of the newly introduced preferential voting system.[4] At the 1919 federal election the state-based Country Parties won federal seats in New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. They also began to win seats in state parliaments. In 1920 the Country Party was established as a national party led by William McWilliams from Tasmania. In his first speech as leader, McWilliams laid out the principles of the new party, stating "we crave no alliance, we spurn no support but we intend drastic action to secure closer attention to the needs of primary producers"[5] McWilliams was deposed as party leader in favour of Dr Earle Page in April 1921 following instances where McWilliams voted against the party line. McWilliams would later leave the Country Party to sit as an Independent.[5]

According to historian B. D. Graham (1959), the graziers who operated the sheep stations were politically conservative. They disliked the Labor Party, which represented their workers, and feared that Labor governments would pass unfavorable legislation and listen to foreigners and communists. The graziers were satisfied with the marketing organisation of their industry, opposed any change in land tenure and labour relations, and advocated lower tariffs, low freight rates, and low taxes. On the other hand, Graham reports, the small farmers, not the graziers, founded the Country party. The farmers advocated government intervention in the market through price support schemes and marketing pools. The graziers often politically and financially supported the Country party, which in turn made the Country party more conservative.[6]

The Country Party's first election as a united party, in 1922, saw it in an unexpected position of power. It won enough seats to deny the Nationalists an overall majority, and was the Nationalists' only realistic coalition partner. However, Page let it be known that his party would not serve under Hughes, and forced his resignation. Page then entered negotiations with the Nationalists' new leader, Stanley Bruce, for a coalition government. Page's terms were stiff—five seats in a Cabinet of 11, including the Treasurer portfolio and the second rank in the ministry for himself. Nonetheless, Bruce readily agreed, and the "Bruce-Page Ministry" was formed—thus beginning the tradition of the party's leader ranking second in Coalition cabinets.[2]

Page remained dominant in the party until 1939 and briefly served as an interim Prime Minister between the death of Joseph Lyons and the election of Robert Menzies as his successor, but Page's refusal to serve under Menzies led to his resignation as leader. The coalition was re-formed under Archie Cameron in 1940, and continued until October 1941 despite the election of Arthur Fadden as leader after the 1940 Election. Fadden was well regarded within conservative circles and proved to be a loyal deputy to Menzies in the difficult circumstances of 1941. When Menzies was forced to resign as Prime Minister, the UAP was so bereft of leadership that Fadden briefly succeeded him (despite the Country Party being the junior partner in the governing coalition). However, the two independents who had been propping up the government rejected Fadden's budget and brought the government down.[7] Fadden stood down in favour of Labor leader John Curtin.

The Fadden-led Coalition made almost no headway against Curtin, and was severely defeated in the 1943 election. After that loss, Fadden became deputy Leader of the Opposition under Menzies, a role that continued after Menzies folded the UAP into the Liberal Party of Australia in 1944. Fadden remained a loyal partner of Menzies, though he was still keen to assert the independence of his party. Indeed, in the lead up to the 1949 federal election, Fadden played a key role in the defeat of the Chifley Labor government, frequently making inflammatory claims about the "socialist" nature of the Labor Party, which Menzies could then "clarify" or repudiate as he saw fit, thus appearing more "moderate". In 1949, Fadden became Treasurer in the second Menzies government and remained so until his retirement in 1958. His successful partnership with Menzies was one of the elements that sustained the coalition, which remained in office until 1972 (Menzies himself retired in 1966).[7]

John McEwen House, The National Party's headquarters in Canberra

Fadden's successor, Trade Minister John McEwen, took the then unusual step of declining to serve as Treasurer, believing he could better ensure that the interests of Australian primary producers were safeguarded. Accordingly, McEwen personally supervised the signing of the first post-war trade treaty with Japan, new trade agreements with New Zealand and Britain, and Australia's first trade agreement with the USSR (1965). In addition to this he insisted on developing an all encompassing system of tariff protection that would encourage the development of those secondary industries that would "value add" Australia's primary produce. His success in this endeavour is sometimes dubbed "McEwenism". This was the period of the Country Party's greatest power, as was demonstrated in 1962 when McEwen was able to insist that Menzies sack a Liberal Minister who claimed that Britain's entry into the European Economic Community was unlikely to severely impact on the Australian economy as a whole.[8]

Menzies retired in 1966 and was succeeded by Harold Holt. McEwen thus became the longest-tenured member of the government, with the informal right to veto government policy. The most significant instance that McEwen exercised this came when Holt disappeared in December 1967. John Gorton became the new Liberal Prime Minister in January 1968. McEwen was sworn in as an interim Prime Minister pending the election of the new Liberal leader. Logically, the Liberals' deputy leader, William McMahon, should have succeeded Holt. However, McMahon was a staunch free-trader, and there were also rumors that he was homosexual. As a result, McEwen told the Liberals that he and his party would not serve under McMahon. McMahon stood down in favour of John Gorton. It would be only after McEwen announced his retirement that MacMahon would be able to successfully challenge Gorton for the Liberal leadership. McEwen's reputation for political toughness led to him being nicknamed "Black Jack" by his allies and enemies alike.[9]

At the state level, from 1957 to 1989, the Country Party under Frank Nicklin and Joh Bjelke-Petersen dominated governments in Queensland—the last six of those years ruling in its own right, without the Liberals. It also took part in governments in New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia.[10]

However, successive electoral redistributions after 1964 indicated that the Country Party was losing ground electorally to the Liberals as the rural population declined, and the nature of some parliamentary seats on the urban/rural fringe changed. A proposed merger with the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) under the banner of "National Alliance" was rejected when it failed to find favour with voters at the 1974 state election.

Also in 1974, the Northern Territory members of the party joined with its Liberal party members to form the independent Country Liberal Party. This party continues to represent both parent parties in that territory. A separate party, the Joh-inspired NT Nationals, competed in the 1987 election with former Chief Minister Ian Tuxworth winning his seat of Barkly by a small margin. However, this splinter group were not endorsed by the national executive and soon disappeared from the political scene.[11]

Countrymindedness

"Countrymindedness" was a slogan that summed up the ideology of the Country Party from 1920 through the early 1970s.[12] It was an ideology that was physiocratic, populist, and decentralist; it fostered rural solidarity and justified demands for government subsidies. "Countrymindedness" grew out of the failure of the country areas to participate in the rapid economic and population expansions that occurred after 1890. The growth of the ideology into urban areas came as most country people migrated to jobs in the cities. Its decline was due mainly to the reduction of real and psychological differences between country and city brought about by the postwar expansion of the Australian urban population and to the increased affluence and technological changes that accompanied it.[13][14]

National Country Party, and National Party

In 1975 the Country Party changed its name to the National Country Party as part of a strategy to expand into urban areas. This had some success in Queensland under Joh Bjelke-Petersen, but nowhere else. In Western Australia, the party briefly walked out of the coalition agreement in Western Australia in May 1975, returning within the month. However, the party split in two over the decision and other factors in late 1978, with a new National Party forming and becoming independent, holding three seats in the Western Australian lower house, while the National Country Party remained in coalition and also held three seats. They reconciled after the Burke Labor government came to power in 1983.

The 1980s were dominated by the feud between Bjelke-Petersen and the federal party leadership. Bjelke-Petersen briefly triumphed in 1987, forcing the Nationals to tear up the Coalition agreement and support his bid to become Prime Minister. The "Joh for Canberra" campaign backfired spectacularly when a large number of three-cornered contests allowed Labor to win a third term under Bob Hawke. It also proved to be the Queensland Nationals' last hurrah; Bjelke-Petersen was forced into retirement a few months after the federal election, and his party was heavily defeated in 1989. The Nationals experienced difficulties in the late 1990s from two fronts – firstly from the Liberal Party, who were winning seats on the basis that the Nationals were not seen to be a sufficiently separate party, and from the One Nation Party riding a swell of rural discontent with many of the policies such as multiculturalism and gun control embraced by all of the major parties. The rise of Labor in formerly safe National-held areas in rural Queensland, particularly on the coast, has been the biggest threat to the Queensland Nationals.

State and territory parties

New South Wales

Queensland

Queensland is the only state in which the Nationals have consistently been the stronger coalition partner. The Nationals were the senior partner in the non-Labor Coalition from the 1950s until the Coalition was broken up in 1983 and at the following state election the Nationals (under Joh Bjelke-Petersen) came up one seat short of a majority at the election, but gained one a few weeks later after Don Lane and Brian Austin crossed the floor to join the Nationals. The Nationals subsequently governed in their own right until 1989.

The Queensland branch of the Country Party was the first to change its name to the National Party in April 1974.[15]

The continued success of the Australian Labor Party at a state level has put pressure on the Nationals' links with the Liberal Party, their traditional coalition partner. In most states, the Coalition agreement is not in force when the parties are in opposition, allowing the two parties greater freedom of action.

In Queensland the National Party merged with the Liberal Party to form the Liberal National Party (LNP) in 2008. The LNP led by Lawrence Springborg went on to lose the March 2009 election to Anna Bligh's Australian Labor Party. However, in the 2012 state election, the LNP defeated the Labor Party in a landslide, but lost government in the 2015 landslide to Labor, also losing in 2018.

South Australia

In South Australia, for the first time in the Nationals' history, in 2002 the single Nationals member in the House of Assembly entered the Rann Labor Government as a Minister forming an informal coalition between the two parties. Since the 2010 South Australian State election, the Nationals in South Australia have no representative in either the House of Assembly or the Upper House or at a Federal level. There existed a distinctly different Country Party in South Australia which merged with the Liberal Federation to become the Liberal and Country League in 1932.

Tasmania

The Nationals have had a very intermittent history of organising in Tasmania compared to the main states with limited electoral success. The most recent attempt began in 2013 but disagreements between the state and federal parties led to the latter cutting ties[16] and the state party renamed itself the Tasmania Party[17] before disappearing off the scene.[18] In May 2018 federal senator Steve Martin joined the party and declared he would seek to relaunch it in the state.[19]

Victoria

The Nationals were stung in early 2006, when their only Victorian senator, Julian McGauran, defected to the Liberals and created a serious rift between the Nationals and the Liberals.[20] Several commentators believed that changing demographics and unfavourable preference deals would demolish the Nationals at the state election that year, but they went on to enjoy considerable success by winning two extra lower house seats. The Nationals were in a coalition government with the Liberals at a State level in Victoria until their defeat at the 2014 election. Following the election, the ABC reported that the coalition parties would "review" whether to continue their joint working arrangement into opposition.[21] However, both outgoing Nationals leader Peter Ryan and incoming Liberal leader Matthew Guy indicated they felt the coalition should continue.[22][23]

Western Australia

Western Australia's National Party chose to assert its independence after an acrimonious co-habitation with the Liberals on the 2005 campaign trail. Unlike its New South Wales and Queensland counterparts, the WA party had decided to oppose Liberal candidates in the 2008 election. The party aimed to hold the balance of power in the state "as an independent conservative party" ready to negotiate with the Liberals or Labor to form a minority government. After the election, the Nationals negotiated an agreement to form a government with the Liberals and an independent MP, though not described as a "traditional coalition" due to the reduced cabinet collective responsibility of National cabinet members.[24]

Western Australia's one-vote-one-value reforms will cut the number of rural seats in the state assembly to reflect the rural population level: this, coupled with the Liberals' strength in country areas has put the Nationals under significant pressure.

Australian Capital Territory

The Nationals have rarely organised or stood in the Australian Capital Territory. Federally their only candidatures were in the 1974 election when they contested both constituencies and secured 3.5% of the territory vote.[25] In the first election to the Legislative Assembly in 1989 David Adams, a former Liberal member of the old House of Assembly, headed a list of three candidates for the Nationals.[26] They received 1947 votes (1.37%) and did not get any members elected.[27] The party has not stood in the territory since.

Northern Territory

Political role

The Nationals see their main role as giving a voice to Australians who live outside the country's metropolitan areas.

Traditionally, the leader of the National Party serves as Deputy Prime Minister when the Coalition is in government. This tradition dates back to the creation of the office in 1968.

The National Party's support base and membership are closely associated with the agricultural community. Historically anti-union, the party has vacillated between state support for primary industries ("agrarian socialism") and free agricultural trade and has opposed tariff protection for Australia's manufacturing and service industries. This vacillation prompted those opposed to the policies of the Nationals to joke that its real aim was to "capitalise its gains and socialise its losses!". It is usually pro-mining, pro-development, and anti-environmentalist.

The Nationals vote is in decline and its traditional supporters are turning instead to prominent independents such as Bob Katter, Tony Windsor and Peter Andren in Federal Parliament and similar independents in the Parliaments of New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, many of whom are former members of the National Party. In fact since the 2004 Federal election, National Party candidates received fewer first preference votes than the Australian Greens.

Demographic changes are not helping, with fewer people living and employed on the land or in small towns, the continued growth of the larger provincial centres, and, in some cases, the arrival of left-leaning "city refugees" in rural areas. The Liberals have also gained support as the differences between the coalition partners on a federal level have become invisible. This was highlighted in January 2006, when Nationals Senator Julian McGauran defected to the Liberals, saying that there was "no longer any real distinguishing policy or philosophical difference".[28]

State Lower House Seats
(Single Lib-Nat Party represents QLD)
NSW Parliament
16 / 93
VIC Parliament
7 / 88
QLD Parliament
21 / 89
WA Parliament
5 / 59

In Queensland, Nationals leader Lawrence Springborg advocated merger of the National and Liberal parties at a state level in order to present a more effective opposition to the Labor Party. Previously this plan had been dismissed by the Queensland branch of the Liberal party, but the idea received in-principle support from the Liberals. Federal leader Mark Vaile stated the Nationals will not merge with the Liberal Party at a federal level. The plan was opposed by key Queensland Senators Ron Boswell and Barnaby Joyce, and was scuttled in 2006. After suffering defeat in the 2006 Queensland poll, Lawrence Springborg was replaced by Jeff Seeney, who indicated he was not interested in merging with the Liberal Party until the issue is seriously raised at a Federal level.

In September 2008, Joyce replaced CLP Senator and Nationals deputy leader Nigel Scullion as leader of the Nationals in the Senate, and stated that his party in the upper house would no longer necessarily vote with their Liberal counterparts in the upper house, which opened up another possible avenue for the Rudd Labor Government to get legislation through.[29][30] Joyce was elected leader in a party-room ballot on 11 February 2016, following the retirement of former leader and Deputy Prime Minister Warren Truss.[31][32][33][34] Joyce was one of five politicians disqualified from parliament in October 2017 for holding dual citizenship, along with former deputy leader, Fiona Nash.

Liberal/National merger

Merger plans came to a head in May 2008, when the Queensland state Liberal Party gave an announcement not to wait for a federal blueprint but instead to merge immediately. The new party, the Liberal National Party, was founded in July 2008.

Historical electoral results

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Government
1919* none 176,884 9.3
11 / 75
 Increase 11 Increase 3rd Crossbench
1922 Earle Page 197,513 12.5
14 / 75
 Increase 3 Steady 3rd Coalition
1925 Earle Page 313,363 10.7
13 / 75
 Decrease 1 Steady 3rd Coalition
1928 Earle Page 271,686 10.4
13 / 75
 Steady 0 Steady 3rd Coalition
1929 Earle Page 295,640 10.2
10 / 75
 Decrease 3 Steady 3rd Opposition
1931 Earle Page 388,544 12.2
16 / 75
 Increase 6 Increase 2nd Crossbench
1934 Earle Page 447,968 12.6
14 / 74
 Decrease 2 Decrease 3rd Coalition
1937 Earle Page 560,279 15.5
16 / 74
 Increase 2 Steady 3rd Coalition
1940 Archie Cameron 531,397 13.7
13 / 74
 Decrease 3 Steady 3rd Coalition
1943 Arthur Fadden 287,000 6.9
7 / 74
 Decrease 6 Steady 3rd Opposition
1946 Arthur Fadden 464,737 10.7
11 / 76
 Increase 4 Steady 3rd Opposition
1949 Arthur Fadden 500,349 10.8
19 / 121
 Increase 8 Steady 3rd Coalition
1951 Arthur Fadden 443,713 9.7
17 / 121
 Decrease 2 Steady 3rd Coalition
1954 Arthur Fadden 388,171 8.5
17 / 121
 Steady 0 Steady 3rd Coalition
1955 Arthur Fadden 347,445 7.9
18 / 122
 Increase 1 Steady 3rd Coalition
1958 John McEwen 465,320 9.3
19 / 122
 Increase 1 Steady 3rd Coalition
1961 John McEwen 446,475 8.5
17 / 122
 Decrease 2 Steady 3rd Coalition
1963 John McEwen 489,498 8.9
20 / 122
 Increase 3 Steady 3rd Coalition
1966 John McEwen 561,926 9.8
21 / 124
 Increase 1 Steady 3rd Coalition
1969 John McEwen 523,232 8.5
20 / 125
 Decrease 1 Steady 3rd Coalition
1972 Doug Anthony 622,826 9.4
20 / 125
 Steady 0 Steady 3rd Opposition
1974 Doug Anthony 736,252 9.9
21 / 127
 Increase 1 Steady 3rd Opposition
1975 Doug Anthony 869,919 11.2
23 / 127
 Increase 2 Steady 3rd Coalition
1977 Doug Anthony 793,444 10.0
19 / 124
 Decrease 4 Steady 3rd Coalition
1980 Doug Anthony 745,037 8.9
20 / 125
 Increase 1 Steady 3rd Coalition
1983 Doug Anthony 799,609 9.2
17 / 125
 Decrease 3 Steady 3rd Opposition
1984 Ian Sinclair 921,151 10.6
21 / 148
 Increase 4 Steady 3rd Opposition
1987 Ian Sinclair 1,060,976 11.5
19 / 148
 Decrease 2 Steady 3rd Opposition
1990 Charles Blunt 833,557 8.4
14 / 148
 Decrease 5 Steady 3rd Opposition
1993 Tim Fischer 758,036 7.1
16 / 147
 Increase 2 Steady 3rd Opposition
1996 Tim Fischer 893,170 7.1
18 / 148
 Increase 2 Steady 3rd Coalition
1998 Tim Fischer 588,088 5.2
16 / 148
 Decrease 3 Steady 3rd Coalition
2001 John Anderson 643,926 5.6
13 / 150
 Decrease 3 Steady 3rd Coalition
2004 John Anderson 690,275 5.8
12 / 150
 Decrease 1 Steady 3rd Coalition
2007 Mark Vaile 682,424 5.4
10 / 150
 Decrease 2 Steady 3rd Opposition
2010 Warren Truss 419,286 3.4
12 / 150
[Note 3]		 Increase 2 Steady 3rd Opposition
2013 Warren Truss 554,268 4.2
15 / 150
[Note 4]		 Increase 3 Steady 3rd Coalition
2016 Barnaby Joyce 624,555 4.6
16 / 150
[Note 5]		 Increase 1 Steady 3rd Coalition
  1. ↑ Including the 6 LNP MPs who sit in the National party room.
  2. ↑ Including the 2 LNP Senators and 1 CLP Senator who sit in the National party room.
  3. ↑ Including the 5 LNP MPs who sit in the National party room.
  4. ↑ Including the 6 LNP MPs who sit in the National party room.
  5. ↑ Including the 6 LNP MPs who sit in the National party room.

Leadership

List of leaders

# Leader Term start Term end Time in office Notes
1 William McWilliams 24 February 19205 April 1921 1 year, 40 days
2 Earle Page 5 April 192113 September 1939 18 years, 161 days Prime Minister: 1939
Deputy PM: 1923–29, 1934–39
3 Archie Cameron 13 September 193916 October 1940 1 year, 33 days Deputy PM: 1940
4 Arthur Fadden 16 October 1940
acting until
12 March 1941		12 March 1958 17 years, 147 days Prime Minister: 1941
Deputy PM: 1940–41, 1949–58
5 John McEwen 26 March 19581 February 1971 12 years, 312 days Prime Minister: 1967–68
Deputy PM: 1958–67, 1968–71
6 Doug Anthony 2 February 197117 January 1984 12 years, 349 days Deputy PM: 1971–72, 1975–83
7 Ian Sinclair 17 January 19849 May 1989 4 years, 113 days
8 Charles Blunt 9 May 19896 April 1990 332 days
9 Tim Fischer 19 April 19901 July 1999 9 years, 73 days Deputy PM: 1996–99
10 John Anderson 1 July 199923 June 2005 5 years, 357 days Deputy PM: 1999–2005
11 Mark Vaile 23 June 20053 December 2007 2 years, 163 days Deputy PM: 2005–07
12 Warren Truss 7 December 200711 February 2016 8 years, 66 days Deputy PM: 2013–16
13 Barnaby Joyce 11 February 201626 February 2018 2 years, 14 days Deputy PM: 2016–2018
14 Michael McCormack 26 February 2018 233 days Deputy PM: 2018–

List of deputy leaders

OrderNameTerm startTerm endTime in officeLeader
1 Edmund Jowett24 February 19205 April 19211 year, 40 daysMcWilliams
2 Henry Gregory5 April 19212 December 1921241 daysPage
vacant23 February 192227 June 1922
3 William Fleming27 June 192216 January 1923203 days
4 William Gibson16 January 192319 November 19296 years, 307 days
5 Thomas Paterson19 November 192927 November 19378 years, 8 days
6 Harold Thorby2 years, 262 days
27 November 193715 October 1940Cameron
7 Arthur Fadden15 October 194012 March 1941148 daysvacant
vacant12 March 194122 September 1943Fadden
8 John McEwen 22 September 194326 March 195814 years, 185 days
9 Charles Davidson26 March 195811 December 19635 years, 260 daysMcEwen
10 Charles Adermann11 December 19638 December 19662 years, 362 days
11 Doug Anthony8 December 19662 February 19714 years, 56 days
12 Ian Sinclair2 February 197117 January 198412 years, 349 daysAnthony
13 Ralph Hunt17 January 198424 July 19873 years, 188 daysSinclair
14 Bruce Lloyd5 years, 242 days
24 July 198723 March 1993Blunt
Fischer
15 John Anderson23 March 19931 July 19996 years, 100 days
16 Mark Vaile1 July 199923 June 20055 years, 357 daysAnderson
17 Warren Truss23 June 20053 December 20072 years, 163 daysVaile
18 Nigel Scullion3 December 200713 September 20135 years, 284 daysTruss
19 Barnaby Joyce13 September 201311 February 20162 years, 151 days
20 Fiona Nash11 February 20167 December 20171 year, 299 daysJoyce
21 Bridget McKenzie7 December 2017Incumbent
313 daysMcCormack

List of Senate leaders

The Country Party's first senators began their terms in 1926, but the party had no official leader in the upper chamber until 1935. Instead, the party nominated a "representative" or "liaison officer" where necessary – usually William Carroll. This was so that its members "were first and foremost representatives of their states, able to enjoy complete freedom of action and speech in the Senate and not beholden to the dictates of [...] a party Senate leader". On 3 October 1935, Charles Hardy was elected as Carroll's replacement and began using the title "Leader of the Country Party in the Senate". This usage was disputed by Carroll and Bertie Johnston, but a subsequent party meeting on 10 October confirmed Hardy's position.[35] However, after Hardy's term ended in 1938 (due to his defeat at the 1937 election), the party did not elect another Senate leader until 1949 – apparently due to its small number of senators.[36]

#NameTerm startTerm endTime in office
1 Charles Hardy 10 October 193530 June 1938 2 years, 263 days
vacant 30 June 19381949
2 Walter Cooper 19491960
3 Harrie Wade 19611964
4 Colin McKellar 19641969
5 Tom Drake-Brockman 19691975
6 James Webster 19761980
7 Douglas Scott February 198030 June 1985
8 Stan Collard 1 July 19855 June 1987 1 year, 339 days
9 John Stone 21 August 19871 March 1990 2 years, 192 days
10 Ron Boswell 10 April 19903 December 2007 17 years, 237 days
11 Nigel Scullion 3 December 200717 September 2008 289 days
12 Barnaby Joyce 17 September 20088 August 2013 4 years, 325 days
(11) Nigel Scullion 8 August 2013Incumbent 5 years, 69 days

Current state and territory leaders

StateLeaderTerm beganTime in officeNotes
NSW John Barilaro November 2016 1 year, 335 days Also Deputy Premier of New South Wales
VIC Peter Walsh December 2014 3 years, 319 days Leader
QLD Deb Frecklington December 2017 308 days Leader1
WA Mia Davies March 2017 1 year, 209 days Leader
NT Gary Higgins September 2016 2 years, 44 days Leader2

1 Queensland is represented by the Liberal National Party of Queensland. This party is the result of a merger of the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party and the Queensland National Party to contest elections as a single party.

2 In the Northern Territory, the Country Liberal Party endorses National candidates for the Senate and Liberal candidates for the House of Representatives.

The National Party does not stand candidates in Tasmania or the Australian Capital Territory.

Past Premiers

Donors

For the 2015-2016 financial year, the top ten disclosed donors to the National Party were: Manildra Group ($182,000), Ognis Pty Ltd ($100,000), Trepang Services ($70,000), Northwake Pty Ltd ($65,000), Hancock Prospecting ($58,000), Bindaree Beef ($50,000), Mowburn Nominees ($50,000), Retail Guild of Australia ($48,000), CropLife International ($43,000) and Macquarie Group ($38,000).[37][38]

The National Party also receives undisclosed funding through several methods, such as "associated entities". John McEwen House, Pilliwinks and Doogary are entities which have been used to funnel donations to the National Party without disclosing the source.[39][40][41][42]

See also

Further reading

  • Aitkin, Don. The country party in New South Wales (1972)
  • Aitkin, Don. "'Countrymindedness': The Spread of an Idea", ACH: The Journal of the History of Culture in Australia, April 1985, Vol. 4, pp 34–41
  • Davey, Paul. The Nationals: the Progressive, Country, and National Party in New South Wales 1919–2006 (2006)
  • Davey, Paul. "Politics in the Blood – The Anthonys of Richmond" (2008)
  • Davey, Paul. "Ninety Not Out – The Nationals 1920-2010" (2010)
  • Davey, Paul. "The Country Party Prime Ministers – Their Trials and Tribulations" (2011)
  • Duncan, C.J. "The demise of 'countrymindedness': New players or changing values in Australian rural politics?" Political Geography, Sep 1992, Vol. 11 Issue 5, pp 430–448
  • Graham, B. D. "Graziers in Politics, 1917 To 1929", Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand, 1959, Vol. 8 Issue 32, pp 383–391
  • Leithner, Christian. "Rational Behaviour, Economic Conditions and the Australian Country Party, 1922–1937", Australian Journal of Political Science, July 1991, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp 240–259
  • Williams, John R. "The Organization of the Australian National Party", Australian Quarterly, 1969, Vol. 41 Issue 2, pp 41–51,

Notes

    References

    1. ↑ Kenny, Mark (26 February 2018). "Michael McCormack new Deputy Prime Minister, Nationals leader". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
    2. 1 2 Aitkin, (1972); Graham, (1959)
    3. ↑ "That Alleged Country Party". The Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiser. NSW: National Library of Australia. 4 July 1913. p. 2. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
    4. ↑ "CORANGAMITE". The North Western Advocate and the Emu Bay Times. Tas.: National Library of Australia. 21 December 1918. p. 5. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
    5. 1 2 Neilson, W. (1986) 'McWilliams, William James (1856–1929)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
    6. ↑ B.D. Graham, "Graziers in Politics, 1917 To 1929", Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand, 1959, Vol. 8 Issue 32, pp 383–391
    7. 1 2 Davey (2006)
    8. ↑ Davey (2005)
    9. ↑ J. M. Barbalet, "Tri-Partism In Australia: The Role of the Australian Country Party", Politics (00323268), 1975, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp. 1–11
    10. ↑ Joseph Bindloss, Queensland (2002) p. 24
    11. ↑ Jeremy Moon and Campbell Sharman, Australian politics and government (2003) p. 228
    12. ↑ Rae Wear, "Countrymindedness Revisited", (Australian Political Science Association, 1990) online edition Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
    13. ↑ Don Aitkin, "'Countrymindedness': The Spread of an Idea", ACH: The Journal of the History of Culture in Australia, April 1985, Vol. 4, pp. 34–41
    14. ↑ C.J. Duncan, "The demise of 'countrymindedness': New players or changing values in Australian rural politics?" Political Geography, Sep 1992, Vol. 11 Issue 5, pp. 430–448
    15. ↑ Wanna, John; Arklay, Tracey. The Ayes Have It: The History of the Queensland Parliament, 1957–1989.
    16. ↑ Matt Smith (2014-01-30). "Federal National Party director expresses concern over non-aligned party running in Tasmanian poll". Mercury. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
    17. ↑ "Moves underway to set up a Tasmania Party to contest future elections". ABC News. 2014-11-26. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
    18. ↑ "Party Register". Tasmanian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
    19. ↑ Sue Bailey (2018-05-29). "Senator Steve Martin will struggle to get elected at the next poll says a Tasmanian academic". Examiner. Retrieved 2018-05-31.
    20. ↑ Libs 'involved' in McGauran defection, The Age, 30 January 2006
    21. ↑ "Victoria election 2014: National Party to 'review' coalition with Liberals in Victoria". ABC News. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
    22. ↑ "Peter Ryan stands down as leader of Victorian National Party". ABC News. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
    23. ↑ "Matthew Guy elected as new Liberal Party leader in Victoria". ABC News. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
    24. ↑ "Labor's clean sweep broken". News.com.au. Sydney. 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-09-14.
    25. ↑ Carr, Adam. "1974 House of Representatives: National and state summaries". Psephos Election Archive. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
    26. ↑ "List of elected candidates - 1989 Election". Elections ACT. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
    27. ↑ "First Preference Results - 1989 Election". Elections ACT. 2015-01-06. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
    28. ↑ "Senator McGauran quits Nationals – National". Melbourne: theage.com.au. 2006-01-23. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
    29. ↑ "Nationals won't toe Libs' line: Joyce". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 September 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
    30. ↑ Berkovic, Nicola (18 September 2008). "Leader Barnaby Joyce still a maverick". The Australian. Archived from the original on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
    31. ↑ Murphy, Katharine (11 February 2016). "Barnaby Joyce wins Nationals leadership, Fiona Nash named deputy". The Guardian. Australia. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
    32. ↑ Gartrell, Adam (11 February 2016). "Parliament pays tribute to retiring deputy PM Warren Truss ahead of Barnaby Joyce elevation". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
    33. ↑ Keany, Francis (11 February 2016). "Barnaby Joyce elected unopposed as new Nationals leader". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
    34. ↑ "Truss wins Nationals leadership". ABC News. Australia. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
    35. ↑ Paul Davey (2010). Ninety Not Out: The Nationals 1920–2010. UNSW Press. p. 57.
    36. ↑ Davey (2010), p. 58.
    37. ↑ "Donor Summary by Party Group". www.periodicdisclosures.aec.gov.au. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
    38. ↑ "Donor Summary by Party". www.periodicdisclosures.aec.gov.au. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
    39. ↑ "Australian political donations: Who gave how much?". Retrieved 7 September 2017.
    40. ↑ "John McEwen House Pty Ltd". Retrieved 7 September 2017.
    41. ↑ "Pilliwinks Pty Ltd as Trustee National Party Foundation". Retrieved 7 September 2017.
    42. ↑ "Disclosure rules far from revealing". Retrieved 7 September 2017.

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