ISO 639 macrolanguage

ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. In defining some of its language codes, some are classified as macrolanguages, which include other individual languages in the standard. This category exists to assist mapping between another set of languages codes, ISO 639-2, and ISO 639-3. ISO 639-3 is curated by SIL International, ISO 639-2 is curated by the Library of Congress (USA).

The mapping often has the implication that it covers borderline cases where two language varieties may be considered strongly divergent dialects of the same language or very closely related languages (dialect continuums). It may also encompass situations when there are language varieties that are sometimes considered to be varieties of the same language and sometimes different languages for ethnic or political rather than linguistic reasons. However, this is not its primary function and the classification is not evenly applied. For example, "Chinese" is a macrolanguage encompassing many languages that are not mutually intelligible, but the languages "Standard German", "Bavarian German", and other closely related languages do not form a macrolanguage despite being more mutually intelligible. Other examples include Tajiki not being part of the Persian macrolanguage despite sharing much lexicon, and Urdu and Hindi not forming a macrolanguage. Even all dialects of Hindi are considered as separate languages. Basically, ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 use different criteria for dividing language varieties into languages, 639-2 uses shared writing systems and literature more whereas 639-3 focuses on mutual intelligibility and shared lexicon. The macrolanguages exist within the ISO 639-3 code set to make mapping between the two sets easier.

There are fifty-six language codes in ISO 639-2 that are considered to be macrolanguages in ISO 639-3.[1] The use of this category of macrolanguage was applied in Ethnologue, starting in the 16th edition.[2]

Some of the macrolanguages had no individual language (as defined by 639-3) in ISO 639-2, e.g. "ara" (Arabic), but ISO 639-3 recognizes different varieties of Arabic as separate languages under some circumstances. Others, like "nor" (Norwegian) had their two individual parts (nno Nynorsk, nob Bokmål) already in 639-2. That means some languages (e.g. "arb" Standard Arabic) that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language ("ara") are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves. This is an attempt to deal with varieties that may be linguistically distinct from each other, but are treated by their speakers as forms of the same language, e.g. in cases of diglossia. For example,

  • Generic Arabic, 639-2[3]
  • Standard Arabic, 639-3[4]

ISO 639-2 also includes codes for collections of languages; these are not the same as macrolanguages. These collections of languages are excluded from ISO 639-3, because they never refer to individual languages. Most such codes are included in ISO 639-5.

Types of macrolanguages

  • elements that have no ISO 639-2 code: 4 (bnc, hbs, kln, luy)
  • elements that have no ISO 639-1 code: 29
  • elements that do have ISO 639-1 codes: 32
  • elements whose individual languages have ISO 639-1 codes: 2 (hbs hr, bs, sr and nor nn, nb)

List of macrolanguages

This list only includes official data from http://www.sil.org/iso639-3.

ISO 639-1 ISO 639-2 ISO 639-3 Number of individual languages Name of macrolanguage
akakaaka2Akan language
araraara30Arabic language
ayaymaym2Aymara language
azazeaze2Azerbaijani language
(-)balbal3Baluchi language
(-)bikbik8 + retired 1Bikol language
(-)(-)bnc5Bontok language
(-)buabua3Buriat language
(-)chmchm2Mari language (Russia)
crcrecre6Cree language
(-)deldel2Delaware language
(-)denden2Slavey language (Athapascan)
(-)dindin5Dinka language
(-)doidoi2Dogri language
etestest2Estonian language
fafas/perfas2Persian language
fffulful9Fulah language
(-)gbagba6 + retired 1Gbaya language (Central African Republic)
(-)gongon2Gondi language
(-)grbgrb5Grebo language
gngrngrn5Guaraní language
(-)haihai2Haida language
(-)[5](-)hbs3Serbo-Croatian
(-)hmnhmn25 + retired 1Hmong language
iuikuiku2Inuktitut language
ikipkipk2Inupiaq language
(-)jrbjrb5Judeo-Arabic languages
krkaukau3Kanuri language
(-)(-)kln9Kalenjin languages
(-)kokkok2Konkani language
kvkomkom2Komi language
kgkonkon3Kongo language
(-)kpekpe2Kpelle language
kukurkur3Kurdish language
(-)lahlah7 + retired 1Lahnda language
lvlavlav2Latvian language
(-)(-)luy14Luyia language
(-)manman6 + retired 1Manding languages
mgmlgmlg11 + retired 1Malagasy language
mnmonmon2Mongolian language
msmsa/maymsa36 + retired 1Malay language
(-)mwrmwr6Marwari language
nenepnep2Nepali language
nonornor2Norwegian language
ojojioji7Ojibwa language
ororiori2Oriya language
omormorm4Oromo language
pspuspus3Pashto language
ququeque44Quechua language
(-)rajraj6Rajasthani language
(-)romrom7Romany language
sqsqi/albsqi4Albanian language
scsrdsrd4Sardinian language
swswaswa2Swahili language
(-)syrsyr2Syriac language
(-)tmhtmh4Tuareg languages
uzuzbuzb2Uzbek language
yiyidyid2Yiddish language
(-)zapzap57 + retired 1Zapotec language
zazhazha16 + retired 2Zhuang languages
zhzho/chizho14Chinese language
(-)zzazza2Zaza language

List of macrolanguages and the individual languages

aaa–ezz

aka

aka is the ISO 639-3 language code for Akan. Its ISO 639-1 code is ak. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. fatFante
  2. twiTwi

ara

ara is the ISO 639-3 language code for Arabic language. Its ISO 639-1 code is ar. There are 30 individual language codes assigned.

  1. aaoAlgerian Saharan Arabic
  2. abhTajiki Arabic
  3. abvBaharna Arabic
  4. acmMesopotamian Arabic
  5. acqTa'izzi-Adeni Arabic
  6. acwHijazi Arabic
  7. acxOmani Arabic
  8. acyCypriot Arabic
  9. adfDhofari Arabic
  10. aebTunisian Arabic
  11. aecSaidi Arabic
  12. afbGulf Arabic
  13. ajpSouth Levantine Arabic
  14. apcNorth Levantine Arabic
  15. apdSudanese Arabic
  16. arbStandard Arabic
  17. arqAlgerian Arabic
  18. arsNajdi Arabic
  19. aryMoroccan Arabic
  20. arzEgyptian Arabic
  21. auzUzbeki Arabic
  22. avlEastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic
  23. ayhHadrami Arabic
  24. aylLibyan Arabic
  25. aynSanaani Arabic
  26. aypNorth Mesopotamian Arabic
  27. bbzBabalia Creole Arabic
  28. pgaSudanese Creole Arabic
  29. shuChadian Arabic
  30. sshShihhi Arabic

aym

aym is the ISO 639-3 language code for Aymara. Its ISO 639-1 code is ay. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. ayrCentral Aymara
  2. aycSouthern Aymara

aze

aze is the ISO 639-3 language code for Azerbaijani. Its ISO 639-1 code is az. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. azjNorth Azerbaijani
  2. azbSouth Azerbaijani

bal

bal is the ISO 639-3 language code for Baluchi. There are three individual language codes assigned:

  1. bgpEastern Balochi
  2. bccSouthern Balochi
  3. bgnWestern Balochi

bik

bik is the ISO 639-3 language code for Bikol. There are eight individual language codes assigned:

  1. bclCentral Bicolano
  2. btoIriga Bicolano
  3. ctsNorthern Catanduanes Bicolano
  4. bln – Southern Catanduanes Bicolano
  5. fbl – West Albay Bikol
  6. lbl – Libon Bikol
  7. rbl – Miraya Bikol
  8. ubl – Buhi'non Bikol

bnc

bnc is the ISO 639-3 language code for Bontok. There are five individual language codes assigned:

  1. ebk – Eastern Bontok
  2. lbk – Central Bontok
  3. obk – Southern Bontok
  4. rbk – Northern Bontok
  5. vbk – Southwestern Bontok

bua

bua is the ISO 639-3 language code for Buriat. There are three individual language codes assigned:

  1. bxu – China Buriat
  2. bxm – Mongolia Buriat
  3. bxrRussia Buriat

chm

chm is the ISO 639-3 language code for Mari, a language located in Russia. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. mhrEastern Mari
  2. mrjWestern Mari

cre

cre is the ISO 639-3 language code for Cree. Its ISO 639-1 code is cr. There are six individual language codes assigned:

  1. crmMoose Cree
  2. crlNorthern East Cree
  3. crkPlains Cree
  4. crjSouthern East Cree
  5. cswSwampy Cree
  6. cwdWoods Cree

In addition, there are six closely associated individual codes.

  1. nskNaskapi (part of the Cree language group but not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
  2. moeMontagnais (part of the Cree language group but not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
  3. atjAtikamekw (part of the Cree language group but not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
  4. crgMichif language (Cree-French mixed language with strong influences from Ojibwe language group and not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
  5. ojsOjibwa, Severn (Ojibwa, Northern) (part of the Ojibwa language group with strong influences from the Cree language group and not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)
  6. ojwOjibwa, Western (part of the Ojibwa language group with strong influences from the Cree language group and not included under the cre macrolanguage designation)

In addition, there is 1 other language without individual codes closely associated, but not part of, this macrolanguage code.

  1. Bungee language (mixed language of Cree, Ojibwa, French, English, Assiniboine and Scottish Gaelic)

del

del is the ISO 639-3 language code for Delaware. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. umuMunsee
  2. unmUnami

den

den is the ISO 639-3 language code for Slave. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. scsNorth Slavey
  2. xslSouth Slavey

din

din is the ISO 639-3 language code for Dinka. There are five individual language codes assigned:

  1. dip – Northeastern Dinka
  2. diw – Northwestern Dinka
  3. dib – South Central Dinka
  4. dks – Southeastern Dinka
  5. dik – Southwestern Dinka

doi

doi is the ISO 639-3 language code for Dogri. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. dgoDogri (individual language)
  2. xnrKangri

est

est is the ISO 639-3 language code for Estonian. Its ISO 639-1 code is et. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. ekkEstonian (Standard Estonian)
  2. vroVõro

faa–jzz

fas

fas is the ISO 639-3 language code for Persian. Its ISO 639-1 code is fa. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. prsDari Persian
  2. pesWestern Persian

ful

ful is the ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 language code for Fulah (also spelled Fula). Its ISO 639-1 code is ff. There are nine individual language codes assigned for varieties of Fulah:

  1. fub – Adamawa Fulfulde
  2. fui – Bagirmi Fulfulde
  3. fue – Borgu Fulfulde
  4. fuq – Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde
  5. ffmMaasina Fulfulde
  6. fuv – Nigerian Fulfulde
  7. fucPulaar
  8. fufPular
  9. fuhWestern Niger Fulfulde

gba

gba is the ISO 639-3 language code for Gbaya located in the Central African Republic. There are six to seven individual language codes assigned:

  1. bdt – Bokoto
  2. gbp – Gbaya-Bossangoa
  3. gbq – Gbaya-Bozoum
  4. gmm – Gbaya-Mbodomo
  5. gya – Northwest Gbaya
  6. mdo – Southwest Gbaya (Retired 2008-01-14)
  7. gso – Southwest Gbaya

gon

gon is the ISO 639-3 language code for Gondi. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. gno – Northern Gondi
  2. ggo – Southern Gondi

grb

grb is the ISO 639-3 language code for Grebo. There are five individual language codes assigned:

  1. gry – Barclayville Grebo
  2. grv – Central Grebo
  3. gec – Gboloo Grebo
  4. gbo – Northern Grebo
  5. grjSouthern Grebo

grn

grn is the ISO 639-3 language code for Guarani. Its ISO 639-1 code is gn. There are five individual language codes assigned:

  1. nhdChiripá
  2. guiEastern Bolivian Guaraní
  3. gunMbyá Guaraní
  4. gugParaguayan Guaraní
  5. gnwWestern Bolivian Guaraní

hai

hai is the ISO 639-3 language code for Haida. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. hdn – Northern Haida
  2. hax – Southern Haida

hbs

hbs is the ISO 639-3 language code for Serbo-Croatian. There are three individual language codes assigned:

  1. bosBosnian
  2. hrvCroatian
  3. srpSerbian

hmn

hmn is the ISO 639-3 language code for Hmong. As of February 2007, 24 individual language codes are included:

  1. hmc – Central Huishui Hmong
  2. hmm – Central Mashan Hmong
  3. cqdChuanqiandian Cluster Miao
  4. hme – Eastern Huishui Hmong
  5. hmq – Eastern Qiandong Hmong
  6. muq – Eastern Xiangxi Hmong
  7. hmjGejia
  8. mwwHmong Daw
  9. hnjHmong Njua
  10. hrmHorned Miao
  11. hmdLarge Flowery Miao
  12. hmlLuopohe Hmong
  13. huj – Northern Guiyang Hmong
  14. hmi – Northern Huishui Hmong
  15. hmp – Northern Mashan Hmong
  16. hea – Northern Qiandong Miao
  17. sfmSmall Flowery Miao
  18. hmy – Southern Guiyang Hmong
  19. hma – Southern Mashan Hmong
  20. hms – Southern Qiandong Miao
  21. hmg – Southwestern Guiyang Hmong
  22. hmh – Southwestern Huishui Hmong
  23. hmw – Western Mashan Hmong
  24. mmr – Western Xiangxi Miao

iku

iku is the ISO 639-3 language code for Inuktitut. Its ISO 639-1 code is iu. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. ikeEastern Canadian Inuktitut
  2. iktWestern Canadian Inuktitut

ipk

ipk is the ISO 639-3 language code for Inupiaq. Its ISO 639-1 code is ik. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. esiNorth Alaskan Inupiatun
  2. eskNorthwest Alaska Inupiatun

jrb

jrb is the ISO 639-3 language code for Judeo-Arabic. There are five individual language codes assigned:

  1. yhdJudeo-Iraqi Arabic
  2. ajuJudeo-Moroccan Arabic
  3. yudJudeo-Tripolitanian Arabic
  4. ajtJudeo-Tunisian Arabic
  5. jyeJudeo-Yemeni Arabic

kaa–ozz

kau

kau is the ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 language code for the Kanuri language. Its ISO 639-1 code is kr. There are three individual language codes assigned in ISO 639-3 for varieties of Kanuri:

  1. knc – Central Kanuri
  2. kby – Manga Kanuri
  3. krt – Tumari Kanuri

There are 2 other related languages that are not considered part of the macrolanguage under ISO 639:

  1. bms – Bilma Kanuri
  2. kblKanembu

kln

kln is the ISO 639-3 language code for Kalenjin language. With effective from January 14, 2008, there are nine individual language codes assigned:

  1. eyoKeiyo
  2. sgcKipsigis
  3. enbMarkweeta
  4. niqNandi
  5. okiOkiek
  6. pkoPökoot
  7. spySabaot
  8. tecTerik
  9. tuyTugen

kok

kok is the ISO 639-3 language code for Konkani macrolanguage. There are two individual language codes assigned.

  1. gomGoan Konkani (has official recognition as an independent language)
  2. knnMaharashtrian Konkani (no official recognition, treated by some linguists as a dialect of Marathi)

Both languages are referred to as Konkani by their respective speakers.

kom

kom is the ISO 639-3 language code for Komi. Its ISO 639-1 code is kv. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. koiKomi-Permyak
  2. kpvKomi-Zyrian

kon

kon is the ISO 639-3 language code for Kongo. Its ISO 639-1 code is kg. There are three individual language codes assigned:

  1. kng – Koongo
  2. ldi – Laari
  3. kwy – San Salvador Kongo

kpe

kpe is the ISO 639-3 language code for Kpelle language. There are two individual language codes assigned.

  1. gkpGuinea Kpelle
  2. xpeLiberia Kpelle

kur

kur is the ISO 639-3 language code for Kurdish. Its ISO 639-1 code is ku. There are three individual language codes assigned:

  1. ckbCentral Kurdish
  2. kmrNorthern Kurdish
  3. sdhSouthern Kurdish

lah

lah is the ISO 639-3 language code for Lahnda language. There are eight individual language codes assigned.

  1. jatJakati
  2. xheKhetrani
  3. pmuMirpur Panjabi
  4. hnoNorthern Hindko
  5. phrPahari-Potwari
  6. skrSaraiki
  7. hndSouthern Hindko
  8. pnb – Western Panjabi

Note that lah does not include Panjabi/Punjabi (pan).

lav

lav is the ISO 639-3 language code for Latvian. Its ISO 639-1 code is lv. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. ltgLatgalian
  2. lvsStandard Latvian

luy

luy is the ISO 639-3 language code for Luhya language. With effective from January 14, 2008, there are 14 individual language codes assigned:

  1. bxkBukusu
  2. nleEast Nyala
  3. idaIdakho (Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki)
  4. lkbKabras
  5. lkoKhayo
  6. lksKisa
  7. ragLogooli
  8. lriMarachi
  9. lrmMarama
  10. nydNyore
  11. lsmSaamia
  12. ltsTachoni
  13. ltoTsotso
  14. lwgWanga

man

man is the ISO 639-3 language code for Mandingo language. There are seven individual language codes assigned.

  1. emkEastern Maninkakan
  2. myq – Forest Maninka
  3. mwkKita Maninkakan
  4. mku – Konyanka Maninka
  5. mnkMandinka
  6. msc – Sankaran Maninka
  7. mlqWestern Maninkakan

mlg

mlg is the ISO 639-3 language code for Malagasy. Its ISO 639-1 code is mg. There are eleven to twelve individual language codes assigned:

  1. xmv – Antankarana Malagasy
  2. bhrBara Malagasy
  3. msh – Masikoro Malagasy
  4. bmm – Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
  5. plt – Plateau Malagasy
  6. skgSakalava Malagasy
  7. bjq – Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy (Retired 2011-05-18)
  8. bzc – Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
  9. tkg – Tesaka Malagasy
  10. tdxTandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy
  11. txy – Tanosy Malagasy
  12. xmw – Tsimihety Malagasy

mon

mon is the ISO 639-3 language code for Mongolian. Its ISO 639-1 code is mn. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. khk – Halh Mongolian
  2. mvf – Peripheral Mongolian

msa

msa is the ISO 639-3 language code for Malay. Its ISO 639-1 code is ms. There are 13 individual language codes assigned:

  1. btjBacanese Malay
  2. bveBerau Malay
  3. bvuBukit Malay
  4. coaCocos Islands Malay
  5. jaxJambi Malay
  6. meoKedah Malay
  7. mqgKota Bangun Kutai Malay
  8. mlyMalay (specific)
  9. xmmManado Malay
  10. maxNorth Moluccan Malay
  11. mfaPattani Malay
  12. msiSabah Malay
  13. vktTenggarong Kutai Malay

mwr

mwr is the ISO 639-3 language code for Marwari language. There are six individual language codes assigned.

  1. dhdDhundari
  2. rwr – Marwari (India)
  3. mve – Marwari (Pakistan)
  4. wry – Merwari
  5. mtrMewari
  6. swvShekhawati

nor

nor is the ISO 639-3 language code for Norwegian. Its ISO 639-1 code is no. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. nobNorwegian Bokmål
  2. nnoNorwegian Nynorsk

oji

oji is the ISO 639-3 language code for the Anishinaabe languages, commonly called the Ojibwe language group. Its ISO 639-1 code is oj. There are seven individual language codes assigned:

  1. ciwChippewa (Ojibwa, Southwestern)
  2. ojbOjibwa, Northwestern
  3. ojcOjibwa, Central
  4. ojgOjibwa, Mississaga (Ojibwa, Eastern)
  5. ojsOjibwa, Severn (Ojibwa, Northern)
  6. ojwOjibwa, Western
  7. otwOttawa

In addition, there are three closely associated individual codes.

  1. alqAlgonquin language (part of the Ojibwe language group but not included under the oji macrolanguage designation)
  2. potPotawatomi language (formerly part of the Ojibwe language group and not included under the oji macrolanguage designation)
  3. crgMichif language (Cree-French mixed language with strong influences from Ojibwe language group and not included under the oji macrolanguage designation)

In addition, there are two other languages without individual codes closely associated, but not part of, this macrolanguage code.

  1. Broken Ojibwa (pidgin language used until the end of the 19th century)
  2. Bungee language (mixed language of Cree, Ojibwa, French, English, Assiniboine and Scottish Gaelic)

orm

orm is the ISO 639-3 language code for Oromo language. Its ISO 639-1 code is om. There are four individual language codes assigned:

  1. gaxBorana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
  2. haeEastern Oromo
  3. orcOrma
  4. gazWest Central Oromo

paa–zzz

pus

pus is the ISO 639-3 language code for Pushto language. Its ISO 639-1 code is ps. There are three individual language codes assigned.

  1. pstCentral Pashto
  2. pbuNorthern Pashto
  3. pbtSouthern Pashto

que

que is the ISO 639-3 language code for Quechua languages. Its ISO 639-1 code is qu. As of April 2007 there are 44 individual language codes assigned for Quechua varieties.

  1. qvaAmbo-Pasco Quechua
  2. qxuArequipa-La Unión Quechua
  3. quyAyacucho Quechua
  4. qvcCajamarca Quechua
  5. qvlCajatambo North Lima Quechua
  6. qudCalderón Highland Quichua
  7. qxr – Cañar Highland Quichua
  8. qukChachapoyas Quechua
  9. cquChilean Quechua
  10. qug – Chimborazo Highland Quichua
  11. qxcChincha Quechua
  12. qxaChiquián Ancash Quechua
  13. qwcClassical Quechua
  14. qwa – Corongo Ancash Quechua
  15. quzCusco Quechua
  16. qveEastern Apurímac Quechua
  17. qubHuallaga Huánuco Quechua
  18. qvh – Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua
  19. qwhHuaylas Ancash Quechua
  20. qvwHuaylla Wanca Quechua
  21. qviImbabura Highland Quichua
  22. qxwJauja Wanca Quechua
  23. qufLambayeque Quechua
  24. qvj – Loja Highland Quichua
  25. qvmMargos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua
  26. qvoNapo Lowland Quechua
  27. qulNorth Bolivian Quechua
  28. qvnNorth Junín Quechua
  29. qxn – Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua
  30. qvzNorthern Pastaza Quechua
  31. qvpPacaraos Quechua
  32. qxhPanao Huánuco Quechua
  33. qxpPuno Quechua
  34. qxlSalasaca Highland Quichua
  35. qvsSan Martín Quechua
  36. qxtSanta Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua
  37. qusSantiago del Estero Quichua
  38. qws – Sihuas Ancash Quechua
  39. quhSouth Bolivian Quechua
  40. qxo – Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua
  41. qupSouthern Pastaza Quechua
  42. quw – Tena Lowland Quichua
  43. qur – Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua
  44. quxYauyos Quechua

raj

raj is the ISO 639-3 language code for Rajasthani language. There are six individual language codes assigned.

  1. bgqBagri
  2. gda – Gade Lohar
  3. gjuGujari
  4. hojHadothi
  5. mupMalvi
  6. wbrWagdi

rom

rom is the ISO 639-3 language code for Romany language. There are seven individual language codes assigned.

  1. rmnBalkan Romani
  2. rmlBaltic Romani
  3. rmcCarpathian Romani
  4. rmf – Kalo Finnish Romani
  5. rmoSinte Romani
  6. rmyVlax Romani
  7. rmwWelsh Romani

In addition, there are eight individual codes not part of this macrolanguage but they are categorized as mixed languages.

  1. rgeRomano-Greek
  2. rmdTraveller Danish
  3. rmeAngloromani
  4. rmgTraveller Norwegian
  5. rmiLomavren
  6. rmrCaló
  7. rmuTavringer Romani
  8. rsb – Romano-Serbian

In addition, there is a language without an individual code assigned, which it is not part of this macrolanguage.

  1. Erromintxela (Basque-Romani mix)

sqi

sqi is the ISO 639-3 language code for Albanian. Its ISO 639-1 code is sq. As of June 2006 there are four individual language codes assigned for Albanian languages:

  1. aaeArbëreshë Albanian
  2. aatArvanitika Albanian
  3. alnGheg Albanian
  4. alsTosk Albanian

srd

srd is the ISO 639-3 language code for Sardinian language. Its ISO 639-1 code is sc. There are four individual language codes assigned.

  1. sroCampidanese
  2. sdnGallurese
  3. srcLogudorese
  4. sdcSassarese

swa

swa is the ISO 639-3 language code for Swahili. Its ISO 639-1 code is sw. There are two individual language codes assigned:

  1. swcCongo Swahili
  2. swhSwahili

syr

syr is the ISO 639-3 language code for Syriac language. There are two individual language codes assigned.

  1. aiiAssyrian Neo-Aramaic
  2. cldChaldean Neo-Aramaic

tmh

tmh is the ISO 639-3 language code for Tamashek language. There are four individual language codes assigned.

  1. thvTahaggart Tamahaq
  2. taqTamasheq
  3. ttqTawallammat Tamajaq
  4. thzTayart Tamajeq

uzb

uzb is the ISO 639-3 language code for Uzbek language. Its ISO 639-1 code is uz. There are two individual language codes assigned.

  1. uznNorthern Uzbek language
  2. uzsSouthern Uzbek language

yid

yid is the ISO 639-3 language code for Yiddish language. Its ISO 639-1 code is yi. There are two individual language codes assigned.

  1. yddEastern Yiddish
  2. yihWestern Yiddish

zap

zap is the ISO 639-3 language code for Zapotec language. There are 57 individual language codes assigned.

  1. zaqAloápam Zapotec
  2. zpoAmatlán Zapotec
  3. zooAsunción Mixtepec Zapotec
  4. zafAyoquesco Zapotec
  5. zadCajonos Zapotec
  6. zpvChichicapan Zapotec
  7. zpcChoapan Zapotec
  8. zcaCoatecas Altas Zapotec
  9. zpsCoatlán Zapotec
  10. zppEl Alto Zapotec
  11. zteElotepec Zapotec
  12. zpgGuevea de Humboldt Zapotec
  13. ztuGüilá Zapotec
  14. zaiIsthmus Zapotec
  15. zpaLachiguiri Zapotec
  16. zplLachixío Zapotec
  17. ztlLapaguía-Guivini Zapotec
  18. ztpLoxicha Zapotec
  19. zpyMazaltepec Zapotec
  20. zamMiahuatlán Zapotec
  21. zawMitla Zapotec
  22. zpmMixtepec Zapotec
  23. zacOcotlán Zapotec
  24. zaoOzolotepec Zapotec
  25. zpePetapa Zapotec
  26. zpjQuiavicuzas Zapotec
  27. ztqQuioquitani-Quierí Zapotec
  28. zarRincón Zapotec
  29. ztmSan Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec
  30. zpxSan Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec
  31. zabSan Juan Guelavía Zapotec
  32. zpfSan Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec
  33. zptSan Vicente Coatlán Zapotec
  34. ztnSanta Catarina Albarradas Zapotec
  35. zpnSanta Inés Yatzechi Zapotec
  36. zpiSanta María Quiegolani Zapotec
  37. zprSantiago Xanica Zapotec
  38. zasSanto Domingo Albarradas Zapotec
  39. zaaSierra de Juárez Zapotec
  40. zpdSoutheastern Ixtlán Zapotec
  41. zsrSouthern Rincon Zapotec
  42. zatTabaa Zapotec
  43. zttTejalapan Zapotec
  44. zpzTexmelucan Zapotec
  45. ztsTilquiapan Zapotec
  46. zpkTlacolulita Zapotec
  47. zphTotomachapan Zapotec
  48. zaxXadani Zapotec
  49. ztgXanaguía Zapotec
  50. zpuYalálag Zapotec
  51. zaeYareni Zapotec
  52. ztyYatee Zapotec
  53. zavYatzachi Zapotec
  54. zpbYautepec Zapotec
  55. ztxZaachila Zapotec
  56. zpwZaniza Zapotec
  57. zpqZoogocho Zapotec

In addition, there is an individual code not part of this macrolanguage because it is categorized as a historical language.

  1. xzp – Ancient Zapotec

zha

zha is the ISO 639-3 language code for Zhuang languages. Its ISO 639-1 code is za. There are 16 individual language codes assigned.

  1. zch – Central Hongshuihe Zhuang
  2. zhdDai Zhuang
  3. zehEastern Hongshuihe Zhuang
  4. zgb – Guibei Zhuang
  5. zgnGuibian Zhuang
  6. zln – Lianshan Zhuang
  7. zlj – Liujiang Zhuang
  8. zlq – Liuqian Zhuang
  9. zgmMinz Zhuang
  10. zhnNong Zhuang
  11. zqeQiubei Zhuang
  12. zygYang Zhuang
  13. zybYongbei Zhuang
  14. zynYongnan Zhuang
  15. zyjYoujiang Zhuang
  16. zzjZuojiang Zhuang

zho

zho is the ISO 639-3 language code for Chinese. Its ISO 639-1 code is zh. There are 13 individual language codes assigned, some with their own dialects:

  1. cdoMin Dong
  2. cjyJin
  3. cmnMandarin
  4. cpxPuxian Min
  5. czhHuizhou
  6. czoMin Zhong
  7. ganGan
  8. hakHakka
  9. hsnXiang
  10. mnpMin Bei
  11. nanMin Nan
  12. wuuWu
  13. yueYue (Cantonese)

Although the Dungan language (dng) is considered most closely related to Mandarin, it is not listed under Chinese in ISO 639-3 due to separate historical and cultural development.[6]

ISO 639 also lists codes for Old Chinese (och), Late Middle Chinese (ltc), and Classical Chinese (lzh). They are not listed under Chinese in ISO 639-3 because they are categorized as ancient and historical languages, respectively.

zza

zza is the ISO 639-3 language code for Zaza language. There are two individual language codes assigned.

  1. diqDimli
  2. kiuKirmanjki

See also

References

  1. "Scope of denotation for language identifiers". SIL International.
  2. Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). Ethnologue. Dallas: SIL International.
  3. "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ara". SIL International.
  4. "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: arb". SIL International.
  5. ISO 639-2/RA Change Notice
    ISO
    639-1
    Code
    ISO
    639-2
    Code
    English
    name of
    Language
    French
    name of
    Language
    Date
    Added or
    Changed
    Category
    of Change
    Notes
    [-sh] (none) Serbo-Croatian serbo-croate 2000-02-18 Dep This code was deprecated in 2000 because there were separate language codes for each individual language represented (Serbian, Croatian, and then Bosnian was added). It was published in a revision of ISO 639-1, but was never included in ISO 639-2. It is considered a macrolanguage (general name for a cluster of closely related individual languages) in ISO 639-3. Its deprecated status was reaffirmed by the ISO 639 JAC in 2005.
    sr srp [scc] Serbian serbe 2008-06-28 CC ISO 639-2/B code deprecated in favor of ISO 639-2/T code
    hr hrv [scr] Croatian croate 2008-06-28 CC ISO 639-2/B code deprecated in favor of ISO 639-2/T code
  6. Rimsky-Korsakoff, Svetlana (1967). "Soviet Dungan: The Chinese language of Central Asia. Alphabet, phonology, morphology". Monumenta Serica. 26: 352–421.
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