List of state leaders in the 8th century
This is a list of state leaders in the 8th century (701–800) AD.
Africa
Africa: Northeast
- Makuria (complete list) –
- Merkourios, King (696–710)
- Simeon, King (early 8th century)
- Abraham, King (early 8th century)
- Markos, King (mid-8th century)
- Kyriakos, King (c.747–768)
- Mikhael, King (c.785/794–804/813)
Africa: Northcentral
- Ifriqiya (complete list) –
- Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, Emir (745–755)
- Ilyas ibn Habib al-Fihri, Emir (755)
- Habib ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, Emir (755–757)
- Rustamid dynasty (complete list) –
- ʿAbdu r-Rahman ibn Bahram ibn Rūstam (Bānū-Bādūsyān), Imam (776–788)
- ʿAbdu l-Wahhab ibn Abd ar-Rahman, Imam (788–824)
Africa: Northwest
- Barghawata (complete list) –
- Tarif al-Matghari, King (?–744)
- Ṣāliḥ ibn Tarīf, King (744–?)[1]
- Ilyâs ibn Sâlih, King (792–842)[2]
- Kingdom of Nekor (complete list) –
- Salih I ibn Mansur, King (710–749)
- al-Mu'tasim ibn Salih, King (749–?)
- Idris I ibn Salih, King (?–760)
- Sa'id I ibn Idris, King (760–803)
America: Mesoamerica
- Calakmul (complete list) –
- Yuknoom Took' K'awiil, King (c.702–731)
- Wamaw K'awiil, King (c.736)
- Ruler Y, King (c.741)
- Great Serpent, King (c.751)
- B'olon K'awiil, King (771–c.789)
- Copán (complete list) –
- Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, King (695–738)
- Ajaw K'ak' Joplaj Chan K'awiil, King (738–749)
- Ajaw K'ak' Yipyaj Chan K'awiil, King (749–763)
- Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat, King (763–post-810)
- Palenque (complete list) –
- K'inich Kan Bahlam II, Ajaw (684–702)
- K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II, Ajaw (702–711)
- K'inich Ahkal Mo' Nahb III, Ajaw (721–c.736)
- K'inich Janaab Pakal II, Ajaw (c.764)
- K'inich Kan Bahlam II, Ajaw (c.751)
- K'inich K'uk' Bahlam II, Ajaw (764–c.783)
- Janaab Pakal III, Ajaw (799–?)
- Tikal (complete list) –
- Jasaw Chan K'awiil I, Ajaw (682–734)
- Yik'in Chan K'awiil, Ajaw (734–c.746)
- 28th Ruler, Ajaw (c.766–768)
- Yax Nuun Ahiin II, Ajaw (768–c.794)
- Nuun Ujol K'inich, Ajaw (c.800)
Asia
Asia: Central
- Tridu Songtsen, Emperor (676–704)
- Me Agtsom, Emperor (680–743)
- Trisong Detsen, Emperor (755–797)
- Muné Tsenpo, Emperor (797–c.799)
- Sadnalegs, Emperor (800/804–815)
Asia: East
Turks
- Uyghur Khaganate (complete list) –
- Kutlug I Bilge, Khagan (744–747)
- Bayanchur, Khagan (747–759)
- Qutlugh tarqan sengün, Khagan (759–779)
- Alp qutlugh bilge, Khagan (779–789)
- Ai tengride bulmïsh külüg bilge, Khagan (789–790)
- Qutlugh bilge, Khagan (790–795)
- Ai tengride ülüg bulmïsh alp qutlugh ulugh bilge, Khagan (795–808)
China: Tang dynasty
- Zhou dynasty –
- Wu Zetian, Empress regnant (690–705)
Japan
- Nara period Japan (complete list) –
Korea: North–South States Period
- Balhae (complete list) –
Asia: South
Bengal
- Rajabhat, King (673–707)
- Balabhat, King (707–716)
- Adi Malla, King (694–710)
- Jay Malla, King (710–720)
- Kinu Malla, King (733–742)
- Kanu Malla, King (757–764)
- Shur Malla, King (775–795)
- Gopala I, King (8th century)
- Dharmapala, King (8th–9th century)
India
- Chalukya Empire (complete list) –
- Vijayaditya, King (696–733)
- Vikramaditya II, King (733–746)
- Kirtivarman II, King (746–753)
- Western Ganga dynasty (complete list) –
- Shivamara I, King (679–726)
- Sripurusha, King (726–788)
- Shivamara II, King (788–816)
- Gurjara-Pratihara (complete list) –
- Nagabhata I, King (730–760)
- Kakkuka and Devaraja, King (760–780)
- Vatsaraja, King (780–800)
- Nagabhata II, King (800–833)
- Pallava Kingdom –
- The Pallava dynasty has two chronologies of rulers.
- Paramesvaravarman II, King (705–710)
- Nandivarman II, King (mid/late 8th century)[3]
- Dantivarman, King (late 8th–early 9th century)[3]
- Paramara dynasty of Malwa (complete list) –
- Upendra, King (c.800–c.818)
- Rashtrakuta Empire (complete list) –
- Dantidurga, King (735–756)
- Krishna I, King (756–774)
- Govinda II, King (774–780)
- Dhruva Dharavarsha, King (780–793)
- Govinda III, King (793–814)
Sri Lanka
- Anuradhapura Kingdom, Sri Lanka (complete list) –
- Manavanna, King (691–726)
- Aggabodhi V, King (726–732)
- Kassapa III, King (732–738)
- Mahinda I, King (738–741)
- Aggabodhi VI, King (741–781)
- Aggabodhi VII, King (781–787)
- Mahinda II, King (787–807)
Asia: Southeast
- Chenla Kingdom (complete list) –
- Jayadevi, Queen (c.681–713)
- Medang Kingdom (complete list) –
- Sanjaya, King (732–746)
- Panangkaran, King (760–775)
- Dharanindra, King (775–800)
- Samaragrawira, King (800–819)
Asia: West
- Abd al-Malik, Caliph (685–705)
- Al-Walid I, Caliph (705–715)
- Sulayman, Caliph (715–717)
- Umar II, Caliph (717–720)
- Yazid II, Caliph (720–724)
- Hisham, Caliph (724–743)
- Al-Walid II, Caliph (743–744)
- Yazid III, Caliph (744)
- Ibrahim, Caliph (744)
- Marwan II, Caliph (744–750)
- Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad (complete list) –
- as-Saffah, Caliph (750–754)
- al-Mansur, Caliph (754–775)
- al-Mahdi, Caliph (775–785)
- al-Hadi, Caliph (785–786)
- Harun al-Rashid, Caliph (786–809)
- Dabuya, Spahbed (660–712)
- Farrukhan the Great, Spahbed (712–728)
- Dadhburzmihr, Spahbed (728–740/741)
- Farrukhan the Little, Spahbed (740/741–747/748)
- Khurshid, Spahbed (740–759/760)
Europe
Europe: Balkans
- First Bulgarian Empire (complete list) –
- Tervel, Khan (7th–8th century)
- Kormesiy, Khan (early 8th century)
- Sevar, Khan (early-mid 8th century)
- Kormisosh, Khan (mid 8th century)
- Vinekh, Khan (754/756–762)
- Telets, Knyaz (762–765)
- Sabin, Khan (765–766)
- Umor, Khan (766)
- Toktu, Khan (766–767)
- Pagan, Khan (767–768)
- Telerig, Khan (768–777)
- Kardam, Khan (777–803)
- Byzantine Empire (complete list) –
- Tiberios III, Emperor (698–705)
- Justinian II
- Co-Emperor (681–685)
- Emperor, 1st reign (685–695)
- Emperor, 2nd reign (705–711)
- Tiberius, Co-Emperor (706–711)
- Philippikos Bardanes, Emperor (711–713)
- Anastasios II, Emperor (713–715)
- Theodosius III, Emperor (715–717)
- Leo III the Isaurian, Emperor (717–741)
- Constantine V
- Co-Emperor (720–741)
- Emperor (741–780)
- Artabasdos, Emperor (741–743)
- Leo IV the Khazar
- Co-Emperor (751–775)
- Emperor (775–780)
- Co-Emperor (776–780)
- Emperor (780–797)
- Regent (780–790, 792–797)
- Empress (797–802)
Europe: British Isles
Great Britain: Scotland
- Dál Riata (complete list) –
- Fiannamail ua Dúnchado, King (?–700)
- Béc ua Dúnchado, King (?–707)
- Dúnchad Bec, King (?–721)
- Selbach mac Ferchair, King (?–723)
- Dúngal mac Selbaig, King (?–726)
- Eochaid mac Echdach, King (726–733)
- Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig, King (733–736)
- Alpín mac Echdach, King (unknown)
- Eógan mac Muiredaig, King (unknown)
- Indrechtach mac Fiannamail, King (?–741)
- Áed Find, King (pre–768–778)
- Fergus mac Echdach, King (778–781)
- Eochaid mac Áeda Find, King (unknown)
- Caustantín mac Fergusa, King (unknown)
- Picts (complete list) –
- Bridei IV, King (697–706)
- Nechtan, King (706–724, 728–729)
- Drest VII, King (724–726)
- Alpín I, King (726–728)
- Óengus I, King (729–761)
- Bridei V, King (761–763)
- Ciniod I, King (763–775)
- Alpín II, King (775–778)
- Talorgan II, King (778–782)
- Drest VIII, King (782–783)
- Conall, King (785–789)
- Constantine (I), King (789–820)
- Kingdom of Strathclyde / Alt Clut (complete list) –
- Beli II, King (694–722)
- Teudebur, King (722–750)
- Rotri, King (750–754)
- Dumnagual III, King (754–760)
- Eugein II(760–780)
- Riderch II, King (780–798)
- Cynan, King (798–816)
Great Britain: Northumbria
- Kingdom of Northumbria (complete list) –
- Ealdfrith, King (685–704/705)
- Eadwulf I, King (704–705)
- Osred I, King (705–716)
- Coenred, King (716–718)
- Osric, King (718–729)
- Ceolwulf, King (729–737)
- Eadberht, King (737/738–758)
- Oswulf, King (758–759)
- Æthelwald Moll, King (759–765)
- Ealhred, King (765–774)
- Æthelred I, King (774–779)
- Ælfwald I, King (788–790)
- Osred II, King (790–796)
- Osbald, King (796)
- Eardwulf, King (796–806/808)
Great Britain: England
- The Britons (complete list) –
- Geraint, King (c.670–c.710)
- Rhodri Molwynog, King (c.712–754)
- Cynan Dindaethwy, King (798–816)
- Dumnonia (complete list) –
- Donyarth ap Culmin, King (c.661–c.700)
- Geraint of Dumnonia, King (c.700–c.710)
- Kingdom of East Anglia (complete list) –
- Ealdwulf, King (663–c.713)
- Ælfwald, King (713–749)
- Beonna, Co-King (749–c.760)
- Alberht, Co-King (749–c.760)
- Æthelred I, Sub-King (760s–770s)
- Æthelberht II, King (c.779–794)
- Offa, King (c.796), also King of Kent and of Mercia
- Eadwald, King (c.796–c.800)
- King (798–812)
- Duke (812–825)
- Kingdom of Kent (complete list) –
- Wihtred, King (c.693–725)
- Alric, King (725–?)
- Eadbert I, King (725–748)
- Æthelbert II, King (725–762)
- Eardwulf, King (unknown)
- Eadberht II, King (fl. 762)
- Sigered, King (fl. 762)
- Eanmund, King (unknown)
- Heaberht, King (fl. 764–765)
- Egbert II, King (fl. 765–779)
- Ealhmund, King (fl. 784)
- Eadberht III Præn, King (796–798)
- Cuthred, King (797/798–807)
- Mercia (complete list) –
- Kingdom of Sussex (complete list) –
- Noðhelm, King (fl. 692–717)
- Watt, King (fl. 692–c.700)
- Bryni, King (fl. c.700)
- Osric? ]], King (fl. c.710)
- Æðelstan, King (fl. 717)
- Æðelberht, King (fl. c.740)
- Osmund, King (fl. 760–772)
- Oswald, King (fl. 772)
- Oslac, King (fl. c.765–772)
- Ealdwulf, King (fl. c.765–c.791)
- Ælfwald, King (fl. c.765–772)
Great Britain: Wales
- Kingdom of Gwynedd (complete list) –
- Idwal Roebuck, King (c.682–c.720)
- Rhodri Molwynog ap Idwal, King (c.720–c.754)
- Caradog ap Meirion, King (c.754–c.798)
- Cynan Dindaethwy ap Rhodri, King (c.798–816)
- Kingdom of Powys (complete list) –
- Gwylog ap Beli, King (695 –725)
- Elisedd ap Gwylog, King (725–c.755)
- Brochfael ap Elisedd, King (c.755–773)
- Cadell ap Brochfael, King (773–808)
Ireland
- Ireland (complete list) –
- Loingsech mac Óengusso, High King (694–701)
- Congal Cennmagair, High King (702–708)
- Fergal mac Máele Dúin, High King (709–718)
- Fogartach mac Néill, High King (719)
- Cináed mac Írgalaig, High King (720–722)
- Flaithbertach mac Loingsig, High King (723–729)
- Áed Allán, High King (730–738)
- Domnall Midi, High King (739–758)
- Niall Frossach, High King (759–765)
- Donnchad Midi, High King (766–792)
- Áed Oirdnide, High King (793–817)
- Kingdom of Ailech (complete list) –
- Fergal mac Máele Dúin, King (700–722)
- Áed Allán mac Fergaile, King (722–743)
- Niall Frossach mac Fergaile, King (743–770)
- Máel Dúin mac Áedo Alláin, King (770–788)
- Áed Oirdnide mac Néill, King (788–819)
- Connachta (complete list) –
- Muiredach Muillethan, King (697–702)
- Cellach mac Rogallaig, King (702–705)
- Indrechtach mac Dúnchado, King (705–707)
- Domnall mac Cathail, King (707–715)
- Indrechtach mac Muiredaig, King (707/715–723)
- Domnall mac Cellaig, King (723–728)
- Cathal mac Muiredaig, King (728–735)
- Áed Balb mac Indrechtaig, King (735–742)
- Forggus mac Cellaig, King (742–756)
- Ailill Medraige mac Indrechtaig, King (756–764)
- Dub-Indrecht mac Cathail, King (764–768)
- Donn Cothaid mac Cathail, King (768–773)
- Flaithrí mac Domnaill, King (773–777)
- Artgal mac Cathail, King (777–782)
- Tipraiti mac Taidg, King (782–786)
- Cináed mac Artgail, King (786–792)
- Colla mac Fergusso, King (792–796)
- Muirgius mac Tommaltaig, King (796–815)
- Leinster (complete list) –
- Cellach Cualann, King (693–715)
- Murchad mac Brain Mut, King (715–727)
- Dúnchad mac Murchado, King (727–728)
- Fáelán mac Murchado, King (728–738)
- Bran Becc mac Murchado, King (738)
- Áed mac Colggen, King (738)
- Muiredach mac Murchado, King (738–760)
- Ruaidrí mac Fáeláin, King (776–785)
- Bran ua Máele Dúin, King (785–795)
- Fínsnechta Cethardec, King (795–808)
- Kingdom of Meath (complete list) –
- Domnall Midi mac Murchado, King (743–763)
- Fallomon mac Con Congalt, King (c.763–766)
- Donnchad Midi, King (766–797)
- Domnall mac Donnchada Midi, King (797–799)
- Muiredach mac Domnaill Midi, King (799–802)
- Uí Maine (complete list) –
- Seachnasach, King (691–711)
- Dluthach mac Fithcheallach, King (711–738)
- Cathal Maenmaighe, King (738–745)
- Ailello hui Daimine, King (745–749)
- Inreachtach mac Dluthach, King (749–750)
- Aedh Ailghin, King (750–767)
- Dunchadh ua Daimhine, King (767–780)
- Conall mac Fidhghal, King (780–782)
- Duncadho mac Duib Da Tuadh, King (784)
- Amhalgaidh, King (786)
- Ailell mac Inreachtach, King (786–791/799)
- Dub Dá Leithe mac Tomaltach, King (?–816)
- Ulaid / Ulster (complete list) –
- Bécc Bairrche mac Blathmaic, King (692–707)
- Cú Chuarán mac Dúngail Eilni, King (707–708)
- Áed Róin, King (708–735)
- Cathussach mac Ailello, King (735–749)
- Bressal mac Áedo Róin, King (749–750)
- Fiachnae mac Áedo Róin, King (750–789)
- Tommaltach mac Indrechtaig, King (789–790)
- Eochaid mac Fiachnai, King (790–810)
Europe: Central
Europe: East
- Volga Bulgaria (complete list) –
- Kotrag, Potentate (675–710)
- Irkhan, ruler (710–765)
- Tuqyi, ruler (765–815)
- Ashina dynasty: Khazar Khagans
- Khazar Beks
- Alp Tarkhan, Bek (early 8th century)
- Tar'mach, Bek (c.730)
- Hazer Tarkhan, Bek (?–737)
- Bulanid dynasty
- Obadiah, ruler (c.786–809)
- Lower Pannonia –
- Vojnomir, Duke (791–c.810)
Europe: Nordic
- Sweden (complete list) –
- House of Ynglings/Scylfings
- Harald Hildetand (c.705–750)
- Sigurd Hring, King (c.750–c.770)
- Ragnar Lodbrok, King (c.770–c.785)
- Östen Beli, King (late 8th century)
- House of Ivar Vidfamne
- Sigurd Hring, King (c.750–770)
- Ragnar Lodbrok, King (c.770–785)
- Östen Beli, King (late 8th century)
- Björn Ironside, King (early 9th century)
- Erik Björnsson, King (early 9th century)
- Erik Refilsson, King (early 9th century)
- Anund Uppsale, King (early 9th century)
- Björn at Hauge, King (c.829–831)
- Olof I of Sweden, King (mid 9th century)
- Erik Anundsson, King (mid 9th century)
Europe: South
- Principality of Benevento (complete list) –
- Gisulf I, Duke (689–706)[4]
- Romoald II, Duke (706–730)[4]
- Audelais, Duke (730–732)[5]
- Gregory, Duke (733–739)[6]
- Godescalc, Duke (739–742)[7][8]
- Gisulf II, Duke (742–751)[4]
- Liutprand, Duke (751–758)[4]
- Arechis II, Duke (758–774)[4]
- Arechis II, Prince (774–787)
- Grimoald III, Prince (787–806)
- Kingdom of Italy, King (complete list) –
- Pepin, King (781–810)
- Lombards (complete list) –
- Cunipert, King (689–700)
- Liutpert, King (700–702)
- Raginpert, King (701)
- Aripert II, King (702–712)
- Ansprand, King (712)
- Liutprand, King (712–744)
- Hildeprand, King (744)
- Ratchis, King (744–749)
- Aistulf, King (749–756)
- Desiderius, King (756–774)
- Papal States (complete list) –
- Stephen II, Pope (752–757)
- Paul I, Pope (757–767)
- Stephen III, Pope (768–772)
- Adrian I, Pope (772–795)
- Leo III, Pope (795–816)
- Republic of Venice (complete list) –
- Paolo Lucio Anafesto, Doge (697–717)
- Marcello Tegalliano, Doge (717–726)
- Ursus Hypatus, Doge (726–737)
- Domenico Leoni, Magister militum (738)
- Felice Corniola, Magister militum (739)
- Diodato Orso, Magister militum (740)
- Jovian Ceparius, Magister militum (741)
- Giovanni Fabriciaco, Magister militum (742)
- Teodato Ipato, Doge (742–755)
- Galla Gaulo, Doge (755–756)
- Domenico Monegario, Doge (756–764)
- Maurizio Galbaio, Doge (764–787)
- Giovanni Galbaio, Doge (787–804)
Europe: Southwest
Iberian Peninsula
- Kingdom of Asturias (complete list) –
- Pelagius, King (718–737)
- Favila, King (737–739)
- Alfonso I, King (739–757)
- Fruela I, King (757–768)
- Aurelius, King (768–774)
- Silo, King (774–783)
- Mauregatus, King (783–788)
- Bermudo I, King (788–791)
- Alfonso II, King (791–842)
- Emirate of Córdoba (complete list) –
- Abd al-Rahman I, Emir (756–788)
- Hisham I, Emir (788–796)
- al-Hakam I, Emir (796–822)
Marca Hispanica
- County of Osona (complete list) –
- Borrell, Count (798–820)
- County of Cerdanya (complete list) –
- Borrell, Count (798–820)
- County of Urgell (complete list) –
- Borrell, Count (798–820)
Europe: West
Franks
- Frankish Empire –
- Kings (complete list) –
- Childebert III, King (695–711)
- Dagobert III, King (711–715)
- Chilperic II, King (715–721)
- Chlothar IV, King (717–720)
- Theuderic IV, King (721–737)
- Childeric III, King (743–751)
- Mayors of the Palace (complete list) –
-
- Mayor of the Palace (680–714)
- Duke and Prince of the Franks (687–714)
- Duke and Prince of the Franks (714–741)
- Acting King of the Franks (737–741)
- Mayor of the Palace (741–751)
- King (751–768)
-
- Frankish Empire –
- Charlemagne, King (768–814), Holy Roman Emperor (800–814)
- Austrasia of the Franks (complete list) –
- Childebert III, King (695–711)
- Dagobert III, King (711–715)
- Chilperic II, King (715–717, 720–721)
- Chlothar IV, King (717–720)
- Theuderic IV, King (721–737)
- Childeric III, King (743–751)
- Auvergne (complete list) –
- Ithier, Count (c.758)
- Blandin, Count (760–763)
- Chilping, Count (763–765)
- Bertmond, Count (765–778)
- Icterius, Count (778–?)
- Guerin of Provence, Count (819–839)
- Neustria of the Franks (complete list) –
- Childebert III, King (695–711)
- Dagobert III, King (711–715)
- Chilperic II, King (715–721)
- Theuderic IV, King (721–737)
- Childeric III, King (743–751)
- Duchy of Aquitaine (complete list) –
- Odo the Great, Duke (c.688–c.735)
- Hunald I, Duke (735–748)
- Waifer, Duke (748–767)
- Hunald II, Duke (767–769)
- Lupo II, Duke (768–781)
- County of Toulouse (complete list) –
- Torson, Count (778–790)
- William of Gellone, Count (790–806)
Eurasia: Caucasus
- Arminiya (complete list) –
- Muhammad ibn Marwan, Emir (c.695–705)
- Abd al-Aziz ibn Hatim al-Bahili, Emir (706–709)
- Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik, Emir (709–721)
- al-Djarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami, Emir (721–725)
- Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik, Emir (725–729)
- al-Djarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami, Emir (729–730)
- Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik, Emir (730–732)
- Marwan ibn Muhammad, Emir (732–733)
- Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi, Emir (733–735)
- Marwan ibn Muhammad, Emir (735–744)
- Ishaq ibn Muslim al-Uqayli, Emir (744–750)
- Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad, Emir (750–753)
- Yazid ibn Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami, Emir (753–755)
- Sulayman, Emir (755–?)
- Salih ben Subai al-Kindi, Emir (c.767)
- Bakkar ibn Muslim al-Uqayli, Emir (c.769–770)
- al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba, Emir (770/771–773/774)
- Yazid ibn Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami, Emir (773/774–778)
- Uthman ibn 'Umara ibn Khuraym, Emir (778–785)
- Khuzayma ibn Khazim, Emir (785–786)
- Yusuf ibn Rashid al-Sulami, Emir (786–787)
- Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani, Emir (787–788)
- Abd al-Qadir, Emir (788)
- Sulayman ibn Yazid, Emir (788–799)
- Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani, Emir (799–801)
- Principality of Iberia (complete list) –
- Guaram III, Prince (c.693–c.748)
- Adarnase III, Prince (c.748–c.760)
- Nerse, Prince (c.760–772, 775–779/780)
- Stephen III, Prince (779/780–786)
- Principality of Kakheti (complete list) –
- Stephanus II, Prince (685–736)
- Mihr , Prince (736–741)
- Archil “the Martyr”, Prince (736–786)
- Ioanne , Prince (786–790)
- Juansher, Prince (786–807)
References
- ↑ Talbi (ref. cited above) notes that in fact there is no contemporary record of him being anything other than a Sufri Kharijite, and that it may have been a myth propagated by Yunus
- ↑ Dates with question marks are calculated on the basis of a secondary source . Other info is from Ibn Khaldun.
- 1 2
- 1 2 3 4 5 Wickham (1981), 224–25.
- ↑ Grierson and Blackburn (1986), 68, give a date of 731.
- ↑ Wickham (1981), 44.
- ↑ Grierson and Blackburn (1986), 68.
- ↑ Hallenbeck (1982), 39–40, says 740–41.
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