List of brutalist structures

Huygens & Tappe, design. 110 Congdon St Providence RI, built between 1970-1974.

Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. The following list provides numerous examples of this architectural style worldwide.

List of notable brutalist structures

The list is organised in chronological order with name of structure, location, architect(s), and year(s) constructed.

1950s

Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, India

Torre Velasca, Milan, Italy

• Unité d'Habitation de Marseille (Cité Radieuse), Marseille, France (Le Corbusier, 1952)
• Embassy of the United States, Havana, Cuba (1953)
• Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, India (Le Corbusier, 1953)
• Smithdon High School (formerly Hunstanton Secondary Modern School), Norfolk, England (Peter and Alison Smithson, 1954)
• Tel Aviv-Yafo City Hall, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel (Menachem Cohen, 1956–1964)
• Banco de Londres building, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Clorindo Testa, 1959)
• Torre Velasca, Milan, Italy, (BBPR group 1954)
• Maisons Jaoul, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France (Le Corbusier, 1954–1956)
• Crescent House Golden Lane Estate final phase, London, (Chamberlin, Powell and Bon, 1959)
• Piccadilly Plaza, Manchester, England, (Covell Matthews and Partners from 1959 to 1965)
• Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville, Minnesota, United States, (1958 to 1961)

1960–1964

Litchfield Towers, United States

Tricorn Centre, United Kingdom

• Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Lyon, France (Le Corbusier and Iannis Xenakis, 1960)
• Milam House, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida (Paul Rudolph, 1961)
• Park Hill, Sheffield, England (Ivor Smith/Jack Lynn, 1961)
• Nuclear Reactor Building, University of Washington (The Architect Artist Group/TAAG, 1961)
• Cables Wynd House, Leith, UK (1962)
• The University of East Anglia, Norwich, England (Sir Denys Lasdun, 1962)
• Council House, Perth, Western Australia (Howlett and Bailey Architects, 1962)
• Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Le Corbusier, 1962)
• Hans Christian Ørsted Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, (Eva Koppel, 1955–1962)
• Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon, Washington Park, Springfield, Illinois (Bill Turley, 1962)
• Yale Art and Architecture Building, New Haven, Connecticut (Paul Rudolph, 1963)
• Litchfield Towers, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Deeter & Ritchey, 1963)
• Clowes Memorial Hall, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana (Evans Woollen III and John M. Johansen, 1963)
• Netherdale football stadium, Galashiels, Scottish Borders, Scotland, (Peter Womersley, 1963)
• Cumbernauld Town Centre, Cumbernauld, Scotland (1963–1967) (partially demolished 2001)
• Birmingham New Street Signal Box, Birmingham, England (Bicknell & Hamilton, 1964)
• UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design, Wurster Hall Berkeley, CA, United States (Vernon DeMars, 1964)
• Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (Hentrich, Petschnigg & Partner, 1964)
• University of Toronto Scarborough, Humanities Wing, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (John Andrews, 1964)
• University of Toronto Scarborough, Science Wing, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (John Andrews, 1964)
• Tricorn Centre, Portsmouth, England (Owen Luder, 1964; demolished 2004)
• Ulster Museum, Botanic Gardens, Belfast (1964)
• Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia (1964)
• Moana Pool, Dunedin, New Zealand (1964)

1965–1969

Habitat 67, Montreal, Canada

Preston Bus Station, United Kingdom

Churchill College, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Hillman Library, Pittsburgh, United States

Boston City Hall, United States

Tanghalang Pambansa, Manila, Philippines

Pirelli Building, Long Wharf, United States

• Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh – Knoxville Branch, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Paul Schweikher, 1965)
• Dunelm House, home of the Durham Students' Union (Ove Arup, 1965)
• University of Guelph – South Residence, Guelph, Ontario (John Andrews, 1965)
• University of Essex, Main campus complex, 1964-8, Architects' Co-Partnership
• Simon Fraser University – Burnaby Campus, Burnaby, British Columbia (Arthur Erickson, 1965)
• School of Information Sciences Building – University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Tasso Katselas, 1965)
• Public Safety Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Libling Michener & Associates, 1965)
• University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, Massachusetts (Paul Rudolph)
• Buckinghamshire County Hall, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England (Frederick B. Pooley, 1966)
• St. Peter's Seminary, Cardross, Scotland (Gillespie, Kidd & Coia 1966)
• Marcus Center for the Performing Arts, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Harry Weese, 1966–69)
• The Ohio Historical Center, Columbus, Ohio, (W.Byron Ireland & Associates, 1966)
• Glasgow-Abbotsinch Airport, Paisley, Scotland (Basil Spence, 1966)
• Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City, (Marcel Breuer, 1966)
• Northwestern University Library, Evanston, Illinois, (Walter Netsch, 1966–70)
• Craigdarroch Residences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (1964–67)^[1]
• Many buildings at the Fermilab facility are of brutalist construction. Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall being the most prominent example. (1967)
• Habitat 67, 1967 World's Fair, Montreal, Quebec (Moshe Safdie, 1967)
• Place Bonaventure, Montreal, Quebec (Ray Affleck, 1967)
• Morris A. Mechanic Theatre, Baltimore, Maryland, (John M. Johansen, 1967) (demolished 2014)
• Orange County Government Center, Goshen, New York (Paul Rudolph, 1967, in process of being demolished 2015)
• Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford, England (Philip Dowson 1967)
• Preston Bus Station, Preston, England (Keith Ingham/Charles Wilson/1968-69)
• Queen Elizabeth Hall and Purcell Room, London, England (Hubert Bennett/Jack Whittle 1967)
• Tower House, Tokyo, Japan, (Takamitsu Azuma, 1967)
• The Trinity Centre Multi-Storey Car Park, aka The Get Carter Carpark, Gateshead, England (Owen Luder, 1964–69) (demolished 2010)
• The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington (1967)
• SDCCU Stadium, San Diego, California, (Frank L. Hope & Associates, 1967)^[2]
• The Humanities Building in Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (Raffi Ripper, Amnon Niv, Natan Magen, 1968)
• Rochdale College, Toronto, Ontario, (Elmar Tampõld and John Wells, 1968)
• Mathematics Tower, Manchester, England, (Scherrer and Hicks, 1968)
• Hayward Gallery, London, England (Hubert Bennett/Jack Whittle, 1968)
• Andrew Melville Hall, St Andrews, Scotland (James Stirling, 1968)
• Churchill College, Cambridge (1968)
• Centennial Concert Hall, Winnipeg, Manitoba (1968)
• Finsbury Estate, London (1968)
• Alley Theatre, Houston, Texas (1968)
• *Garden building, St Hilda's College, Oxford (Alison and Peter Smithson, 1968)
• Torres Blancas, Madrid, Spain (1968)
• Lovett College, Rice University, Houston, Texas (1968)
• Mathematics and Computer Building, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario (1968)
• David Lawrence Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1968)
• Hillman Library, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1968)
• British Embassy, Rome, Italy, (Basil Spence,1968)
• Arthur J. Schmitt Academic Center, DePaul University. Chicago, Illinois (C.F. Murphy and Associates, 1968)^[3][4]
• Flaine, France. (Designed by Marcel Breuer, the entire assembly of hotels, shops, apartment blocks and administrative buildings of Flaine-Forum comprise a themed but varied entity), completed 1969
• The Barbican Estate, London, England Chamberlin, Powell and Bon (1968–79)
• Macquarie University Library, Sydney, Australia (1967–1978)
• Boston City Hall, Boston, Massachusetts (Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles/Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty, 1969)
• National Arts Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1969)
• Robert Hutchings Goddard Library, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts (John M. Johansen, 1969)
• Landsdown Residences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (1969)^[5]
• Geisel Library, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California (William Pereira, late 1960s)
• George L. Mosse Humanities Building and Vilas Hall, University of Wisconsin–Madison (late 1960s)
• Tanghalang Pambansa (National Theater), Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex, Pasay, Philippines (Leandro V. Locsin, 1969)
• Christchurch College, Christchurch, New Zealand (Sir Miles Warren, 1964)
• Tyne Bridge Tower, Gateshead, England (1960s) (demolished 2011)
• Engineering Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO (1965)
• Stoke Newington School, Hackney, England (Stillman & Eastwick-Field Partnership, 1967)
• Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester (suburb of Henrietta), New York (Kevin Roche, 1968)
• The Egg, also known as "The Dome" and "the Soap" a Cinema in the incomplete Beirut City Center Project, Beirut, Lebanon, (Joseph Philippe Karam, 1968)
• Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, California (Kevin Roche, 1969)
• Yosemite Hall, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, California (Falk & Booth, 1969)^[6]
• Harold Holt Memorial Swimming Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Kevin Borland and Daryl Jackson, 1969)
• Armstrong Rubber/Pirelli Tire Building, Long Wharf, New Haven, Connecticut, United States (Marcel Breuer & Robert F. Gatje, 1969)
• Will County Courthouse, Joliet, Illinois (1969) ^[7]

1970–1974

Llewellyn Hall, Canberra, Australia

Singapore Power Building, Singapore

Balfron Tower, London

Lester B. Pearson Building, Ottawa

Lawrence Public Library (Massachusetts)

Buffalo City Court Building, Buffalo

Birmingham Central Library

Carandiru (São Paulo Metro), Brazil

• Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, University of California, Berkeley, (Mario Ciampi, 1970)
• Washington, D.C. Metro stations (WMATA), Washington, District of Columbia (1970–2001)
• Gelman Library, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
• Classical High School, Providence, Rhode Island (1970)
• Education Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (1970)
• Carman Hall, Lehman College, Bronx, New York (1970)
• Lauinger Library, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. (John Carl Warnecke, 1970)
• Leeds International Pool, Leeds, England (John Poulson, 1970)
• Pimlico School, London, England (John Bancroft, 1967–70) (demolished 2010)
• Hyde Park Barracks, London, England (Sir Basil Spence, 1970)
• Regenstein Library, University of Chicago, Illinois (Walter Netsch, 1970)
• Llewellyn Hall, Canberra, Australia (Daryl Jackson and Evan Walker, 1970)
• National Carillon, Canberra, Australia (Cameron, Chisholm & Nicol, 1970)
• York University Ross Building, Toronto, Ontario (1970)
• Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (1970)
• Vaillancourt Fountain, Justin Herman Plaza, San Francisco, California (Armand Vaillancourt, 1971)
• Environment Canada, MSC Headquarters, Toronto, Ontario (1971)
• Briggs Hall, University of California, Davis, California (unknown, 1971)
• Disney's Contemporary Resort, Walt Disney World, Florida (Welton Becket, 1971)
• Government Service Center, Boston, Massachusetts (Paul Rudolph, 1962–71)
• Blue Cross/Blue Shield Service Center, Detroit, Michigan (Ginno Rossetti, 1971)
• Mather House (Harvard University), Cambridge, Massachusetts (Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson and Abbot, 1971)
• Singapore Power Building, Singapore (Group 2 Architects, 1971)
• Sciences Library (Brown University), Providence, Rhode Island (1971)
• Third Church of Christ, Scientist, Washington, D.C. (Araldo Cossutta, 1971; demolished 2014)
• Wollaston (MBTA station), Quincy, Massachusetts (1971)
• Trellick Tower and Balfron Tower, London, England (Ernő Goldfinger, 1971–72)
• Bobst Library, New York University, New York (Philip Johnson, Richard Foster)
• FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia (1972)
• Alexandra District Court, Alexandra, New Zealand (opened 1972)
• Katowice railway station, Katowice, Poland (Wacław Kłyszewski, Jerzy Mokrzyński and Eugeniusz Wierzbicki a.k.a. "The Tigers", 1972)
• AfE-Turm, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Staatliches Universitätsbauamt, Staatliche Neubauleitung Frankfurt, 1972) (demolished 2014)
• Community College of Rhode Island, Knight Campus Warwick, Rhode Island (1972)
• All original Bay Area Rapid Transit stations, San Francisco Bay Area, California (1972/73)
• New Haven Coliseum, New Haven, Connecticut (Kevin Roche / John Dinkeloo & Associates, 1972) (demolished 2006–2007)
• Manitoba Theatre Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Number Ten Architectural Group, 1972)
• Cameron Offices, Canberra, Australia (John Andrews, 1972)
• Robin Hood Gardens, London, England (Peter and Alison Smithson, 1972)
• Centre National de la Danse, Paris (1972)
• Édifice Marie-Guyart, Québec City, Canada (1972)
• George Gund Hall, Harvard Graduate School of Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts (John Andrews, 1972)
• D. B. Weldon Library, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (1972)
• Westgate House, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England (1972) (demolished 2006–2007)
• 1 Police Plaza, New York City (Gruzen and Partners, 1973)
• Clifton Cathedral, Bristol, England (Percy Thomas Partnership, 1970–73)
• Office in the Grove, Coconut Grove, Miami, Florida (Kenneth Treister, 1972)
• Porto Carras Resort, Chalkidiki, Greece (Walter Gropius, posthum built 1973)
• Perth Concert Hall, Perth, Western Australia (Howlett and Bailey Architects, 1973)
• Robarts Library, Toronto, Ontario (Mathers & Haldenby Architects, 1973)
• School of Oriental and African Studies Percy Building, University of London, London, England (Sir Denys Lasdun, 1973)
• Hannah Playhouse, Wellington, New Zealand (James Beard, 1973)
• John P. Robarts Research Library, Toronto, Ontario (A.S. Mathers and E.J. Haldenby, 1973)
• Riverside Plaza, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Ralph Rapson, 1973)
• Lester B. Pearson Building, Ottawa (1973)
• Biochemistry Building G08, University of Sydney (1973)
• Philippine International Convention Center, Manila, Philippines (Leandro V. Locsin, 1973)
• Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, (I.M. Pei, 1973)
• Lawrence Public Library (Massachusetts), Lawrence, Massachusetts, (Henneberg & Henneberg Architects, 1973)
• Journal Square Transportation Center, Jersey City, New Jersey (1973–1975)
• Titan House, Hartlepool, England (1974)
• Sofia Central Station, Sofia, Bulgaria (1974)
• Mudd Center, Oberlin College Library, Warner, Burns, Toan & Lunde, 1974
• AT&T Long Lines Building, New York, NY (John Carl Warnecke, 1974)
• Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building, New York, NY (Ifill, Johnson & Hanchard, 1974)
• Faner Hall (SIUC), Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL (1974)
• Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C. (Gordon Bunshaft, 1974)
• J. Edgar Hoover Building, Washington, D.C. (C.F. Murphy, 1974)
• Buffalo City Court Building, Buffalo, New York (1974)
• Wean Hall, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1971)
• Birmingham Central Library, Birmingham, England (John Madin, 1974)
• Curtin Hall University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, (Maynard W. Mayer & Assoc., 1974)
• Grenfell Tower, London (1974, burnt out 2017)
• New Hall Place, Liverpool, England (1974)
• São Paulo Metro, São Paulo, Brazil. Mid 70s, early 80s heavy metro stations (1974)
• Solomon Carter Fuller Mental Health Center, Boston, Massachusetts (1974)

1975–1979

Royal National Theatre

Hubert H. Humphrey Building

Dallas City Hall

Richardson Building, University of Otago

• Fine Arts Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts (Kevin Roche, 1975)
• Wells Fargo Center, Lincoln, NE (I.M. Pei, 1975)
• Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, (Eva Koppel, 1961–1975)
• City of Fall River Government Center, Fall River, Massachusetts (1976)
• Folsom Library, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York (Pierik Quinlivan & Krause, 1976)
• Freeway Park, Seattle, Washington (Lawrence Halprin, 1972–1976)
• Guy's Hospital Tower, Southwark, London, England (Watkins Gray, 1974)
• 50 Queen Anne's Gate (former Home Office building, now 102 Petty France, Ministry of Justice), London, England (Fitzroy Robinson & Partners, with Sir Basil Spence, 1976)
• Main Library, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (1970)
• Royal National Theatre, London, England (Sir Denys Lasdun, 1976)
• Greyfriars bus station, Northampton, England (1976) (demolished 2015)
• Barco Law Building, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, (1976)
• Engineering Building, Binghamton University, Vestal, New York, (1976)
• Maag Library, Youngstown State University (1976)^[8]
• Minton-Capehart Federal Building, Indianapolis, Indiana (Evans Woollen III, Woollen, Molzan and Partners, 1976)^[9]
• Bedford Way building, University of London, London, England (Sir Denys Lasdun, 1977)
• Brighton Centre, Brighton, England, 1977
• Hubert H. Humphrey Building, the United States Department of Health and Human Services headquarters, 1977
• Federal Reserve Bank Building, Boston (1977)
• Renaissance Center, Detroit (John Portman, 1977)
• Perry-Castañeda Library (PCL), University of Texas at Austin, (1977)
• Sampson House, Southwark, London, England (Fitzroy Robinson & Partners 1976–79)
• Corson Auditorium / Grand Traverse Performing Arts Center at Interlochen Center for the Arts, Interlochen, Michigan (1975)
• Sydney Lewis Hall, Washington and Lee University School of Law, Lexington, Virginia (1977)
• Wesley W. Posvar Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, (1975–1978)
• RIA Novosti headquarter, former press-center of 1980 Summer Olympics, Moscow, Russia, (1976–1979)
• School of Theology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, L. Kalivites and G. Leonardos, 1976^[10]
• Dallas City Hall, Dallas, Texas (I.M. Pei, 1978)
• Cultural Education Center, Albany, New York, (1976-1978)
• Embassy of People's Republic of Czechoslovakia in Berlin, Germany (Věra and Vladimír Machonin, 1978)
• Alexandra Road Estate, London, England (1978)
• Elliott Pratt Center, Goddard College, Plainfield, Vermont
• Crown Buildings, Cathays Park, Cardiff, Wales (1979)
• Curtin Business School, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia
• Sirius building, Sydney (1978–79)
• Richardson Building, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (Ted McCoy, 1979)

1980–present

Genex Tower, Belgrade

National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Australia

National Library of the Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires

• Bayamon City Hall, Bayamon, Puerto Rico (1980)
• Moldova National Opera Ballet, Chișinău, Moldova (1980)
• High Court of Australia building, Canberra, Australia (Edwards Madigan Torzillo and Briggs, 1980)
• UTS Tower, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
• Genex Tower, Belgrade, Serbia (Mihajlo Mitrovic, 1980)
• Hecht Synagogue, Jerusalem, Israel (Ram Karmi 1981)
• Buzludzha Monument, Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria (1981)
• Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (Dhaka National Assembly), Dhaka, Bangladesh (Louis Kahn, 1982 (designed 1962))
• Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington, Indiana (I. M. Pei, 1982)
• National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Australia (James Johnson Sweeney and James Mollison, 1982)
• Performing Arts Centre, Geelong, Australia (1983)
• Administrative Palace, Satu Mare, Romania (Nicolae Porumbescu, 1984)
• King's Landing, Toronto, Ontario (Arthur Erickson, 1984)
• House of Soviets (Kaliningrad), Soviet Union (1985)
• Queensland Cultural Centre, Brisbane, Australia, 1985
• Alewife (MBTA station), Cambridge, Massachusetts (Ellenzweig, 1985)
• Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark (Eva Koppel, 1966–1986)
• Z.J. Loussac Public Library, Anchorage, Alaska, 1986
• Moldova Presidential Residence, Chișinău, Moldova (1987)
• Forum Hotel, Kraków, Poland (Janusz Ingarden, 1978–1989)
• Embassy of Canada, Washington, D.C. (Arthur Erickson, 1989)
• Metrorail (Miami-Dade County) stations, early 80s heavy metro system (1984)
• Alkek Library, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas (1990)
• National Congress of Chile, Valparaiso, Chile, (1990)
• National Library of the Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Clorindo Testa, 1992)
• National Library of Estonia, Tallinn, Estonia (Raine Karp, 1985-1993)
• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. (James Ingo Freed, 1993)
• Centro Financiero Confinanzas, Caracas, Venezuela (1994)
• Therme Vals Spa Building, Vals, Switzerland (Peter Zumthor, 1993–1996)
• Palisades Center, West Nyack, New York (1998)^[11]
• Teatro Argentino de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina (1999)
• Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Los Angeles, California (Rafael Moneo, 2002)
• Knowlton Hall, Columbus, Ohio (Mack Scogin Merrill Elam, 2004)
• Palazzo della Cultura "Antonello da Messina", Messina, Italy (2009)
• Habima Theatre, National Theatre of Israel, Tel Aviv (Ram Karmi, redesign 2012)
• Parliament House, Valletta, Malta (Renzo Piano, 2015)
• Black Theatre, Kiev, Ukraine, 2016

Other structures

L'Enfant Plaza, Washington, D.C.

• The University of Florida Levin College of Law
• L'Enfant Plaza – a plaza in Washington, DC, containing many Brutalist US Government buildings.
• Cal Poly Pomona College of Environmental Design

See also

• Panel building – many of which are large and constructed of bare concrete panels.
• Panelák – a panel building constructed of pre-fabricated, pre-stressed concrete which may resemble brutalist structures.
• Plattenbau – as above but in Germany

Notes

References

• Romy Golan, Historian of the Immediate Future: Reyner Banham - Book Review, The Art Bulletin, June 2003. Accessed online at FindArticles 23 October 2006.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brutalist architecture.

• BBC Open University: From Here to Modernity - includes many Brutalist examples