Leipzig

Name

Leipzig in the 17th century

The name Leipzig is derived from the Slavic word Lipsk, which means "settlement where the linden trees (British English: lime trees; U.S. English: basswood trees) stand".^[17] An older spelling of the name in English is Leipsic. The Latin name Lipsia was also used.^[18] The name is cognate with Lipetsk (Липецк) in Russia and Liepāja in Latvia.^[19]

In 1937 the Nazi government officially renamed the city Reichsmessestadt Leipzig (Imperial Trade Fair City Leipzig).^[20]

Since 1989 Leipzig has been informally dubbed "Hero City" (Heldenstadt), in recognition of the role that the Monday demonstrations there played in the fall of the East German regime – the name alludes to the honorary title awarded in the former Soviet Union to certain cities that played a key role in the victory of the Allies during the Second World War.^[21] The common usage of this nickname for Leipzig up until the present is reflected, for example, in the name of a popular blog for local arts and culture, Heldenstadt.de.^[22]

More recently, the city has sometimes been nicknamed the "Boomtown of eastern Germany", "Hypezig" or "The better Berlin" for being celebrated by the media as a hip urban centre for the vital lifestyle and creative scene with many startups.^{[23][24][25][26]}

Origins

A map from Meyers Konversations-Lexikon depicting the Battle of Leipzig on 18 October 1813

Battle of Leipzig, 1813

Leipzig was first documented in 1015 in the chronicles of Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg as urbs Libzi (Chronikon VII, 25) and endowed with city and market privileges in 1165 by Otto the Rich. Leipzig Trade Fair, started in the Middle Ages, has become an event of international importance and is the oldest surviving trade fair in the world.

There are records of commercial fishing operations on the river Pleisse in Leipzig dating back to 1305, when the Margrave Dietrich the Younger granted the fishing rights to the church and convent of St Thomas.^[27]

There were a number of monasteries in and around the city, including a Franciscan monastery after which the Barfußgäßchen (Barefoot Alley) is named and a monastery of Irish monks (Jacobskirche, destroyed in 1544) near the present day Ranstädter Steinweg (the old Via Regia).

The foundation of the University of Leipzig in 1409 initiated the city's development into a centre of German law and the publishing industry, and towards being the location of the Reichsgericht (Imperial Court of Justice) and the German National Library (founded in 1912).

During the Thirty Years' War, two battles took place in Breitenfeld, about 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) outside Leipzig city walls. The first Battle of Breitenfeld took place in 1631 and the second in 1642. Both battles resulted in victories for the Swedish-led side.

On 24 December 1701, an oil-fueled street lighting system was introduced. The city employed light guards who had to follow a specific schedule to ensure the punctual lighting of the 700 lanterns.

19th century

New City Hall of Leipzig, built in 1905

The Leipzig region was the arena of the 1813 Battle of Leipzig between Napoleonic France and an allied coalition of Prussia, Russia, Austria and Sweden. It was the largest battle in Europe before the First World War and the coalition victory ended Napoleon's presence in Germany and would ultimately lead to his first exile on Elba. The Monument to the Battle of the Nations celebrating the centenary of this event was completed in 1913. In addition to stimulating German nationalism, the war had a major impact in mobilizing a civic spirit in numerous volunteer activities. Many volunteer militias and civic associations were formed, and collaborated with churches and the press to support local and state militias, patriotic wartime mobilization, humanitarian relief and postwar commemorative practices and rituals.^[28]

When it was made a terminus of the first German long-distance railway to Dresden (the capital of Saxony) in 1839, Leipzig became a hub of Central European railway traffic, with Leipzig Hauptbahnhof the largest terminal station by area in Europe. The railway station has two grand entrance halls, the eastern one for the Royal Saxon State Railways and the western one for the Prussian state railways.

In the 19th century, Leipzig was a centre of the German and Saxon liberal movements. The first German labor party, the General German Workers' Association (Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein, ADAV) was founded in Leipzig on 23 May 1863 by Ferdinand Lassalle; about 600 workers from across Germany travelled to the foundation on the new railway. Leipzig expanded rapidly to more than 700,000 inhabitants. Huge Gründerzeit areas were built, which mostly survived both war and post-war demolition.

Augustusplatz with Leipzig Opera House, around 1900

20th century

With the opening of a fifth production hall in 1907, the Leipziger Baumwollspinnerei became the largest cotton mill company on the continent, housing over 240,000 spindles. Daily production surpassed 5 million kilograms of yarn.^[29]

During the 1930s and 1940s, music was prominent throughout Leipzig. Many students attended Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy College of Music and Theatre (then named Landeskonservatorium.) However, in 1944, it was closed due to World War II. It re-opened soon after the war ended in 1945.

On 22 May 1930, Carl Friedrich Goerdeler was elected mayor of Leipzig. He was well known as an opponent of the Nazi regime.^[30] The city's mayor from 1930 to 1937, Carl Friedrich Goerdeler resigned in 1937 when, in his absence, his Nazi deputy ordered the destruction of the city's statue of Felix Mendelssohn. On Kristallnacht in 1938, the 1855 Moorish Revival Leipzig synagogue, one of the city's most architecturally significant buildings, was deliberately destroyed. Goerdeler was later executed by the Nazis on 2 February 1945.

Leipzig after bombing in the Second World War

Several thousand forced labourers were stationed in Leipzig during the Second World War.

Beginning in 1933, many Jewish citizens of Leipzig were members of the Gemeinde, a large Jewish religious community spread throughout Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In October 1935, the Gemeinde helped found the Lehrhaus (English: a house of study) in Leipzig to provide different forms of studies to Jewish students who were prohibited from attending any institutions in Germany. Jewish studies were emphasized and much of the Jewish community of Leipzig became involved.^[31]

Like all other cities claimed by the Nazis, Leipzig was subject to aryanisation. Beginning in 1933 and increasing in 1939, Jewish business owners were forced to give up their possessions and stores. This eventually intensified to the point where Nazi officials were strong enough to evict the Jewish people from their own homes. They also had the power to force many of the Jews living in the city to sell their houses. Many people who sold their homes emigrated elsewhere, outside of Leipzig. Others moved to Judenhäuser, which were smaller houses that acted as ghettos, housing large groups of people.^[31]

As with other cities in Europe during the Holocaust, the Jewish people of Leipzig were impacted greatly by the Nuremberg Laws. However, due to the Leipzig Trade Fair and the international attention it garnered, Leipzig was especially cautious about its public image. Despite this, the Leipzig authorities were not afraid to strictly apply and enforce anti-semitic measures.^[31] Shortly before Kristallnacht, Polish Jews living in the city were expelled.^[31]

On 20 December 1937, after the Nazis took control of the city, they renamed it Reichsmessestadt Leipzig, meaning the "Imperial Trade Fair City Leipzig".^[32] In early 1938, Leipzig saw an increase in Zionism through Jewish citizens. Many of these Zionists attempted to flee before deportations began.^[31] On 28 October 1938, Heinrich Himmler ordered the deportation of Polish Jews from Leipzig to Poland.^[31][33]

On 9 November 1938, as part of Kristallnacht, in Gottschedstrasse (German: Gottschedstraße), now a popular dining and nightlife area in Leipzig, synagogues and businesses were set on fire.^[31] Only a couple of days later, on 11 November 1938, many Jews in the Leipzig area were deported to the Buchenwald Concentration Camp.^[34] As World War II came to an end, much of Leipzig was destroyed. Following the war, the Communist Party of Germany (German: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD) provided aid for the reconstruction of the city.^[35]

In 1933, a census recorded that over 11,000 Jews were living in Leipzig. In the 1939 census, the number had fallen to roughly 4,500, and by January 1942 only 2,000 remained. In that month, these 2,000 Jews began to be deported.^[31] On 13 July 1942, 170 Jews were deported from Leipzig to Auschwitz Concentration Camp. On 19 September 1942, 440 Jews were deported from Leipzig to Theresienstadt Concentration Camp. On 18 June 1943, the remaining 18 Jews still in Leipzig were deported from Leipzig to Auschwitz Concentration Camp. According to records of the two waves of deportations to Auschwitz there were no survivors. According to records of the Theresienstadt deportation, only 53 Jews survived.^[31][36]

Until late 1943, there was little threat of aerial bombings to the city. However, on the morning of 4 December 1943, the British Royal Air Force dropped over 1,000 tons of explosives, resulting in the death of nearly 1,000 civilians.^[37] This bombing was the largest up to that time. Due to the close proximity of many of the buildings hit, a firestorm occurred. This prompted firefighters to rush to the city; however, the storm was too overwhelming for them. Unlike its neighbouring city of Dresden, this was a largely conventional bombing with high explosives rather than incendiaries. The resultant pattern of loss was a patchwork, rather than wholesale loss of its centre, but was nevertheless extensive.

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Leipzig in late April 1945. The U.S. 2nd Infantry Division and U.S. 69th Infantry Division fought their way into the city on 18 April and completed its capture after fierce urban action, in which fighting was often house-to-house and block-to-block, on 19 April 1945.^[38] In April 1945 the Deputy Mayor of Leipzig, Ernest Lisso, his wife, daughter, and a Volkssturm Major Walter Dönicke committed suicide in Leipzig City Hall.

The United States turned the city over to the Red Army as it pulled back from the line of contact with Soviet forces in July 1945 to the designated occupation zone boundaries. Leipzig became one of the major cities of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

Following the end of World War II in 1945, Leipzig saw a slow return of Jewish people to the city.^[31][39]

In the mid-20th century, the city's trade fair assumed renewed importance as a point of contact with the Comecon Eastern Europe economic bloc, of which East Germany was a member. At this time, trade fairs were held at a site in the south of the city, near the Monument to the Battle of the Nations. In October 1989, after prayers for peace at St. Nicholas Church, established in 1983 as part of the peace movement, the Monday demonstrations started as the most prominent mass protest against the East German government.^[40][41] Since the reunification of Germany, Leipzig has undergone significant change with the restoration of some historical buildings, the demolition of others, and the development of a modern transport infrastructure.

21st century

Federal Administrative Court of Germany

Monument to the Battle of the Nations

The 153-metre-high City-Hochhaus Leipzig and the Augusteum of the University of Leipzig

Nowadays, Leipzig is an important economic center in Germany. Since the 2010s, the city has been celebrated by the media as a hip urban center with a very high quality of living.^[42][43][44] It is often called "The new Berlin".^[45] Leipzig is also Germany's fastest growing city.^[46] Leipzig was the German candidate for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but was unsuccessful. After ten years of construction, the Leipzig City Tunnel opened on 14 December 2013.^[47] Leipzig forms the centerpiece of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland public transit system, which operates in the four German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Brandenburg.

Location

Leipzig lies at the confluence of the rivers White Elster, Pleisse and Parthe, in the Leipzig Bay, on the most southerly part of the North German Plain, which is the part of the North European Plain in Germany. The site is characterized by swampy areas such as the Leipzig Riverside Forest, though there are also some limestone areas to the north of the city. The landscape is mostly flat though there is also some evidence of moraine and drumlins.

Although there are some forest parks within the city limits, the area surrounding Leipzig is relatively unforested. During the 20th century, there were several open-cast mines in the region, many of which are being converted to use as lakes.^[48] Also see: Neuseenland

Leipzig is also situated at the intersection of the ancient roads known as the Via Regia (King's highway), which traversed Germany in an east-west direction, and the Via Imperii (Imperial Highway), a north-south road.

Leipzig was a walled city in the Middle Ages and the current "ring" road around the historic centre of the city follows the line of the old city walls.

Subdivision

Since 1992 Leipzig has been divided administratively into ten districts, which in turn contain a total of 63 subdistricts. Some of these correspond to outlying villages which have been annexed by Leipzig.

Stadtteile and regions

Neighbouring communities

	Delitzsch	Jesewitz
Schkeuditz	Rackwitz	Taucha
		Borsdorf	Brandis
Markranstädt	Markkleeberg	Naunhof
Kitzen	Zwenkau	Grosspoesna

Climate

Leipzig has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification). Winters are variably mild to cold, with an average of around 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are generally warm, averaging at 19 °C (66 °F) with daytime temperatures of 24 °C (75 °F). Precipitation in winter is about half that of the summer. The amount of sunshine is very different between winter and summer, with an average of around 51 hours of sunshine in December (1.7 hours a day) compared with 229 hours of sunshine in July (7.4 hours a day).

Architecture

Palais Roßbach, one of the many Gründerzeit buildings in Leipzig

Mädler Passage, one of 24 covered passages in Leipzig city centre

The historic central area of Leipzig features a Renaissance-style ensemble of buildings from the 16th century, including the old city hall in the market place. There are also several baroque period trading houses and former residences of rich merchants. As Leipzig grew considerably during the economic boom of the late 19th century, the town has many buildings in the historicist style representative of the Gründerzeit era. Approximately 35% of Leipzig's flats are in buildings of this type. The new city hall, completed in 1905, is built in the same style.

Some 64,000 apartments in Leipzig were built in Plattenbau buildings during the Communist rule in East Germany.^[62] and although some of these have been demolished and the numbers living in this type of accommodation have declined in recent years, at least 10% of Leipzig's population (50,000 people) are still living in Plattenbau accommodation.^[63] Grünau, for example, has approximately 40,000 people living in this sort of accommodation.^[64]

The St. Paul's Church was destroyed by the communists in 1968 to make room for a new main building for the university. After some debate, the city decided to establish a new, mainly secular building at the same location, called Paulinum, which was completed in 2012. Its architecture alludes to the look of the former church and it includes space for religious use by the faculty of theology, including the original altar from the old church and two newly built organs.

Many commercial buildings were built in the 1990s as a result of tax breaks after German reunification.

Tallest buildings and structures

The tallest structure in Leipzig is the chimney of the Stahl- und Hartgusswerk Bösdorf GmbH with a height of 205 metres (673 feet). With 142 metres (466 feet), the City-Hochhaus Leipzig is the tallest high-rise building in Leipzig. From 1972 to 1973 it was Germany's tallest building.

Buildings and structures	Image	Height in metres	Year	Notes
Chimney of Stahl- und Hartgusswerk Bösdorf GmbH		205	1984
Funkturm Leipzig		191	2015
DVB-T-Sendeturm		190	1986
City-Hochhaus Leipzig		142	1972	Total height 153 m, tallest building in Germany 1972–1973. Headquarter of European Energy Exchange.
Fernmeldeturm Leipzig		132	1995
Tower of New Town Hall		115	1905	Tallest Town Hall in Germany
Wintergartenhochhaus		106,8	1972	Used as residential tower
Hotel The Westin Leipzig		95	1972	Hotel with skybar and restaurant
Monument to the Battle of the Nations		91	1913	Tallest monument in Europe.
St. Peters'		88,5	1885	Leipzig's tallest church.
MDR-Hochhaus		65	2000	MDR is one of Germany's public broadcasters.
Hochhaus Löhr's Carree		65	1997	Headquarters of Sachsen Bank and Sparkasse Leipzig.
Center Torgauer Platz		63	1995
Europahaus		56	1929	Headquarters of Stadtwerke Leipzig

Museums and arts

One of the highlights of the city's contemporary arts was the Neo Rauch retrospective opening in April 2010 at the Leipzig Museum of Fine Arts. This is a show devoted to the father of the New Leipzig School^[65][66] of artists. According to The New York Times,^[67] this scene "has been the toast of the contemporary art world" for the past decade. In addition, there are eleven galleries in the so-called Spinnerei.^[68]

The Grassi Museum complex contains three more of Leipzig's major collections:^[69] the Ethnography Museum, Applied Arts Museum and Musical Instrument Museum (the last of which is run by the University of Leipzig). The university also runs the Museum of Antiquities.^[70]

Founded in March 2015, the G2 Kunsthalle houses the Hildebrand Collection.^[71] This private collection focuses on the so-called New Leipzig School. Leipzig's first private museum dedicated to contemporary art in Leipzig after the turn of the millennium is located in the city centre close to the famous St. Thomas Church on the third floor of the former GDR processing centre.^[72]

Other museums in Leipzig include the following:

• The German Museum of Books and Writing is the world's oldest museum of its kind, founded in 1884.
• The Egyptian Museum of the University of Leipzig comprises a collection of about 7,000 artefacts from several millennia.
• The Schillerhaus is the house where Schiller lived in summer 1785.
• The Zeitgeschichtliches Forum Leipzig (Forum of Contemporary History) shows the history of the German division and the everyday life in the communist dictatorship of East Germany.
• Naturkundemuseum Leipzig is the city's natural history museum.
• The Leipzig Panometer is a visual panorama displayed inside a former gasometer, accompanied by a thematic exhibition.
• The "Museum in der Runden Ecke" is the best known museum in the city. It deals with the operation of the Stasi State Security of former East Germany.
• Johann Sebastian Bach lived from 1723 until his death in Leipzig. The Bach Archive is an institution for the documentation and research of his life and work.

• 
  German Museum of Books and Writing
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  Exhibits of the Egyptian Museum
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  Grassi Museum
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  Inside Gasometer, next to the Panometer
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  Museum in der Runden Ecke
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  Museum of Fine Arts
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  Baumwollspinnerei

Main sights

• Leipzig Zoological Garden is one of the most modern zoos in Europe with approximately 850 different species. It houses the world's largest zoological facilities for primates (Pongoland). Gondwanaland is the world's largest indoor rainforest hall.
• Monument to the Battle of the Nations (Völkerschlachtdenkmal) (Battle of the Nations Monument): one of the largest monuments in Europe, built to commemorate the victorious battle against Napoleonic troops.
• Bundesverwaltungsgericht: Germany's federal administrative court was the site of the Reichsgericht, the highest state court between 1888 and 1945.
• New City Hall: the city's administrative building was built upon the remains of the Pleissenburg, a castle that was the site of the 1519 debate between Johann Eck and Martin Luther. It is also Germany's tallest town hall.
• Old City Hall on Marktplatz: the old city hall was built in 1556 and houses a museum of the city's history.
• City-Hochhaus Leipzig: built in 1972, the city's tallest building is one of the top 25 tallest buildings in Germany.^[73]
• The Augusteum and Paulinum form the new main campus of the University of Leipzig.
• international trade fair centre in the north of the city is home to the world's largest levitated glass hall.^[74]
• Leipzig Hauptbahnhof is the world's largest railway station by floor area and a shopping destination.
• Auerbach's Cellar: a young Goethe ate and drank in this basement-level restaurant while studying in Leipzig; it is the venue of a scene from his play Faust.
• The Old Leipzig bourse at Naschmarkt with a monument of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
• South Cemetery (Südfriedhof) is, with an area of 82 hectares, the largest cemetery in Leipzig.
• The German National Library has two locations, one of them in Leipzig.
• Leipzig Bayerischer Bahnhof is Germany's oldest preserved railway station.
• Gohliser Schlösschen
• Leipzig Synagogue was destroyed in 1938. Now a memorial stands on the same spot. Where the pews once were, 140 bronze chairs take their place.

• 
  Inside Gondwanaland at Leipzig Zoological Garden
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  Monument to the Battle of the Nations
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  Federal Administrative Court of Germany
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  New city hall
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  Old city hall at market square
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  City-Hochhaus
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  New Augusteum of the University of Leipzig
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  Leipzig Trade Fair
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  Leipzig main station
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  Auerbachs Keller in the Mädlerpassage
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  Old Leipzig bourse
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  Südfriedhof
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  German National Library
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  Leipzig Bayerischer Bahnhof
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  Gohliser Schlösschen
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  Leipzig Synagogue Memorial

Churches

• St. Thomas's Church (Thomaskirche): Most famous as the place where Johann Sebastian Bach worked as a cantor and home to the renowned boys choir Thomanerchor. A monument to Felix Mendelssohn stands in front of this church. Destroyed by the Nazis in 1936, the statue was re-erected on 18 October 2008.
• St. Nicholas's Church (Nikolaikirche), for which Bach was also responsible. The weekly Montagsgebet (Monday prayer) held here became the starting point of peaceful Monday demonstrations against the DDR regime in the 1980s.
• St. Peter's has the highest tower of any church in Leipzig, at 87 metres (285 feet).
• The new Propsteikirche, opened in 2015.
• The Continental Reformed Church of Leipzig (Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche) is one of the most prominent buildings on the Leipzig Innercity ring.
• The Russian Church of Leipzig is the Russian-Orthodox church of Leipzig.
• St. Michael's Church is one of the landmarks of Gohlis district

• 
  St. Nicholas Church.
• 
  St. Thomas Church.
• 
  St. Peter.
• 
  Propsteikirche in May 2015, New Town Hall in the background
• 
  Continental Reformed church of Leipzig.
• 
  Russian Church of Leipzig.
• 
  St. Michael's Church with the headquarters of Stadtwerke Leipzig to the right.

Parks and lakes

Leipzig is well known for its large parks. The Leipziger Auwald (riparian forest) lies mostly within the city limits. Neuseenland is an area south of Leipzig where old open-cast mines are being converted into a huge lake district. It is planned to be finished in 2060.

• Leipzig Botanical Garden is the oldest of its kind in Germany. It contains a total of some 7,000 species, of which nearly 3,000 species comprise ten special collections.
• Johannapark and Clara-Zetkin-Park are the most prominent parks in the Leipzig city centre.
• Leipziger Auwald covers a total area of approx. 2,500 hectares. The Rosental is a park in the north of the forest and borders Leipzig Zoo.
• Wildpark in Connewitz, showing 25 species.

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  Inside Leipzig Botanical Garden
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  Johannapark
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  Leipziger Auwald
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  Rosental in the morning
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  Friedenspark
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  Markkleeberger See
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  Cospudener See

Music

Johann Sebastian Bach worked in Leipzig from 1723 to 1750, conducting the Thomanerchor (St. Thomas Church Choir), at the St. Thomas Church, the St. Nicholas Church and the Paulinerkirche, the university church of Leipzig (destroyed in 1968). The composer Richard Wagner was born in Leipzig in 1813, in the Brühl. Robert Schumann was also active in Leipzig music, having been invited by Felix Mendelssohn when the latter established Germany's first musical conservatoire in the city in 1843. Gustav Mahler was second conductor (working under Artur Nikisch) at the Leipzig Opera from June 1886 until May 1888, and achieved his first significant recognition while there by completing and publishing Carl Maria von Weber's opera Die Drei Pintos. Mahler also completed his own 1st Symphony while living in Leipzig.

Today the conservatory is the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig.^[75] A broad range of subjects are taught, including artistic and teacher training in all orchestral instruments, voice, interpretation, coaching, piano chamber music, orchestral conducting, choir conducting and musical composition in various musical styles. The drama departments teach acting and scriptwriting.

The Bach-Archiv Leipzig, an institution for the documentation and research of the life and work of Bach (and also of the Bach family), was founded in Leipzig in 1950 by Werner Neumann. The Bach-Archiv organizes the prestigious International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition, initiated in 1950 as part of a music festival marking the bicentennial of Bach's death. The competition is now held every two years in three changing categories. The Bach-Archiv also organizes performances, especially the international festival Bachfest Leipzig (de) and runs the Bach-Museum.

The city's musical tradition is also reflected in the worldwide fame of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, under its chief conductor Riccardo Chailly, and the Thomanerchor.

The MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra is Leipzig's second largest symphony orchestra. Its current chief conductor is Kristjan Järvi. Both the Gewandhausorchester and the MDR Leipzig Radio Symphony Orchestra make use of in the Gewandhaus concert hall.

For over 60 years Leipzig has been offering a "school concert"^[76] programme for children in Germany, with over 140 concerts every year in venues such as the Gewandhaus and over 40,000 children attending.

As for contemporary music, Leipzig is known for its independent music scene and subcultural events. Leipzig has for 20 years been home to the world's largest Gothic festival, the annual Wave-Gotik-Treffen (WGT), where thousands of fans of gothic and dark styled music from across Europe gather in the early summer. The first Wave Gotik Treffen was held at the Eiskeller club, today known as Conne Island, in the Connewitz district. Mayhem's notorious album Live in Leipzig was also recorded at the Eiskeller club.^[77] Leipzig Pop Up is an annual music trade fair for the independent music scene as well as a music festival taking place on Pentecost weekend.^[78] Its most famous indie-labels are Moon Harbour Recordings (House) and Kann Records (House/Techno/Psychedelic). Several venues offer live music on a daily basis, including the Moritzbastei^[79] which was once part of the city's fortifications, and is one of the oldest student clubs in Europe with concerts in various styles. For over 15 years "Tonelli's"^[80] has been offering free weekly concerts every day of the week, though door charges may apply Saturdays.

The cover photo for the Beirut band's 2005 album Gulag Orkestar, according to the sleeve notes, was stolen from a Leipzig library by Zach Condon.

The city of Leipzig is also the birthplace of Till Lindemann, best known as the lead vocalist of Rammstein, a band formed in 1994.

• 
  Leipzig Opera
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  View over Augustusplatz with the Gewandhaus.
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  Moritzbastei is the largest student club in Germany and is famous for its atmosphere and large number of cultural and music events.
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  Monument of Johann Sebastian Bach
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  Haus Auensee, a concert hall

Annual events

• Auto Mobil International (AMI) motor show^[81]
• AMITEC, trade fair for vehicle maintenance, care, servicing and repairs in Germany and Central Europe^[82]
• A cappella: vocal music festival, organized by the Ensemble amarcord
• Bach-Fest: Johann Sebastian Bach-festival
• Christmas market (since 1767)
• Dok Leipzig: international festival for documentary and animated film
• Jazztage,^[83] contemporary jazz festival
• Ladyfest Leipzig^[84] (August) Emancipatoric, feminist punk and electro festival
• Leipzig Book Fair: the second largest German book fair after Frankfurt
• Lichtfest Leipzig, festival celebrating the demonstrations leading up to the collapse of the East German regime
• OPER unplugged with Music Dance Theatre by Heike Hennig & Co^[85]
• Stadtfest: city festival
• Wave-Gotik-Treffen at Pentecost: world's largest goth or "dark culture" festival
• Leipzig Pop Up^[86]

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  Leipzig Trade Fair
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  Leipzig Book Fair 2015
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  Wave-Gotik-Treffen 2016, Belantis park in the background
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  Leipzig Christmas market entrance
• 
  DOK Leipzig

Sports

More than 300 sport clubs in the city represent 78 different disciplines. Over 400 athletic facilities are available to citizens and club members.^[87]

Football

The Red Bull Arena from above. Home of RB Leipzig.

Bruno-Plache-Stadion is the home stadion of 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig.

The German Football Association (DFB) was founded in Leipzig in 1900. The city was the venue for the 2006 FIFA World Cup draw, and hosted four first-round matches and one match in the round of 16 in the central stadium.

VfB Leipzig, now 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, won the first national Association football championship in 1903. The club was reformed as 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in 1966 and has had a glorious past in international competition as well, having been champions of the 1965–66 Intertoto Cup, semi-finalists in the 1973–74 UEFA Cup, and runners-up in the 1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup.

In May 2009 Red Bull entered the local market after being denied the right to buy into FC Sachsen Leipzig in 2006. The newly founded RB Leipzig declared the intention to come up through the ranks of German football to bring Bundesliga football back to the region.^[88] RB Leipzig was finally promoted to the top level of the Bundesliga after finishing the 2015–16 2. Bundesliga season as runners-up.

List of Leipzig men and women's football clubs playing at state level and above:

Club	Founded	League	Level	Home ground	Capacity
RB Leipzig	2009	Bundesliga	1	Red Bull Arena	42,959
RB Leipzig (women)	20161	Regionalliga (women)	3	Sportanlage Gontardweg	1,300
1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig	2003	Regionalliga Nordost	4	Bruno-Plache-Stadion	7,000
BSG Chemie Leipzig	19972	NOFV-Oberliga Süd	5	Alfred-Kunze-Sportpark	4,999
FC International Leipzig	2013	NOFV-Oberliga Süd	5	Sportpark Tresenwald	1,500
Roter Stern Leipzig (de)	1999	Landesklasse Sachsen Nord	7	Sportpark Dölitz	1,200

Note 1: The RB Leipzig women's football team was formed in 2016 and began play in the 2016-17 season.
Note 2: The club began play in the 2008-09 season.

Other sports

The artificial whitewater course Kanupark Markkleeberg at Markkleeberger See.

From 1950 to 1990 Leipzig was host of the Deutsche Hochschule für Körperkultur (DHfK, German College of Physical Culture), the national sports college of the GDR.

Leipzig also hosted the Fencing World Cup in 2005 and hosts a number of international competitions in a variety of sports each year.

Leipzig made a bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympic Games. The bid did not make the shortlist after the International Olympic Committee pared the bids down to 5.

Markkleeberger See is a new lake next to Markkleeberg, a suburb on the south side of Leipzig. A former open-pit coal mine, it was flooded in 1999 with groundwater and developed in 2006 as a tourist area. On its southeastern shore is Germany's only pump-powered artificial whitewater slalom course, Markkleeberg Canoe Park (Kanupark Markkleeberg), a venue which rivals the Eiskanal in Augsburg for training and international canoe/kayak competition.

Leipzig Rugby Club competes in the German Rugby Bundesliga but finished at the bottom of their group in 2013.^[90]

Food and drink

• An all-season local dish is Leipziger Allerlei, a stew consisting of seasonal vegetables and crayfish.
• Leipziger Lerche is a shortcrust pastry dish filled with crushed almonds, nuts and strawberry jam; the name ("Leipzig lark") comes from a lark pâté which was a Leipzig speciality until the banning of songbird hunting in Saxony in 1876.
• Gose is a locally brewed top-fermenting sour beer that originated in the Goslar region and in the 18th century became popular in Leipzig.

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  Leipziger Lerchen
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  Historical Gose bottle (ca. 1900)

University

Leipzig University, founded 1409, is one of Europe's oldest universities. The philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born in Leipzig in 1646, and attended the university from 1661 to 1666. Nobel Prize laureate Werner Heisenberg worked here as a physics professor (from 1927 to 1942), as did Nobel Prize laureates Gustav Ludwig Hertz (physics), Wilhelm Ostwald (chemistry) and Theodor Mommsen (Nobel Prize in literature). Other former staff of faculty include mineralogist Georg Agricola, writer Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, philosopher Ernst Bloch, eccentric founder of psychophysics Gustav Theodor Fechner, and psychologist Wilhelm Wundt. Among the university's many noteworthy students were writers Johann Wolfgang Goethe and Erich Kästner, and philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, political activist Karl Liebknecht, and composer Richard Wagner. Germany's chancellor since 2006, Angela Merkel, studied physics at Leipzig University.^[91] The university has about 30,000 students.

A part of Leipzig University is the German Institute for Literature which was founded in 1955 under the name "Johannes R. Becher-Institut". Many noted writers have graduated from this school, including Heinz Czechowski, Kurt Drawert, Adolf Endler, Ralph Giordano, Kerstin Hensel, Sarah and Rainer Kirsch, Angela Krauß, Erich Loest, Fred Wander. After its closure in 1990 the institute was refounded in 1995 with new teachers.

Visual arts and theatre

The Academy of Visual Arts (Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst) was established in 1764. Its 530 students (as of 2006) are enrolled in courses in painting and graphics, book design/graphic design, photography and media art. The school also houses an Institute for Theory.

The University of Music and Theatre offers a broad range of subjects ranging from training in orchestral instruments, voice, interpretation, coaching, piano chamber music, orchestral conducting, choir conducting and musical composition to acting and scriptwriting.

University of Applied Science

The Leipzig University of Applied Sciences (HTWK)^[92] has approximately 6,200 students (as of 2007) and is (as of 2007) the second biggest institution of higher education in Leipzig. It was founded in 1992, merging several older schools. As a university of applied sciences (German: Fachhochschule) its status is slightly below that of a university, with more emphasis on the practical part of the education. The HTWK offers many engineering courses, as well as courses in computer science, mathematics, business administration, librarianship, museum studies and social work. It is mainly located in the south of the city.

Leipzig Graduate School

The private Leipzig Graduate School of Management, (in German Handelshochschule Leipzig (HHL)), is the oldest business school in Germany. According to The Economist, HHL is one of the best schools in the world, rankend at number six overall.^[93][94]

Others

The Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences

Among the research institutes located in Leipzig, three belong to the Max Planck Society. These are the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, and Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Two more are Fraunhofer Society institutes. Others are the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, part of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres, and the Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research.

Leipzig is home to one of the world's oldest schools Thomasschule zu Leipzig (St. Thomas' School, Leipzig), which gained fame for its long association with the Bach family of musicians and composers.

The Lutheran Theological Seminary is a seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church in Leipzig.^[95][96] The seminary trains students to become pastors for the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church or for member church bodies of the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference.^[97]

Road

Leipzig's road network

Leipzig/Halle Airport, hub of DHL

Founded at the crossing of Via Regia and Via Imperii, Leipzig has been a major interchange of inter-European traffic and commerce since medieval times. After the Reunification of Germany, immense efforts to restore and expand the traffic network have been undertaken and left the city area with an excellent infrastructure.

Since 1936, Leipzig has been connected to the A 9 and A 14 autobahns via the Schkeuditzer Kreuz (Schkeuditz Cross) interchange and several exits. The A 38 completed the autobahn beltway around Leipzig in 2006.

Like most German cities, Leipzig has a traffic layout designed to be bicycle-friendly. There is an extensive cycle network. In most of the one-way central streets, cyclists are explicitly allowed to cycle both ways. A few cycle paths have been built or declared since 1990.

Rail

Leipzig Hauptbahnhof, opened in 1915, is at a junction of important north-to-south and west-to-east railway lines. The ICE train between Berlin and Munich stops in Leipzig and it takes approximately one hour from Berlin Hauptbahnhof and three hours from München Hauptbahnhof.^[114]

Air

Leipzig/Halle Airport is the main airport in the vicinity of the city. Leipzig/Halle Airport offers a number of seasonal vacation charter flights as well as regular scheduled services. The former military airport near Altenburg, Thuringia called Leipzig-Altenburg Airport about a half-hour drive from Leipzig was served by Ryanair until 2010.

Water

Boats at the Elsterflutbett

In the first half of the 20th century, the construction of the Elster-Saale canal, White Elster and Saale was started in Leipzig in order to connect to the network of waterways. The outbreak of the Second World War stopped most of the work, though some may have continued through the use of forced labor. The Lindenauer port was almost completed but not yet connected to the Elster-Saale and Karl-Heine canal respectively. The Leipzig rivers (White Elster, New Luppe, Pleisse, and Parthe) in the city have largely artificial river beds and are supplemented by some channels. These waterways are suitable only for small leisure boat traffic.

Through the renovation and reconstruction of existing mill races and watercourses in the south of the city and flooded disused open cast mines, the city's navigable water network is being expanded. The city commissioned planning for a link between Karl Heine Canal and the disused Lindenauer port in 2008. Still more work was still scheduled to complete the Elster-Saale canal. Such a move would allow small boats to reach the Elbe from Leipzig. The intended completion date has been postponed because of an unacceptable cost-benefit ratio.

Public transport

Leipzig has an extensive local public transport network. The city's tram and bus network is operated by the Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe. Leipzig's tram network, at a length of 148.3 kilometres (92 mi), is the second biggest in Germany. Leipzig City Tunnel forms the centerpiece of an extensive S-Bahn network serving 1.2 million people in the Leipzig/Halle metropolitan area. The tunnel links the main station in the north with the Bayrische Bahnhof in the south.

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  Leipzig Hauptbahnhof is the main hub of tram and rail network and the world's largest railway station by floor area
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  Tram of Leipziger Verkehrsbetriebe
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  Tramsystem at the Georg-Schumann-Straße
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  Leipzig City Tunnel, part of Leipzig's new S-Bahn network
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  A new train of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland at Leipzig Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz railway station, August 2016
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  Inside the S-Bahn train

17th century

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (c. 1695)

• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; (1646–1716), philosopher and scientist, mathematician, diplomat
• Johann Friedrich Mayer; (1650–1712), Lutheran theologian
• Augustus Quirinus Rivinus, origin. Bachmann ; (1652–1723), physician and botanist
• Johann Sebastian Bach; (1685–1750), composer

18th century

• Johann Christian Bach; (1735–1782), youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach, composer
• Christian Gottfried Körner; (1756–1831), jurist and writer
• Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus; (1772–1823), publisher, originator of the Brockhaus encyclopedia
• Carl Gustav Carus; (1789–1869), doctor, painter and natural philosopher

19th century

1801–1850

Richard Wagner (c. 1862)

• Christian Hermann Weisse; (1801–1866), Protestant theologian and philosopher
• Felix Mendelssohn; (1809–1847), composer, pianist, organist and conductor
• Robert Schumann; (1810–1856), composer and music critic
• Richard Wagner; (1813–1883), composer, theatre director and conductor (among others opera The Flying Dutchman )
• Louise Otto-Peters; (1819–1895), suffragette, author, founder of the General German Women's Association

Clara Schumann (1838)

• Clara Schumann; (1819–1896), pianist and composer
• Carl Reinecke; (1824–1910), composer, conductor, and pianist
• August Bebel; (1840–1913), socialist politician, co-founder of Germany's Social Democratic Party
• Karl Wittgenstein; (1847–1913), entrepreneur

1851–1900

Karl Liebknecht (c. 1911)

• Hans Meyer; (1858–1929), geographer, Africanist and mountaineer, first European to reach the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro
• Wilhelm Souchon; (1864–1946), Vice Admiral of the Imperial Navy, commander of the Ottoman and Bulgarian Navy
• Karl Liebknecht; (1871–1919), socialist politician (co-founder of the Communist Party of Germany)
• Carl Friedrich Goerdeler; (1884–1945), mayor, one of the leaders of conservative resistance against Hitler
• Max Beckmann; (1884–1950), Expressionist painter, professor at art academies and schools
• Wilhelm Backhaus; (1884–1969), pianist
• Paul Frölich; (1884–1953), politician (KPD co-founder), executor and biographer of Rosa Luxemburg
• Walter Ulbricht; (1893–1973), Communist politician (SED), GDR Chairman of the Council of State from 1960 to 1973
• Ruth Fischer; (1895–1961), communist politician and journalist, co-founder of the CPA
• Hanns Eisler; (1898–1962), composer (inter alia of the national anthem of the GDR.)
• Bruno Apitz; (1900–1979), writer (Naked among wolves)

20th century

1951–present

Neo Rauch (2017)

• Riccardo Chailly, (born 1953), conductor of the Gewandhaus orchestra
• René Müller, (born 1959), footballer for Lokomotive Leipzig and the East German national team
• Neo Rauch, (born 1960), painter
• Simone Thomalla, (born 1965), actress
• Kristin Otto, (born 1966), swimmer, 6-time Olympic gold medalist, sports journalist and TV presenter (ZDF)
• Matthias Weischer (born 1973), painter
• Till Lindemann (born 1963), vocalist