Münster

Münster
Aerial view of Münster

Flag
Coat of arms
Münster
Coordinates: 51°57′45″N 07°37′32″E / 51.96250°N 7.62556°E / 51.96250; 7.62556Coordinates: 51°57′45″N 07°37′32″E / 51.96250°N 7.62556°E / 51.96250; 7.62556
Country Germany
State North Rhine-Westphalia
Admin. region Münster
District Urban district
Founded 793
Government
 • Lord Mayor Markus Lewe (CDU)
 • Governing parties CDU
Area
 • Total 302.89 km2 (116.95 sq mi)
Elevation 60 m (200 ft)
Population (2016-12-31)[1]
 • Total 311,846
 • Density 1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi)
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes 48143–48167
Dialling codes 0251
 02501 (Hiltrup, Amelsbüren)
 02506 (Wolbeck, Angelmodde)
 02533 (Nienberge)
 02534 (Roxel)
 02536 (Albachten)
Vehicle registration MS
Website www.muenster.de

Münster (/ˈmʊnstər/; German pronunciation: [ˈmʏnstɐ] ( listen); Low German: Mönster; Latin: Monasterium, from the Greek μοναστήριον monastērion, "monastery") is an independent city (Kreisfreie Stadt) in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region. It is also capital of the local government region Münsterland. Münster was the location of the Anabaptist rebellion during the Protestant Reformation and the site of the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War in 1648. Today it is known as the bicycle capital of Germany.

Münster gained the status of a Großstadt (major city) with more than 100,000 inhabitants in 1915.[2] As of 2014, there are 300,000[3] people living in the city, with about 61,500 students,[4] only some of whom are recorded in the official population statistics as having their primary residence in Münster.

History

Early history

In 793, Charlemagne sent out Ludger as a missionary to evangelise the Münsterland.[5] In 797, Ludger founded a school that later became the Cathedral School.[5] Gymnasium Paulinum traces its history back to this school.[5] Ludger was ordained as the first bishop of Münster.[5] The first cathedral was completed by 850.[5] The combination of ford and crossroad, market place, episcopal administrative centre, library and school, established Münster as an important centre.[6] In 1040, Heinrich III became the first king of Germany to visit Münster.[5]

Middle Ages and early modern period

In the Middle Ages, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster was a leading member of the Hanseatic League.[5]

View from the south-west of Münster in 1570 as seen by Remigius Hogenberg. On the left is the Überwasserkirche, in the centre is St. Paul's Cathedral and to its right St. Lamberti, and on the far right is the Ludgerikirche

In 1534, the Anabaptists led by John of Leiden, took power in the Münster Rebellion and founded a democratic proto-socialistic state. They claimed all property, burned all books except the Bible, and called it the "New Jerusalem". John of Leiden believed he would lead the elect from Münster to capture the entire world and purify it of evil with the sword in preparation for the Second Coming of Christ and the beginning of the Millennium. They went so far as to require all citizens to be naked as preparation for the Second Coming. However, the town was recaptured in 1535; the Anabaptists were tortured to death, their corpses were exhibited in metal baskets (often confused with cages), which can still be seen hanging from the tower of St Lambert's Church.[5]

Part of the signing of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 was held in Münster.[7] This ended the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.[7] It also guaranteed the future of the prince-bishop and the diocese; the area was to be exclusively Roman Catholic.

18th, 19th and early 20th centuries

Photo of the Prinzipalmarkt in 1900

The last outstanding palace of the German baroque period was created according to plans by Johann Conrad Schlaun.[5] The University of Münster (today called "Westphalian Wilhelms-University", WWU) was established in 1780. It is now a major European centre for excellence in education and research with large faculties in the arts, humanities, theology, sciences, business and law. Currently there are about 40,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled. In 1802 Münster was conquered by Prussia during the Napoleonic Wars. It was also part of the Grand Duchy of Berg between 1806 and 1811 and the Lippe department of the First French Empire between 1811 and 1813, before returning to Prussian rule. It became the capital of the Prussian province of Westphalia. A century later in 1899 the city's harbour started operations when the city was linked to the Dortmund-Ems Canal.

World War II

Photo of part of the Prinzipalmarkt area around St. Lambert's church in 1945

In the 1940s The Bishop of Münster, Cardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen, was one of the most prominent critics of the Nazi government. In retaliation for his success (The New York Times described Bishop von Galen as "the most obstinate opponent of the National Socialist anti-Christian program"[8]), Münster was heavily garrisoned during World War II, and five large complexes of barracks are still a feature of the city. Münster was the headquarters (Hauptsitz) for the 6th Military District (Wehrkreis) of the German Wehrmacht, under the command of Infantry General (General der Infanterie) Gerhard Glokke. Originally made up of Westphalia and the Rhineland, after the Battle of France it was expanded to include the Eupen - Malmedy district of Belgium. The headquarters controlled military operations in Münster, Essen, Düsseldorf, Wuppertal, Bielefeld, Coesfeld, Paderborn, Herford, Minden, Detmold, Lingen, Osnabrück, Recklinghausen, Gelsenkirchen, and Cologne.

Münster was the home station for the VI and XXIII Infantry Corps (Armeekorps), as well as the XXXIII and LVI Panzerkorps. Münster was also the home of the 6th, 16th and 25th Panzer Division; the 16th Panzergrenadier Division; and the 6th, 26th, 69th, 86th, 106th, 126th, 196th, 199th, 211th, 227th, 253rd, 254th, 264th, 306th, 326th, 329th, 336th, 371st, 385th, and 716th Infantry Divisions (Infanterie-division).

A secondary target of the Oil Campaign of World War II, Münster was bombed on 25 October 1944 by 34 diverted B-24 Liberator bombers, during a mission to a nearby primary target, the Scholven/Buer synthetic oil plant at Gelsenkirchen. About 91% of the Old City and 63% of the entire city was destroyed by Allied air raids.[9] The US 17th Airborne Division, employed in a standard infantry role and not in a parachute capacity, attacked Münster with the British 6th Guards Tank Brigade on 2 April 1945 in a ground assault and fought its way into the contested city centre, which was cleared in urban combat on the following day.[10]

Postwar period

From 1946 to 1998, there was a Latvian secondary school in Münster,[11] and in 1947, one of the largest of about 93 Latvian libraries in the West was established in Münster.[12]

In the 1950s the Old City was rebuilt to match its pre-war state, though many of the surrounding buildings were replaced with cheaper modern structures. It was also for several decades a garrison town for the British forces stationed in West Germany.

Prinzipalmarkt, 2005.

Post-reunification

In 2004, Münster won an honourable distinction: the LivCom-Award for the most livable city in the world with a population between 200,000 and 750,000.[13] Münster is famous and liked for its bicycle friendliness and for the student character of the city that is due to the influence of its university, the Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster.[14][15]

Geography

Geographic position

Gerard ter Borch: Dutch envoy Adriaan Pauw enters Münster around 1646 for the peace negotiations resulting in the Peace of Westphalia (Stadtmuseum Münster)

Münster is situated on the river Aa, approximately 15 kilometres (9 miles) south of its confluence with the Ems in the Westphalian Bight, a landscape studded with dispersed settlements and farms, the so-called "Münsterland". The Wolstonian sediments of the mountain ridge called "Münsterländer Kiessandzug" cross the city from north to south. The highest elevation is the Mühlenberg in the northwest of Münster, 97 metres above sea level. The lowest elevation is at the Ems with 44 m above sea level. The city centre is 60 m above sea level, measured at the Prinzipalmarkt in front of the historic city hall.

The Dutch city of Enschede is about 65 km (40 mi) northwest of Münster. Other major cities nearby include Osnabrück, about 44 km (27 mi) to the north, Dortmund, about 61 km (38 mi) to the south, and Bielefeld, about 62 km (39 mi) to the east.

Münster is one of the 42 agglomeration areas and one of Germany's biggest cities in terms of area. But this includes substantial sparsely populated, rural districts which were formerly separate local government authorities until they were amalgamated in 1975. Thus nearly half the city's area is agricultural, resulting in a low population density of approximately 900 inhabitants per km².

Bronze model of Münster's city centre
Münster's Lake Aa

Population density

The city's built-up area is quite extensive. There are no skyscrapers and few high-rise buildings but very many detached houses and mansions. Still the population density reaches about 15,000 inhabitants per km² in the city centre.[16] Calculating the population density based on the actual populated area results in approximately 2890 inhabitants per km².[17]

Münster's urban area of 302.91 square kilometres (116.95 sq mi) is distributed into 57.54 square kilometres (22.22 sq mi) covered with buildings while 0.99 km2 (0.38 sq mi) are used for maintenance and 25.73 km2 (9.93 sq mi) for traffic areas, 156.61 km2 (60.47 sq mi) for agriculture and recreation, 8.91 km2 (3.44 sq mi) are covered by water, 56.69 km2 (21.89 sq mi) is forested and 6.23 km2 (2.41 sq mi) is used otherwise.[18]:18 The perimeter has a length of 107 kilometres (66 miles), the largest extend of the urban area in north–south direction is 24.4 km (15.2 mi), in east–west direction 20.6 km (12.8 mi).[19]

Climate

A well-known saying in Münster is "Entweder es regnet oder es läuten die Glocken. Und wenn beides zusammen fällt, dann ist Sonntag" ("Either it rains or the church bells ring. And if both occur at the same time, it's Sunday."), but in reality the rainfall with approximately 758 mm (29.8 inches) per year is close to the average rainfall in Germany.[20] The perception of Münster as a rain-laden city isn't caused by the absolute amount of rainfall but by the above-average number of rainy days with relatively small amounts of rainfall. The average temperature is 9.4 °C (48.9 °F) with approximately 1500 sun hours per year.[20] Consequently, Münster is in the bottom fifth in comparison with other German cities. The winter in Münster is fairly mild and snowfall is unusual. The temperature during summertime meets the average in Germany. The highest daily rainfall was registered on 28 July 2014: One weather station of the MeteoGroup reported a rainfall of 122.2 l/m2 (2.50 imp gal/sq ft) the State Environment Agency registered at one of its stations 292 l/m2 (6.0 imp gal/sq ft) during seven hours.[21] The record rainfall led to severe flooding throughout the city and the nearby Greven.

Climate data for Münster
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 3
(37)		 4
(39)		 8
(46)		 13
(55)		 18
(64)		 21
(70)		 22
(72)		 22
(72)		 19
(66)		 14
(57)		 8
(46)		 4
(39)		 13
(55)
Average low °C (°F) −2
(28)		 −2
(28)		 0
(32)		 3
(37)		 7
(45)		 10
(50)		 12
(54)		 12
(54)		 9
(48)		 6
(43)		 2
(36)		 −1
(30)		 4.6
(40.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 65
(2.56)		 48
(1.89)		 60
(2.36)		 50
(1.97)		 64
(2.52)		 74
(2.91)		 67
(2.64)		 66
(2.6)		 63
(2.48)		 54
(2.13)		 71
(2.8)		 77
(3.03)		 758
(29.84)
Source: [20][22]

Adjacent cities and districts

Münster borders on the following cities and municipalities, named clockwise and beginning in the northwest: Altenberge and Greven (District of Steinfurt), Telgte, Everswinkel, Sendenhorst and Drensteinfurt (District of Warendorf), as well as Ascheberg, Senden and Havixbeck (District of Coesfeld).

City boroughs

Münster administrative districts – the darker parts represent the built-up areas of the city

The city is divided into six administrative districts or Stadtbezirke: "Mitte" (Middle), "Nord" (North), "Ost" (East), "West", "Süd-Ost" (South-East) and "Hiltrup". Each district is represented by a council of 19 representatives elected in local elections. Heading each council is the district mayor, or Bezirksvorsteher. Every district is subdivided into residential quarters (Wohnbereiche). This official term, however, is not used in common speech, as there are no discrete definitions of the individual quarters. The term "Stadtteil" is used instead, mainly referring to the incorporated communities. The districts are also divided into 45 statistical districts.

The following list names each district with its residential and additional quarters. These are the official names, which partly differ from the usage in common speech.[23]

Bicycle parking station, located at the Hauptbahnhof
Market Square Münster, Centre
Pablo Picasso Museum Münster, popular for sightseeing tours
  • Mitte:
    • Kernbereich (Centre)
  • Nord:
    • Münster-Coerde|Coerde
    • Kinderhaus
    • Sprakel with Sandrup
  • Ost:
    • Dyckburg, consisting of Mariendorf and Sudmühle
    • Gelmer with Gittrup
    • Handorf with Kasewinkel, Kreuzbach, Laer, Dorbaum and Verth on the left bank of the Ems and Werse
    • Mauritz-Ost and Mondstraße, combined better known as St. Mauritz
  • West:
    • Albachten
    • Gievenbeck
    • Mecklenbeck
    • Nienberge with Häger, Schönebeck and Uhlenbrock
    • Roxel with Altenroxel and Oberort
    • Sentruper Höhe
  • Süd-Ost:
    • Angelmodde with Hofkamp
    • Gremmendorf with Loddenheide
    • Wolbeck
  • Hiltrup:
    • Amelsbüren with Sudhoff, Loevelingloh and Wilbrenning
    • Berg Fidel
    • Hiltrup

The centre can be subdivided into historically evolved city districts whose borders are not always strictly defined, such as

  • Aaseestadt
  • Erphoviertel
  • Geistviertel'
  • Hansaviertel
  • Herz-Jesu-Viertel
  • Kreuzviertel
  • Kuhviertel
  • Mauritzviertel
  • Neutor
  • Pluggendorf
  • Rumphorst
  • Schlossviertel
  • Südviertel
  • Uppenberg
  • Zentrum Nord

Demographics

Signal-Iduna-Building, Servatiiplatz

Münster has approximately 300,000 inhabitants,[3] and more than 10,000 others who have their secondary residence in the city. The city has about 50,000 resident foreigners.[24] The life-expectancy in Münster is 76.3 years for males and 83.1 years for females. The average age of Münster's residents was 40 in 2006.[18]:54

Number of largest foreigner groups in Münster by nationality:[25]

Rank Nationality Population (31.12.2016)
1 Syria2,775
2 Poland2,265
3 Serbia1,885
4 Turkey1,735
5 Portugal1,636
6 Italy1,143
7 Russia987
8 Kosovo839
9 Iraq830
10 Spain805
11 Bulgaria723
12 China699
13 UK684
14 Romania612
15 Croatia605

Politics

Lamberti square

Makeup of the City Council

PartyPercentageSeatsSource
Christian Democratic Union35.21%25[26]
Social Democratic Party26.98%19
Green Party20.14%15
Free Democratic Party5.85%4
The Left5.04%4
UWG-MS0.91%1
Pirate Party2.09%2
Ecological Democratic Party1.15%1
Alternative for Germany2.60%2

Economy

The city is considered the "creative desk of Westphalia".[27] Greater Münster is home to many industries such as those of public authorities, consulting companies, insurance companies, banks, computer centres, publishing houses, advertising and design.[27] The service sector has created several thousand jobs.[27] Retailers have approximately 1.9 billion euro turnover.[27] The city still has traditional merchants' townhouses as well as modern outlets.[27]

The job market situation in Münster is "comparatively good".[28] Of the approximately 130,000 employees subject to social insurance contribution more than 80% work in the tertiary sector, about 17% work in the secondary sector and 1% work in the primary sector.[18]:95

Main sights

Main administration building of WWU
Botanic Garden
Krameramtshaus
Erbdrostenhof Palace, birthplace of Blessed Mary of the Divine Heart
Town Museum Münster
Headquarters LVM Insurance
("Villa Kunterbunt")
  • St. Paul's Cathedral, built in the 13th century in a mixture of late Romanesque and early Gothic styles. It was completely restored after World War II. It includes an astronomical clock of 1540, adorned with hand-painted zodiac symbols, which traces the movement of the planets, and plays a Glockenspiel tune every noon.
  • The Prinzipalmarkt, the main shopping street in the city centre with the Gothic town hall (14th century) in which the Peace of Westphalia treaty which put an end to the Thirty Years' War was signed in 1648. Immediately north of the Prinzipalmarkt is the Roggenmarkt.
  • St Lambert's Church (1375), with three cages hanging from its tower above the clock face. In 1535 these cages were used to display the corpses of Jan van Leiden and other leaders of the Münster Rebellion, who promoted polygamy and renunciation of all property.
  • Überwasserkirche, a Gothic hall church consecreated in 1340 as church of a Stift which grew to be the University of Münster
  • The Schloss (palace), built in 1767–87 as residence for the prince-bishops by the Baroque architect Johann Conrad Schlaun and Wilhelm Ferdinand Lipper. Now the administrative centre for the University.
  • The Botanischer Garten Münster, a botanical garden founded in 1803.
  • The Zwinger fortress built in 1528. Used from the 18th to the 20th century as a prison. During World War II, the Gestapo used the Zwinger also for executions.
  • "Krameramtshaus" (1589), an old guild house, which housed the delegation from the Netherlands during the signing of the Peace of Westphalia.
  • Stadthaus (1773)
  • Haus Rüschhaus (1743–49), a country estate situated in Nienberge, built by Johann Conrad Schlaun for himself
  • Erbdrostenhof (1749–53), a Baroque palace, also built by Schlaun, residence of Droste zu Vischering noble family and birthplace of Blessed Mary of the Divine Heart.
  • Clemenskirche (1745–53), a Baroque church, also built by Schlaun
  • Signal-Iduna Building (1961), the first high-rise building in Münster.
  • LVM-Building, high-rise building near the Aasee.
  • LBS-Building, location of Münster's first zoo. Some old structures of the former zoo can be found in the park around the office building. Also the "Tuckesburg", the strange-looking house of the zoo-founder, is still intact.
  • "Münster Arkaden" (2006), new shopping centre between Prinzipalmarkt and the Pablo Picasso Museum of Graphic Art.
  • "Cavete", the oldest academic pub in Münster
  • Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History
  • University Bible museum
  • Town Museum ("Stadtmuseum"), exhibition of a large collection showing the political and cultural history of the city from its beginning up to present, housed by a converted former department store
  • University Mineralogical Museum
  • Westphalian Horse Museum ("Hippomax")
  • Mühlenhof open-air museum, depicting a typical Westphalian village as it looked centuries ago
  • Westphalian Museum for Natural History, state museum and planetarium
  • West Prussian State Museum ("Drostenhof Wolbeck")
  • Museum of Lacquer Art (founded and operated by the company BASF Coatings)
  • Pablo Picasso Museum of Graphic Art, the only museum devoted exclusively to the graphic works of Pablo Picasso
  • Pinkus Müller, the only brewery left in Münster; originally there were more than 150.
  • The Kiepenkerl statue in Kiepenkerl Square

Education

Münster is home to many institutions of higher education, including the University of Münster and University of Applied Sciences. The city also has 92 Schools of primary and secondary education. The city had a number of 61,441 students in 2015/16.[29]

Transportation

"Promenade" in the summer

Bicycling

Münster claims to be the bicycle capital of Germany.[30] It states that in 2007, vehicle traffic (36.4%) fell below traffic by bicycle (37.6%),[31] even though it is unclear how such a figure is defined. The city maintains an extensive network for bicycles including the popular "Promenade" which encircles Münster's city centre. While motorised vehicles are banned, there are paths for pedestrians. Additional bicycle paths link all city districts with the inner city and special traffic lights provide signals for bicyclists.[31] Bicycle stations in Münster offer bicycle rentals.[31]

Train

Münster's Central Station is on the Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg railway. The city is connected by Intercity trains to a lot of other German major cities.

Public transportation

Historically, Münster had a historic tramway system, but it closed in 1954. Today, Münster does have some public transportation, which includes bus expresses,[32] sightseeing buses,[33] "waterbuses",[34] and bicycle rentals.[31]

Sports

The city is home to Preußen Münster, which was founded on 30 April 1906. The main section is football, and the team plays at Preußenstadion. Other important sports teams include the USC Münster e.V. volleyball club.

British forces

After the Second World War, Münster became a major station within Osnabrück Garrison, part of British Forces Germany. Their presence was gradually reduced, yet there are still many active military bases. The last forces left Münster on 4 July 2013.[35]

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Münster is twinned with the following places:[36]

Notable residents

Annette von Droste-Hülshoff 1838
Gunther Plaut
Wilhelm Emanuel Ketteler, bishop of Mainz

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen" (in German). Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  2. ↑ "1900 to 1945". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  3. 1 2 Martin Kalitschke (11 October 2014). "Jetzt hat Münster 300 000 Einwohner" [Now Münster has 300 000 inhabitants]. Westfälische Nachrichten (in German). Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  4. ↑ Klaus Baumeister (24 January 2017). "Ohne Hochschulen geht es bergab - Studenten machen Münster groß" [Without universities it's going downhill - University students make Münster large]. Westfälische Nachrichten (in German). Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "793 to 1800". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  6. ↑ "Vita des heiligen Liudgers" [Resume of the holy Liudgers]. Kirchensite.de (in German). Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  7. 1 2 "A foray into town history". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  8. ↑ "The Lion of Münster and Pius XII". 30Days. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
  9. ↑ Ian L. Hawkins (1999). The Munster Raid: Before and After. ISBN 978-0917678493.
  10. ↑ Stanton, Shelby (2006). World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946. Stackpole Books. p. 97.
  11. ↑ Ebdene, Aija (9 February 2005). "Greetings to all users of the Guide worldwide from the Latvian Community in Germany (LKV)" (PDF). A Guide for Latvians Abroad. LKV. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  12. ↑ Smith, Inese; Štrāle, Aina (July 2006). "Witnessing and Preserving Latvian Culture in Exile: Latvian Libraries in the West". Library History, Volume 22, Number 2 - pp. 123-135(13). Maney Publishing. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  13. ↑ "LivCom website, page for 2004 awards". livcomawards.com. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
  14. ↑ "With history into the future" (PDF). Stadt Münster. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2011.
  15. ↑ 10-minute DivX coded film: the 48mb-version or the 87mb-version from the official Münster-homepage.
  16. ↑ Amt für Stadtentwicklung, Stadtplanung, Verkehrsplanung. "Map of population density in the statistical areas" (PDF). Stadt Münster. , page 2
  17. ↑ Regional statistics for NRW of Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen
  18. 1 2 3 "Jahres-Statistik 2006 Stadt Münster" [Yearly statistics 2006 City of Münster] (PDF) (in German). City of Münster. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008.
  19. ↑ "Von Aasee bis Zwinger - ein kleines Glossar" [From Aasee to Zwinger - a small glossary] (in German). Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 4 May 2008.
  20. 1 2 3 "Klima in Münster". kli. 21 February 2006. Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
  21. ↑ "Unwetterlage Deutschland Ende Juli 2014 - Extremregen in Münster". Unwetterzentral. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  22. ↑ "Monthly High/Lows for Münster, Germany". HolidayCheck (in German). Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
  23. ↑ "Hauptsatzung der Stadt Münster vom 21.12.1995" [Main constitution of the city of Münster on 21 December 1995] (PDF) (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008.
  24. ↑ "Learning German – without forgetting your native language". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  25. ↑ "Jahres-Statistik 2016 - Bevölkerung" (PDF). Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  26. ↑ "Wahl des Rates der Stadt Münster 2014" [Election of the Council of the City of Münster 2014] (in German). Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 "Economic location". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  28. ↑ "Job market". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  29. ↑ "Münster - Data and Facts" (PDF). Stadt Münster. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  30. ↑ "Bicycling Münster". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  31. 1 2 3 4 "Bicycles". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  32. ↑ "How to travel by bus: some helpful tips" (PDF). Stadtwerke Münster. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  33. ↑ "Stadtrundfahrten in Münster" [City tours in Münster]. Der Münster Bus (in German). Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  34. ↑ "Das KombiTicket-WasserBus SOLAARIS – Ihre Vorteile auf einen Blick:" [The KombiTicket water bus SOLAARIS - Your benefits at a glance:]. Stadtwerke Münster (in German). Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  35. ↑ "Abzug britischer Streitkräfte: Prinz Andrew verabschiedet die letzten Soldaten aus Münster" [Withdrawal of British forces: Prince Andrew bids farewell to the last soldiers from Münster]. Westfalen heute (in German). 11 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Portrait of Münster". Stadt Münster. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  37. ↑ "Enquiry Y4537: - City of York Council". City of York Council. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  38. ↑ "Miasta Partnerskie Lublina" [Lublin - Partnership Cities] (in Polish). Lublin City Office. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata (in German)
  • English page of Münster All-Weather Zoo (in English)
  • Münster Zoo at Zoo-Infos.de (in English)
  • Muenster City Panoramas - Panoramic Views of Münster's Highlights (in German)
  • 7Grad.org - Bunkers in Muenster - History of Muenster's air raid shelters (in German)
  • The Siege of Muenster - audio discussion from "In Our Time" BBC
  • Technology Park Münster (Host of technology companies in Münster) (in English)
  • Tourist-Info
  • Münster Events (in German)
  • Münster Notgeld (emergency banknotes) depicting the Münster Rebellion with Ian Bockelson, Berndt Knipperdollink, Berntken Krechting, and Jan van Leyden. http://webgerman.com/Notgeld/Directory/M/Muenster.htm
  • Texts on Wikisource:
    • "Münster". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
    • "Münster (Westphalia)". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
    • "Münster". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (9th ed.). 1884.
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