Honouliuli Internment Camp

Honouliuli Internment Camp
Location of Honouliuli Internment Camp in Hawaii
Coordinates 21°23′30″N 158°3′35″W / 21.39167°N 158.05972°W / 21.39167; -158.05972Coordinates: 21°23′30″N 158°3′35″W / 21.39167°N 158.05972°W / 21.39167; -158.05972[1]
Area 122.5 acres (49.6 ha)[2]
Built 1943 (1943)
Governing body National Park Service
Website Honouliuli National Monument
Official name: Honouliuli National Monument
Designated February 19, 2015
Official name: Honouliuli Internment Camp
Designated February 21, 2012
Reference no. 09000855[3]

The Honouliuli Internment Camp, Hawaiʻi's largest and longest-operating internment camp, opened in 1943 and closed in 1946. Located near Waipahu on the island of Oʻahu, the site was designated Honouliuli National Monument by Presidential Proclamation on February 24, 2015 by President Barack Obama.[4] The internment camp held 320 internees and also became the largest prisoner of war camp in Hawai‘i with nearly 4,000 individuals being held.[5] Of the seventeen sites that were associated with the history of internment in Hawaiʻi during World War II, the camp was the only one built specifically for prolonged detention.[6][7][8][9] As of 2015, the new national monument is without formal services and programs.[10]

Construction and operation

Honouliuli Internment Camp, 1940s

Run by the U.S. Army, the camp's supervisor was Captain Siegfried Spillner.[11] The camp was constructed on 160 acres (0.65 km2) of land near Ewa and Waipahu on the island of Oahu to hold internees transferred from the soon-to-close Sand Island camp.[12] It opened in March 1943.[13] An 8-foot (2.4 m) dual barbed-wire fence enclosed the camp, and a company of military police stood guard from its eight watchtowers.[14] Of the seventeen sites that were associated with the history of internment in Hawaiʻi during World War II, the camp was the only one built specifically for prolonged detention.[6][7][8][9] The isolated location in a deep gulch led Japanese American internees to nickname it jigoku dani (地獄谷, "hell valley").[15]

The camp was designed to hold 3,000 people. At one time it held 320 U.S. civilians.[14][16] It was divided by barbed wire into sections, intended to separate internees by gender, nationality, and military or civilian status. By August 1943, there were 160 Japanese Americans and 69 Japanese interned there, according to the report of a colonel from the Swedish Legation who inspected the camp under the Geneva Convention.

Eventually, the camp held more than 4,000 Okinawans, Italians, German Americans,[2] Koreans, and Taiwanese as well.[14] The first Korean prisoners were believed to have arrived in late 1943 or early 1944; they comprised non-combatant laborers captured during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. A Korean-language newsletter, the Free Press for Liberated Korea (자유한인보), was written and mimeographed by three Korean soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army interned in the camp; it continued publication until December 1945.[13] Beginning in 1943, the Japanese American internees were either released on parole or transferred to Department of Justice camps on the mainland. After the third transfer in November 1944, twenty-one U.S. civilians remained in Honouliuli and the camp served primarily as a holding center for POWs. At the end of the war, some 4,000 POWs were confined at Honouliuli; repatriation efforts began in December 1945 and continued into 1946.[14]

Closure and aftermath

After the camp's closure, the land was leased by the Oahu Sugar Company from the Campbell Estate and sugar cane was grown on adjacent lands.[7][17][18] In 2007, the Monsanto Corporation purchased the land.[19]

The fact that Honouliuli Gulch[20] had once held an internment camp was largely forgotten until the late 1990s. Jane Kurahara, a volunteer from the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawai'i, located it in 2002 by tracing an aqueduct in the background of an old photo.[7] The efforts to learn more about the camp's history attracted the attention of the NPS (National Park Service).[8][21] A follow-up NPS survey concluded that the camp was eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.[19] The site and the U.S. Immigration Station in Honolulu played a central role as internment sites in Hawai‘i during World War II.[6] The site met the criteria for national significance and was added to the register on February 21, 2012.[3]

On July 6, 2012, the state created an advisory group to develop and present recommendations for an educational resource center to lawmakers in the next legislative session. The Japanese Cultural Center of Hawai‘i conducts public tours of the former camp.[22] Two buildings and some other remnants still remain at the site, which current-owner Monsanto is interested in transferring to the National Park Service.[23][24] The site was designated "Honouliuli National Monument" by Presidential Proclamation on February 24, 2015, by President Barack Obama.[4][9] The site was formally dedicated as a U.S. National Monument on March 31, 2015, in a ceremony at the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaiʻi. In attendance were the United States Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell, the Governor of Hawaiʻi David Ige, the Mayor of Honolulu Kirk Caldwell, and Mazie Hirono and Brian Schatz, representatives of the legislature of the State of Hawaiʻi.[25] As of 2015, the new national monument is without formal services and programs but the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaiʻi has been providing information to the public.[10] The University of Hawai‘i at West Oʻahu and the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaiʻi are two institutions that potentially will have increased access to the site under the auspices of the National Park Service.[26]

Notable internees

Notes

  1. ↑ "Honouliuli Gulch and Associated Sites Draft Special Resource Study And Environmental Assessment". National Park Service. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  2. 1 2 Burton, Jeffery F.; Farrell, Mary M. (May 9, 2011). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Honouliuli Internment Camp" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved August 3, 2014. The camp was built to intern German American and Japanese American citizens and long-term Hawaiian resident aliens as well as POWs captured during military operations during World War II.
  3. 1 2 "Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 2/27/2012 through 3/2/2012". National Park Service. March 9, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
  4. 1 2 "Presidential Proclamation – Establishment of the Honouliuli National Monument". The White House. February 24, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  5. ↑ Ernst, Cheryl (October 31, 2011). "An internment/POW camp in University of Hawaii-West Oahu's backyard". Malamalama. University of Hawai'i System.
  6. 1 2 3 Executive summary (Spring 2014) "Draft Honouliuli Gulch and Associated Sites Special Resource Study" National Park Service
  7. 1 2 3 4 Gordon, Mike (2005-11-27), "Wartime stain in history retraced in O'ahu's brush", The Honolulu Advertiser, retrieved 2009-12-10
  8. 1 2 3 Gordon, Mike (2006-02-05), "Under Honouliuli brush, dark history", The Honolulu Advertiser, retrieved 2009-12-10
  9. 1 2 3 Memoili, Michael A. (2015-02-18), "Obama making WWII internment camp in Hawaii a national monument", Los Angeles Times, retrieved 2015-02-18
  10. 1 2 "Management" Honouliuli National Monument website National Park Service Retrieved 19 February 2015
  11. ↑ Hirose 1993, p. 167
  12. ↑ Kashima 2003, p. 84
  13. 1 2 3 Choe 2009
  14. 1 2 3 4 Rosenfeld 2013
  15. 1 2 3 Chun, Gary C. W. (2009-12-07), "Exhibit shows the harsh life of Honouliuli internment camp", Honolulu Star-Bulletin, retrieved 2009-12-10
  16. ↑ Gordon, Mike (2008-03-03), "WWII internment camp revisited", The Honolulu Advertiser, retrieved 2009-12-10
  17. ↑ Kashima 2003, p. 86
  18. ↑ Wilson, Christie (2008-02-17), "Clues sought to Honouliuli's dark past", The Honolulu Advertiser, retrieved 2009-12-10
  19. 1 2 "Hope for a Visitor's Center at Honouliuli May Become Reality", Pacific Citizen, 2009-03-09, retrieved 2009-12-11
  20. ↑ "Honouliuli Gulch". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  21. ↑ "Bringing Dark Times to Light". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. August 24, 2006. I got a grant to visit the Hawaiian internment sites this past February.
  22. ↑ anakamoto (2018-02-01). "Honouliuli National Monument Tours". Japanese Cultural Center of Hawai‘i. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
  23. ↑ Bernardo, Rosemarie (July 7, 2012). "Bill recognizes internment site". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. p. B1.
  24. ↑ Barton, Justin (July 5, 2014) "Historic Preservation: Using Technology to Build Heritage Advocacy" LiDAR News Spatial Media LLC, Frederick, MD
  25. ↑ "HAWAII DELEGATION HONORS DEDICATION OF HONOULIULI NATIONAL MONUMENT". Mazie K. Hirono - A Voice for Hawai'i in the U.S. Senate. March 31, 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  26. ↑ Deneen, Kevin (March 7, 2015). "National Park Services to improve accessibility for the Honouliuli National Monument". Ka Leo O Hawaii. University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.
  27. ↑ Pak 1967

Sources

  • 朴順東 [Pak Sun-dong] (1967), 《侮蔑의時代》 [An Era of Humiliation], Seoul: 知文閣 [Chimun'gak], OCLC 40497594
  • Choe, Yong-ho (April 2009), "Korean Prisoners-of-War in Hawaii During World War II and the Case of US Navy Abduction of Three Korean Fishermen", Japan Focus: The Asia Pacific Journal
  • Hirose, Stacey (1993), "Honouliuli", in Niiya, Brian, Japanese American history: an A-to-Z reference from 1868 to the present, Verlag für die Deutsche Wirtschaft AG, ISBN 978-0-8160-2680-7
  • Kashima, Tetsuden (2003), Judgment without trial: Japanese American imprisonment during World War II, The Scott and Laurie Oki series in Asian American studies, University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0-295-98299-1
  • Rosenfeld, Alan (August 27, 2013), "Honouliuli (detention facility)]", Densho Encyclopedia, retrieved 28 April 2014

Further reading

  • Niiya, Brian (April 17, 2008), Journey to Honouliuli, Discover Nikkei, retrieved 11 December 2009
  • Burton, Jeff F. and Farrell, Mary M. (December 2008), "Jigoku-Dani: An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Honouliuli Internment Camp: O‘ahu Hawai‘i" Tucson: Trans-Sierran Archaeological Research
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