1894

January–March

• January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic, and the Russian Empire.
• January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United States.
• January 9 – New England Telephone and Telegraph installs the first battery-operated telephone switchboard, in Lexington, Massachusetts.
• February 12
  • French anarchist Émile Henry sets off a bomb in a Paris café, killing one person and wounding twenty.
  • The barque Elisabeth Rickmers of Bremerhaven is wrecked at Haurvig, Denmark, but all crew and passengers are saved.
• February 15
  • In Korea, peasant unrest erupts in the Donghak Peasant Revolution, a massive revolt of followers of the Donghak movement.^[1] Both China and Japan send military forces, claiming to come to the ruling Joseon Dynasty government's aid.
  • At 04:51 GMT, French anarchist Martial Bourdin attempts to destroy the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, London, England, with a bomb, killing himself instead.
• February 17 – American outlaw John Wesley Hardin is released from prison.
• March 1 – The Local Government Act (coming into effect December 1894–January 1895) reforms local government in Britain, creating a system of urban and rural districts with elected councils, with elected parish councils in rural areas, and gives women, irrespective of marital status, the right to vote and stand in local (but not national) elections.^[2]
• March 12 – Coca-Cola is sold in bottles for the first time.
• March 21 – A syzygy of planets occurs, as Mercury transits the Sun as seen from Venus, and Mercury and Venus both transit the Sun as seen from Saturn, but no two of the transits are simultaneous.
• March 25 – Coxey's Army (of the unemployed), the first significant protest march in the United States, departs from Massillon, Ohio, for Washington, D.C.

March 12: Coca-Cola in bottles (replicas).

April–June

• April 11 – Britain establishes a protectorate over Uganda.^[2]
• April 16 – Manchester City Football Club is formed in England.
• April 21 – A bituminous coal miners' strike closes mines across the central United States.
• April 23 (St. George's Day) – Howard Ruff founds the Royal Society of St George, to foster the love of England and to strengthen England and the Commonwealth, by spreading the knowledge of English history, traditions and ideals.
• April 27 – Canada's largest known landslide occurs in Saint-Alban, Quebec, displacing 185 million cubic metres (6.5×10^⁹ cu ft) of rock and dirt, and leaving a 40 metres (130 ft) scar that covers 4.6 million square metres (50×10^⁶ sq ft).^[3][4]
• May – Bubonic plague breaks out in the Tai Ping Shan area of Hong Kong (by the end of the year, the death toll is 2,552 people).
• May 1
  • Coxey's Army arrives in Washington; Coxey is arrested on the Capitol grounds.
  • The May Day Riots (against unemployment) break out in Cleveland, Ohio.
• May 11 – Pullman Strike: Three thousand Pullman Palace Car Company factory workers go on a "wildcat" (without union approval) strike in Illinois.
• May 14
  • A meteor shower is seen in southern France.
  • Blackpool Tower is opened in Blackpool, England, as a visitor attraction.
• May 21 – The Manchester Ship Canal and Docks are opened by Queen Victoria, linking the previously landlocked English industrial city of Manchester to the Irish Sea.
• June 22 – Dahomey becomes a French colony.
• June 23 – The International Olympic Committee is founded at the Sorbonne, Paris, at the initiative of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.
• June 24 – Marie François Sadi Carnot, president of France, is assassinated.
• June 30 – The Tower Bridge in London opens for traffic.

May 14: Blackpool Tower.

July–September

• July 4
  • The Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed, by Sanford B. Dole.
  • The football club FC La Chaux-de-Fonds is founded in Switzerland.

July: Fire damages Columbian Exposition.

• July 6 – A fire at the site of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago destroys most of the remaining buildings.^[5]
• July 16 – The United Kingdom and Japan sign the Anglo-Japanese Treaty, as the U.K. becomes the first of the Western nations to agree to give up its extraterritorial rights in Japan.^[6]
• July 22 – The Paris–Rouen Competition for Horseless Carriages, the first automobile competition, is held.
• August 1 – War is declared between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan, over their rival claims of influence on their common ally, the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. The event marks the start of the First Sino-Japanese War.
• August 15 – Sante Geronimo Caserio is executed, for the assassination of French President Marie François Sadi Carnot.
• August 31 – New Zealand enacts the world's first minimum wage law, to take effect on January 1, in the passage of the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1894.^[7]
• September 1 – Great Hinckley Fire: A forest fire in Hinckley, Minnesota, kills more than 450 people.
• September 4 – In New York City, 12,000 tailors strike against sweatshop working conditions.

October–December

• October 1
  • Petrópolis becomes the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, until 1902.^[8]
  • The Owl Club of Cape Town, South Africa, a dining club, has its first formal meeting.
• October 15 – Dreyfus affair: French Army officer Alfred Dreyfus is arrested for spying.
• October 30 – Domenico Menegatti obtains a patent for a procedure, to be applied in producing pandoro industrially.
• November 1 – Russian emperor Alexander III is succeeded by his son, Nicholas II.
• November 6 – Republican win by a landslide in the United States House of Representatives elections, which sets the stage for the decisive presidential election of 1896.
• November 7 – The Masonic Grand Lodge de France is founded, splitting from the larger and older Grand Orient de France.
• November 21 – First Sino-Japanese War –Battle of Lushunkou: Japanese troops secure a decisive victory over the Chinese, capture the port city of Lüshunkou, and begin the Port Arthur massacre, in which more than 1,000 Chinese servicemen and civilians die.
• December 18 – Women in South Australia become the first in Australia to gain the right to vote and to be elected to Parliament, taking effect from 1895.
• December 21 – Mackenzie Bowell becomes Canada's fifth prime minister.
• December 22 – Dreyfus affair: French Army officer Alfred Dreyfus is convicted of treason.

November 1: Nicholas II becomes Tsar of Russia.

Date unknown

• Grace Kimmins founds the Guild of the Poor Brave Things in England, for the education of crippled boys.
• The National College of Music, London, is founded by the Moss family.
• In the U.S., the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects is founded.
• Chatham Episcopal Institute (now known as Chatham Hall ) is founded in Chatham, Virginia.
• Oil is discovered on the Osage Indian reservation, making the Osage the "richest group of people in the world".
• American author Kate Chopin writes The Story of An Hour (fiction).
• Pomfret School is founded in Connecticut.
• Edward B. Marks and Joe Stern publish the waltz The Little Lost Child, promoting the playing of the waltz with slides projected by a magic lantern, the earliest version of music video known as the illustrated song.
• Frederick W. Tamblyn founds the Tamblyn School of Penmanship, which later becomes Ziller of Kansas City, the oldest calligraphy studio still operating in United States.
• Spillers Records is founded in Cardiff, the world's oldest record shop still in operation.

January–February

Satyendra Nath Bose

José Bustamante y Rivero

Amalie Sara Colquhoun

Billy Bishop

Harold Macmillan

• January 1 – Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian physicist (d. 1974)
• January 3 – Benito Canónico, Venezuelan composer (d. 1971)
• January 8 – Vilmos Tkálecz, Hungarian politician (d. 1950)
• January 15 – José Bustamante y Rivero, Peruvian politician, diplomat and jurist, 78th President of Peru (d. 1989)
• January 20 – Walter Piston, American composer (d. 1976)
• January 21 – Geoffrey Street, Australian politician (d. 1940)
• January 30
  • King Boris III of Bulgaria (d. 1943)
  • René Dorme, French World War I fighter ace (d. 1917)
• January 31
  • Isham Jones, American bandleader (d. 1956)
  • Percy Helton, American film, television actor (d. 1971)
• February 1
  • John Ford, American film director (d. 1973)
  • Dick Merrill, American aviation pioneer (d. 1982)
• February 3 – Norman Rockwell, American artist, illustrator (d. 1978)
• February 8
  • Billy Bishop, Canadian World War I fighter ace (d. 1956)
  • Ludwig Marcuse, German philosopher (d. 1971)
• February 10
  • Harold Macmillan, British Prime Minister (d. 1986)
  • Mãe Menininha do Gantois, Brazilian spiritual leader (iyalorixá) (d. 1986)
• February 11 – Alfonso Leng, Chilean composer (d. 1974)
• February 14 – Jack Benny, American actor, comedian (d. 1974)
• February 22 – Enid Markey, American actress (d. 1981)
• February 25 – Meher Baba, Indian Avatar of the Age (d. 1969)
• February 26
  • Wilhelm Bittrich, German Waffen SS general (d. 1979)
  • Ernest N. Harmon, American general (d. 1979)
• February 28 – Ben Hecht, American playwright, film writer (d. 1964)

March–April

Otto Grotewohl

Bessie Smith

Archibald Roosevelt

Francisco Craveiro Lopes

Arthur Fadden

Nikita Khrushchev

Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

H.V. Evatt

• March 7 – Marcel Déat, French politician (d. 1955)
• March 11 – Otto Grotewohl, East German Communist politician, 1st Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic (d. 1964)
• March 14 – Osa Johnson, American adventurer, documentary filmmaker (d. 1953)
• March 16 – Stuart Buchanan, American actor (d. 1974)
• March 17 – Paul Green, novelist, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright (d. 1981)
• March 19 – Moms Mabley, African-American comedian (d. 1975)
• March 20
  • Hans Langsdorff, German naval officer (d. 1939)
  • Amalie Sara Colquhoun, Australian landscape and portrait painter (d. 1974
• March 26 – May Farquharson, Jamaican social worker, birth control advocate, philanthropist, and reformer (d. 1992)
• March 27 – René Fonck, French World War I flying ace (d. 1953)
• March 30 – Nikolai P. Barabashov, Russian astronomer (d. 1971)
• April 5 – Chesney Allen, British entertainer, comedian (d. 1982)
• April 6 – Gertrude Baines, American supercentenarian (d. 2009)
• April 9 – Keiji Shibazaki, Japanese admiral (d. 1943)
• April 10
  • Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla, Indian industrialist, Gandhian and educationalist (d. 1983)
  • Ben Nicholson, English abstract artist (d. 1982)
  • Archibald Roosevelt, American conservative political activist, son of President Theodore Roosevelt (d. 1979)
• April 12 – Francisco Craveiro Lopes, 12th President of Portugal (d. 1964)
• April 13 – Arthur Fadden, Australian Prime Minister (d. 1973)
• April 15 – Bessie Smith, African-American blues singer (d. 1937)
• April 17 – Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet politician (d. 1971)
• April 26 – Rudolf Hess, German Nazi official (d. 1987)
• April 27 – Nicolas Slonimsky, Russian/American musicologist (d. 1995)
• April 30 – H.V. Evatt, Australian politician, judge (d. 1965)

May–June

King Edward VIII

Martha Graham

Alfred Kinsey

• May 2 – Joseph Henry Woodger, British theoretical biologist (d. 1981)
• May 11 – Martha Graham, American dancer, choreographer (d. 1991)
• May 13 – Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, 2nd President of Iceland (d. 1972)
• May 15 – Eddie Stumpf, American baseball player, manager and executive (d. 1978)
• May 16 – Walter Yust, American encyclopædia editor (d. 1960)
• May 19 – Heinz Ziegler, German general (d. 1972)
• May 20
  • Estelle Taylor, American actress (d. 1958)
  • Chandrashekarendra Saraswati, Indian religious scholar, saint (d. 1994)
• May 26 – Paul Lukas, Hungarian actor (d. 1971)
• May 27
  • Louis-Ferdinand Céline, French writer (d. 1961)
  • Dashiell Hammett, American detective fiction writer (d. 1961)
• May 29 – Josef von Sternberg, Austrian-American film director (d. 1969)
• May 30 – Hubertus van Mook, Acting Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1942-1948) (d. 1965)
• May 31 – Fred Allen, American comedian (d. 1956)
• June 4 – Gabriel Pascal, Hungarian film producer (d. 1954)
• June 7 – Roy Thomson, Canadian publisher (d. 1976)
• June 9 – Nedo Nadi, Italian fencer (d. 1940)
• June 14
  • Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (d. 1924)
  • W. W. E. Ross, Canadian geophysicist, poet (d. 1966)
• June 23
  • King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (afterwards The Duke of Windsor) (d. 1972)
  • Harold Barrowclough, New Zealand general, lawyer and chief justice (d. 1972)
  • Alfred Kinsey, American sexologist (d. 1956)
• June 28
  • Arthur D. Struble, American admiral (d. 1983)
  • Lois Wilson, American actress (d. 1988)
  • Francis Hunter, American tennis player (d. 1981)

July–August

Bertha Lutz

Khawaja Nazimuddin

• July 5 – Margarita Nelken, Spanish politician (d. 1968)
• July 8
  • Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia, Italian film director (d. 1998)
  • Pyotr Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)
• July 10 – Slava Ivančević, Serbian claimed supercentenarian (d. 2013)
• July 17 – Georges Lemaître, Belgian physicist, astronomer (d. 1966)
• July 18
  • Isaac Babel, Ukrainian writer (d. 1940)
  • Mariano Rossell y Arellano, Guatemalan Roman Catholic clergyman (d. 1964)
• July 19
  • Jerzy Pajączkowski-Dydyński, British-based Polish veteran of World War I (d. 2005)
  • Khawaja Nazimuddin, Pakistani Prime Minister (d. 1964)
• July 20 – Wiley Blount Rutledge, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1949)
• July 22 – María Sabina, Mexican curandera (d. 1985)
• July 25 – Walter Brennan, American actor (d. 1974)
• July 26 – Aldous Huxley, English novelist (d. 1963)
• August 1 – Kurt Wintgens, German fighter pilot, air ace in World War I (d. 1916)
• August 2 – Bertha Lutz, Brazilian zoologist, politician, diplomat and feminist (d. 1976)
• August 3 – Harry Heilmann, American baseball player (d. 1951)
• August 9 – Kathleen Lockhart, British-American actress (d. 1978)
• August 10
  • V. V. Giri, Indian politician, 4th President of India (d. 1980)
  • Alan Crosland, American film director (d. 1936)
• August 16 – George Meany, American labor leader (d. 1980)
• August 26 – Maksim Purkayev, Soviet general (d. 1953)
• August 28
  • Karl Böhm, Austrian conductor (d. 1981)
  • Elisha Scott, Irish footballer (d. 1959)

September–October

Billy Gilbert

Dorothy Maud Wrinch

Heinrich Lübke

• September 2 – Joseph Roth, Austrian writer (d. 1939)
• September 3 – Benigno Aquino Sr., Filipino politician (d. 1947)
• September 6 – Howard Pease, American adventure novelist (d. 1974)
• September 7 – George Waggner, American film director, producer and actor (d. 1984)
• September 12
  • September 12 – Billy Gilbert, American comedian, actor (d. 1971)
  • September 12 – Dorothy Maud Wrinch, British mathematician and biochemical theorist (d. 1976)
• September 13
  • J. B. Priestley, English novelist, playwright (d. 1984)
  • Julian Tuwim, Polish poet (d. 1953)
• September 15 – Jean Renoir, French film director (d. 1979)
• September 21 – Anton Piëch, Austrian lawyer, son-in-law of Ferdinand Porsche (d. 1952)
• September 22 – Louis Bennett Jr., American World War I flying ace (d. 1918)
• September 24
  • Tommy Armour, Scottish golfer (d. 1968)
  • Harry B. Liversedge, American general (d. 1951)
• September 27 – Lothar von Richthofen, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1922)
• October 2 – Thomas L. Sprague, American admiral (d. 1972)
• October 5 – Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (d. 1948)
• October 7 – Del Lord, American film director (d. 1970)
• October 14 – E. E. Cummings, American poet (d. 1962)
• October 14 – Heinrich Lübke, German president (d. 1972)
• October 15 – Moshe Sharett, Israeli Prime Minister (d. 1965)
• October 18 – H. L. Davis, American fiction writer (d. 1960)
• October 25
  • Claude Cahun, French photographer, writer (d. 1954)
  • Âşık Veysel Şatıroğlu, Turkish poet, songwriter and saz player (d. 1973)
• October 27 – Fritz Sauckel, German Nazi politician, war criminal (d. 1946)

November–December

Américo Tomás

Mae Marsh

Florbela Espanca

E.C. Segar

Robert Menzies

• November 2 – Alexander Lippisch, German aerodynamics engineer (d. 1976)
• November 3 – Sofoklis Venizelos, 3-time Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1964)
• November 4 – Chafik Charobim, Egyptian impressionist painter (d. 1975)
• November 5
  • Jan Garber, American jazz bandleader (d. 1977)
  • Harold Innis, Canadian communications scholar (d. 1952)
  • Beardsley Ruml, American economist, tax plan author (d. 1960)
• November 8 – Claude Beck, American cardiac surgeon (1971)
• November 9 – Mae Marsh, American film actress (d. 1968)
• November 13 – Nita Naldi, American film actress (d. 1961)
• November 14 – Rino Corso Fougier, Italian air force general (d. 1963)
• November 19 – Américo Tomás, 13th President of Portugal (d. 1987)
• November 21
  • Corinne Griffith, American actress, author (d. 1979)
  • Cecil M. Harden, American politician (d. 1984)
• November 24 – Herbert Sutcliffe, English cricketer (d. 1978)
• November 26 – Norbert Wiener, American mathematician (d. 1964)
• November 27 – Konosuke Matsushita, Japanese industrialist (d. 1989)
• November 29 – Lucille Hegamin, American singer, entertainer (d. 1970)
• December 3 – Deiva Zivarattinam, Indian politician (d. 1975)
• December 5
  • Charles Robberts Swart, 1st State President of South Africa (d. 1982)
  • Philip K. Wrigley, American business, sports executive (d. 1977)
• December 7 – Freddie Adkins, British cartoonist (d. c. 1986)
• December 8
  • E. C. Segar, American cartoonist, creator of Popeye (d. 1938)
  • James Thurber, American cartoonist, writer (d. 1961)
  • Florbela Espanca, Portuguese poet, writer (d. 1930)
• December 10
  • William Sydney Marchant, British colonial official (d. 1953)
  • Edward Milford, Australian general (d. 1972)
• December 15 – Felix Stump, American admiral (d. 1972)
• December 17
  • Arthur Fiedler, American conductor (d. 1979)
  • Willem Schermerhorn, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1977)
• December 20 – Robert Menzies, 12th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1978)
• December 22 – Edwin Linkomies, Finnish Prime Minister (d. 1963)
• December 23 – Arthur Gilligan, English cricket captain (d. 1976)
• December 24 – Georges Guynemer, French World War I fighter ace (d. 1917)
• December 26 – Jean Toomer, American poet (d. 1967)
• December 31 – Pola Negri, Polish actress (d. 1987)

Date Unknown

• Tawfik Abu Al-Huda, 4-Time Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1956)
• Riad Al Solh, 2-Time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1951)

January–June

Heinrich Hertz

Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia

Myra Bradwell

Adolphe Sax

Gustave Caillebotte

• January 1 – Heinrich Hertz, German physicist (b. 1857)
• January 13 – Nadezhda von Meck, Russian patron of Peter Tchaikovsky (b. 1831)
• February 3 – Auguste Vaillant, French anarchist (b. 1861) (executed)
• February 4 – Adolphe Sax, Belgian instrument maker, inventor of the saxophone (b. 1814)
• February 8 – Robert Michael Ballantyne, Scottish novelist (b. 1825)
• February 11 – Margaret Henley, English inspiration for the name Wendy in Peter Pan (b. 1888)
• February 14 – Myra Bradwell, American lawyer, political activist, (b. 1831)
• February 15 – May Brookyn, American actress (b. 1854/1859)
• February 21 – Gustave Caillebotte, French painter (b. 1848)
• February 27
  • Hilarión Daza, President of Bolivia (assassinated) (b. 1840)
  • Carl Schmidt, Baltic German chemist (b. 1822)
• March 2
  • Jubal Early, Confederate general (b. 1816)
  • William H. Osborn, American railroad executive (b. 1820)
• March 3 – Ned Williamson, American baseball player (b. 1857)
• March 20 – Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian politician (b. 1802)
• March 30 – Jane Goodwin Austin, American popular story writer (b. 1831)
• April 1 – Remigio Morales Bermúdez, 19th President of Peru (b. 1836)
• April 8 – Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Bengali poet (b. 1838)
• May 7 – Frances Elizabeth Barrow, American juvenile literature author (b. 1822)
• May 12 – Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia, granddaughter of Tsar Paul I (b. 1827)
• May 19 – Caroline Mehitable Fisher Sawyer, American biographier (b. 1812)
• June 3 – Karl Eduard Zachariae von Lingenthal, German jurist, expert on Byzantine law (b. 1812)
• June 7 – King Hassan I of Morocco (b. 1836)
• June 23
  • Marietta Alboni, Italian opera singer (b. 1826)
  • Władysław Czartoryski, Polish political activist and art collector (b. 1828)
• July 24 – George Peter Alexander Healy, American portrait painter (b. 1813)
• June 25
  • Marie François Sadi Carnot, French statesman (assassinated) (b. 1837)
  • Charles Romley Alder Wright, British chemist who synthesized heroin (b. 1844)
• June 27 – Giorgio Costantino Schinas, Maltese architect and civil engineer (b. 1834)

July–December

Hermann von Helmholtz

Mary Jane Patterson

Robert Louis Stevenson

Christina Rossetti

• July 1 – Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1819)
• July 30 – Walter Pater, English essayist, critic (b. 1839)
• August 25 – Celia Laighton Thaxter, American author (b. 1835)
• September 1 – Nathaniel P. Banks, American politician, general (b. 1816)
• September 8 – Hermann von Helmholtz, German physician, physicist (b. 1821)
• September 13 – Emmanuel Chabrier, French composer (b. 1841)
• September 24 – Mary Jane Patterson, first African-American woman to receive a B.A degree in 1862. (b. 1840)
• October 7 – Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American author (b. 1809)
• October 9 – Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey, British politician (b. 1802)
• October 20 – James Anthony Froude, English historian (b. 1818)
• October 22 – Gillis Bildt, 5th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1820)
• October 25 – Mary Brayton Woodbridge, American temperance reformer and newspaper editor (b. 1830)
• October 30 – Juan Cortina, Mexican folk hero (b. 1824)
• November 1 – Emperor Alexander III of Russia (b. 1845)
• November 20 – Anton Rubinstein, Russian pianist, composer (b. 1829)
• November 25 – Solomon Caesar Malan, Swiss-born orientalist (b. 1812)
• December 3 – Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish author (b. 1850)
• December 8 – Pafnuty Chebyshev, Russian mathematician (b. 1821)
• December 12 – John Sparrow David Thompson, 4th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1845)
• December 28 – Chamarajendra Wadiyar X, Maharajah of Mysore (b. 1863)
• December 29 – Christina Rossetti, English poet (b. 1830)
• December 28 – Chamarajendra Wadiyar X, Maharajah of Mysore (b. 1863)

Date unknown

• Cynthia Roberts Gorton, blind American poet and author (b. 1826)
• Paul Lecreux, French sculptor (b. c. 1826)