1829

January–March

• January 19 – August Klingemann's adaptation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres in Braunschweig.^[1]
• February 27 – Battle of Tarqui: Troops of Gran Colombia and Peru battle to a draw.
• March 4 – Andrew Jackson is sworn in, as the seventh President of the United States.
• March 11 – German composer Felix Mendelssohn conducts the first performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion since the latter's death in 1750, in Berlin; the success of this performance sparks a revival of interest in Bach.
• March 22 – Greece receives autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in the London Protocol, signed by Russia, France and Britain, effectively ending the Greek War of Independence. Greece continues to seek full independence through diplomatic negotiations with the three Great Powers.
• March 31 – Pope Pius VIII succeeds Pope Leo XII, as the 253rd pope.

April–June

• April–September– Felix Mendelssohn pays his first visit to Britain. This includes the first London performance of his concert overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, and his trip to Fingal's Cave.^[2]
• April 1 – Vicente Guerrero becomes president of Mexico.
• April 4 – The Mexican city of Cuautla, Morelos is founded.
• April 13 – The Catholic Relief Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, granting a substantial measure of Catholic emancipation in Britain and Ireland.^[3]
• May 6 – The patent for an instrument called the accordion is applied for by Cyrill Demian (officially approved on May 23).
• May 15 – Joseph Smith claims to have received the Aaronic Priesthood from John the Baptist.
• June 1 – The Philadelphia Inquirer is founded, as The Pennsylvania Inquirer.
• June 3 – The Swan River Colony (later to become the cities of Perth and Fremantle) is founded in Western Australia. This secures the western third of the Australian landmass for the British.
• June 5 – Slave trade: HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba.
• June 10 – The Oxford University Boat Club wins the first inter-university Boat Race,^[3] rowed at Henley-on-Thames.^[4]
• June 19 – Robert Peel establishes the Metropolitan Police Service in London, the first modern police force. The first officers, known by the nickname "bobbies", go on patrol on September 29.^[3]

July–September

• July 2 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): Russian Field-Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch launches the Trans-Balkan Offensive, which brings the Russian army within 68 kilometres (42 mi) of Istanbul.
• July 4 – George Shillibeer begins operating the first bus service in London.^[5]
• July 23 – In the United States, William Burt obtains the first patent for a form of typewriter, the typographer.
• August 8 – France: The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac, as Prime Minister of France.
• August 10 – Finsteraarhorn, the highest summit of the Bernese Alps, is first ascended.
• August 12 – Mrs. Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship Sulphur, cuts down a tree to mark the founding day of the town of Perth, Western Australia.
• August 14 – King's College London is founded by Royal Charter, under the patronage of King George IV and the Prime Minister, The Duke of Wellington.
• September 14 – The Ottoman Empire signs the Treaty of Adrianople with Russia, thus ending the Russo-Turkish War.
• September 16 – Russo-Turkish War (1828–29): The Treaty of Adrianople gains for Russia some territory at the mouth of the Danube, and along the eastern coast of the Black Sea.
• September 25 – Failed assassination attempt on Simon Bolívar
• September 28 – African-American abolitionist David Walker publishes his Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, in Boston, Massachusetts.

October–December

• October 1 – South African College is inaugurated in Cape Town.
• October 8 – Rail transport: Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill Trials.
• October 16 – The first modern hotel in the US opens, named the "Tremont Hotel".
• November 5 – Technical University of Denmark (DTU) opens.
• November 30 – The original Welland Canal opens for a trial run, with a ceremony at Port Dalhousie, Canada.
• December 4 – India: In the face of fierce opposition, British Lord William Bentinck carries a regulation, declaring that all who abet suttee in India are guilty of culpable homicide.

Date unknown

• The Chalmers University of Technology is founded in Gothenburg, Sweden.
• The last of the Bounty mutineers dies at Pitcairn Island.

January–June

King Oscar II of Sweden

• January 1 – Tommaso Salvini, Italian actor (d. 1915)
• January 3 – Konrad Duden, German philologist (d. 1911)
• January 10 – Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1879)
• January 17 – Catherine Booth, English Mother of The Salvation Army (d. 1890)
• January 21 – King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway (d. 1907)
• January 27 – Isaac Roberts, Welsh astronomer (d. 1904)
• February 2
  • Alfred Brehm, German zoologist (d. 1884)
  • William Stanley, British inventor, engineer (d. 1909)
• February 22 – Princess Sumiko, Japanese princess (d. 1881)
• February 26 – Levi Strauss, American clothing designer (d. 1902)
• March 2 – Carl Schurz, German revolutionary, American statesman (d. 1906)
• March 19 – Carl Frederik Tietgen, Danish financier, industrialist (d. 1901)
• April 10 – William Booth, British founder of The Salvation Army (d. 1912)
• May 5 – Shusaku Honinbo, Japanese Go player (d. 1862)
• May 8 – Louis Moreau Gottschalk, American composer, pianist (d. 1869)
• June 5 – George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, Scottish-Canadian businessman, philanthropist (d. 1921)
• June 6 – Allan Octavian Hume, British civil servant (d. 1912)
• June 8 – John Everett Millais, British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d. 1896)
• June 14 – Bernard Petitjean, French Catholic missionary to Japan (d. 1884)
• June 16 – Geronimo, indigenous American (Apache) leader (d. 1909)

July–December

Adolf Eugen Fick

August Kekulé

• July 9 – Robert Franklin Armfield U.S. Representative from North Carolina (d. 1898)
• July 14 – Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1896)
• July 26 – Auguste Beernaert, Belgian statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1912)
• August 24 – Emanuella Carlbeck, Swedish social reformer (d. 1901)
• September 3 – Adolf Eugen Fick, German-born physician, physiologist (d. 1901)
• September 7 – August Kekulé, German chemist (d. 1896)
• September 12 – Anselm Feuerbach, German painter (d. 1880)
• October 3 – Sigismund von Schlichting, Prussian general (d. 1909)
• October 5 – Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States (d. 1886)
• November 9 – Peter Lumsden, British general in the Indian army (d. 1918)
• November 28 – Anton Rubinstein, Russian pianist, composer (d. 1894)
• unknown date – Anna Haslam, Irish women's rights activist, suffragist (d. 1922)

January–June

• January 12 – Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, German poet, philosopher and philologist (b. 1772)
• January 29
  • Paul François Jean Nicolas Barras, French politician (b. 1755)
  • István Pauli (Pável) Hungarian Slovene priest, writer (b. 1760)
• February 10 – Pope Leo XII (b. 1760)
• February 11 – Alexander Griboyedov, Russian playwright, diplomat (b. 1795)
• February 21 – Kittur Chennamma, Indian queen regnant (b. 1778)
• April 6 – Niels Henrik Abel, Norwegian mathematician (b. 1802)
• April 18 – Veronika Gut, Swiss rebel heroine (b. 1757)
• May 10 – Thomas Young, English physician, linguist (b. 1773)
• May 17 – John Jay, first Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1745)
• May 21 – Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (b. 1755)

Humphry Davy

• May 29 – Humphry Davy, British chemist (b. 1778)
• May 30 – Louis Aloysius, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein (b. 1765)
• June 6 – Shanawdithit, last known pure-blooded member of the Beothuk people (b. c. 1801)
• June 15 – Therese Huber, German writer and scholar (b. 1764)
• June 27 – James Smithson, British mineralogist, chemist, whose fortune eventually went to the United States of America, and was used to initially fund the Smithsonian Institution (b. 1764)

July–December

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

• July 23 – Wojciech Bogusławski, actor and director, Father of Polish Theatre (b. 1757)
• October 10 – Maria Elizabetha Jacson, British botanist (b. 1755)
• November 14 – Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, French chemist, discoverer of beryllium and chromium (b. 1763)
• November 26 – Bushrod Washington, American Supreme Court justice (b. 1762)
• December 12 – John Lansing, Jr., American statesman (disappeared) (b. 1754)
• December 28 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French scientist (b. 1744)
• December 29 – Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg (b. 1797) (scarlet fever)
• undated - Huang Lü, Chinese scientist