1888

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1888 (MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1888th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 888th year of the 2nd millennium, the 88th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1888, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. In Germany, 1888 is known as the Year of the Three Emperors. Currently, it is the year that, when written in Roman numerals, has the most digits (13). The next year that also has 13 digits is the year 2388. The record will be surpassed as late as 2888, which has 14 digits.

Events

January–March

March 11: Great Blizzard of 1888.

• January 3 – The 91-centimeter telescope is first used, at Lick Observatory in California.
• January 12 – The Schoolhouse Blizzard hits Dakota Territory, the states of Montana, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas, leaving 235 dead, many of them children on their way home from school.
• January 13 – The National Geographic Society is founded in Washington, D.C.
• January 21 – The Amateur Athletic Union is founded by William Buckingham Curtis, in the United States.
• January 26 – The Lawn Tennis Association is founded in England.
• February 6 – Gillis Bildt becomes Prime Minister of Sweden (1888–1889).
• February 27 – In West Orange, New Jersey, Thomas Edison meets with Eadweard Muybridge, who proposes a scheme for sound film.
• March 8 – The Agriculture College of Utah (later Utah State University) is founded in Logan, Utah.
• March 9 – Frederick III becomes German Emperor and King of Prussia.
• March 11 – The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400.
• March 13 – De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. is founded in Kimberley.
• March 15 – The Sikkim Expedition, a British military expedition to expel the Tibetans from northern Sikkim, begins.
• March 16 – The foundation stone for a new National Library of Greece is laid in Athens.
• March 20 – The very first Romani language operetta premieres in Moscow, Russia.
• March 23 – A meeting called by William McGregor, to discuss establishment of The Football League, is held in London.
• March 25 – Opening of an international Congress for Women's Rights organized by Susan B. Anthony in Washington, D.C., leading to formation of the International Council of Women, a key event in the international women's movement.
• March 27 – The Rescue of the Renown: Dorus Rijkers saves the 30-man crew of the Renown off the Netherlands coast, risking his own life.

July–September

August 31: Victim found from Jack the Ripper?

• July 2–27 – London matchgirls strike of 1888: About 200 workers, mainly teenaged girls, strike following the dismissal of three colleagues from the Bryant and May match factory, precipitated by an article on their working conditions published on June 23 by campaigning journalist Annie Besant, and the workers unionise on July 27.^[1]
• July 25 – Frank Edward McGurrin, a court stenographer from Salt Lake City, Utah, purportedly the only person using touch typing at this time, wins a decisive victory over Louis Traub in a typing contest held in Cincinnati, Ohio. This date can be called the birthday of the touch typing method that is widely used now.
• August 5 – Bertha Benz arrives in Pforzheim having driven 40 miles (64 km) from Mannheim in a car manufactured by her husband Karl Benz, thus completing the first "long-distance" drive in the history of the automobile.
• August 7 – Whitechapel murders: The body of London prostitute Martha Tabram is found, a possible victim of Jack the Ripper.^[2]
• August 9
  • A fire destroys the Main Building, the heart of Wells College in Aurora, New York, causing a loss of $130,000.^[3]
  • The Oaths Act permits the oath of allegiance taken to the Sovereign by Members of Parliament to be affirmed, rather than sworn to God, thus confirming the ability of atheists to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.
• August 10 – Dr Friedrich Hermann Wölfert’s motorised airship successfully completes the world’s first engine-driven flight, from Cannstatt to Kornwestheim in Germany.^[4]
• August 13 – The Local Government Act, effective from 1889, establishes county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales, redraws some county boundaries, and gives women the vote in local elections. It also declares that "bicycles, tricycles, velocipedes, and other similar machines" be carriages within the meaning of the Highway Acts (which remains the case), and requires that they give audible warning when overtaking "any cart or carriage, or any horse, mule, or other beast of burden, or any foot passenger", a rule abolished in 1930.
• August 20 – A mutiny at Dufile, Equatoria, results in the imprisonment of the Emin Pasha.
• August 24 –The first trams in Tallinn (Reval), horsecars, begin operation.
• August 28 – The longest date in Roman numerals (VIII-XXVIII-MDCCCLXXXVIII) occurs.
• August 31 – Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Mary Ann Nichols is found; she is considered the first victim of Jack the Ripper.
• September 4 – In the United States, George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera, which uses roll film.
• September 6 – Charles Turner becomes the first bowler in cricket to take 250 wickets in an English season – a feat since accomplished only by Tom Richardson (twice), J. T. Hearne, Wilfred Rhodes (twice) and Tich Freeman (six times).
• September 8
  • Whitechapel murders: The mutilated body of London prostitute Annie Chapman is found (considered to be the second victim of Jack the Ripper).
  • In England, the first six Football League matches are played.^[2]
  • In a letter accepting renomination as President of the United States, Grover Cleveland declares the Chinese "impossible of assimilation with our people and dangerous to our peace and welfare".
• September 27
  • Whitechapel murders: The 'Dear Boss letter' signed "Jack the Ripper", the first time the name is used, is received by London's Central News Agency.^[2]
  • Stanley Park is officially opened by Vancouver (B.C.) mayor David Oppenheimer.
• September 30 – Whitechapel murders: The bodies of London prostitutes Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes, the latter mutilated, are found. They are generally considered Jack the Ripper's third and fourth victims, respectively.

Births

January–February

Carlos Quintanilla

Otto Stern

• January 1 – Victor Goldschmidt, Swiss geochemist (d. 1947)
• January 8 – Matt Moore, Irish-born actor (d. 1960)
• January 16 – Robert Henry English, American admiral (d. 1943)
• January 18 – Thomas Sopwith, English aviation pioneer, yachtsman (d. 1989)
• January 19 – Millard Harmon, American general (d. 1945)
• c. January 20 – Huddie William Ledbetter (Lead Belly), American folk, blues singer (d. 1949)
• January 22 – Carlos Quintanilla, 44th President of Bolivia (d. 1964)
• January 23 – Aritomo Gotō, Japanese admiral (d. 1942)
• January 24
  • Vicki Baum, Austrian writer (d. 1960)
  • Ernst Heinkel, German aircraft designer (d. 1958)
• February 2 – Frederick Lane, Australian swimmer (d. 1969)
• February 5 – Bruce Fraser, British admiral (d. 1981)
• February 8 – Edith Evans, British actress (d. 1976)
• February 13 – Georgios Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1968)
• February 17 – Otto Stern, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1969)
• February 19
  • Adelina Domingues, World's oldest person between May and August 2002 (d. 2002)
  • Tom Phillips, British admiral (d. 1941)
  • Aurora Quezon, First Lady of the Philippines (d. 1949)
  • José Eustasio Rivera, Colombian writer (d. 1928)
• February 20 – Georges Bernanos, French writer (d. 1948)
• February 25 – John Foster Dulles, United States Secretary of State (d. 1959)
• February 27
  • Arthur Schlesinger, Sr., American historian (d. 1965)
  • Lotte Lehmann, German singer (d. 1976)

March–April

Ilo Wallace

• March 1 – Ewart Astill, English cricketer (Leicestershire) (d. 1948)
• March 4 – Knute Rockne, American football player, coach (d. 1931)
• March 7
  • William L. Laurence, American journalist (d. 1977)
  • Claude Roger-Marx, French writer (d. 1977)
• March 10
  • Barry Fitzgerald, Irish actor (d. 1961)
  • Ilo Wallace, Second Lady of the United States (d. 1981)
• March 16 – Anton Köllisch, German chemist noted for synthesising MDMA (d. 1916)
• March 17 – Paul Ramadier, Prime Minister of France (d. 1961)
• March 26 – Elsa Brändström, Swedish nurse (d. 1948)
• March 28 – Léon Noël, French diplomat, politician and historian (d. 1987)
• March 29
  • Enea Bossi, Sr., Italian-born American aerospace engineer, aviation pioneer (d. 1963)
  • James E. Casey, American founder of the United Parcel Service (d. 1983)
• March 30 – Anna Q. Nilsson, Swedish-American silent film star (d. 1974)
• April 1 – Terry de la Mesa Allen, Sr., American general (d. 1969)
• April 3
  • Sir Neville Cardus, British music, cricket writer (d. 1975)
  • Thomas C. Kinkaid, American admiral (d. 1972)
• April 4
  • Tris Speaker, American professional baseball player, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame (d. 1958)
  • Zdzisław Żygulski, Sr., Polish literary historian (d. 1975)
• April 6
  • Hans Richter, German filmmaker (d. 1976)
  • Gerhard Ritter, German historian (d. 1967)
• April 12 – Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, 28th President of Ecuador (d. 1952)
• April 18 – Duffy Lewis, American Major League Baseball player (d. 1979)
• April 26 – Anita Loos, American writer (d. 1981)
• April 27 – Florence La Badie, Canadian actress (d. 1917)

July–August

Herbert Spencer Gasser

Frits Zernike

• July 5 – Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1963)
• July 8 – John R. Sinnock, 8th Chief Engraver of the United States Mint (d. 1947)
• July 9 – Wang Yun-wu, Chinese scholar of history and political science (d. 1979)
• July 10 – Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter (d. 1978)
• July 16
  • Percy Kilbride, American actor (d. 1964)
  • Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966)
• July 17 – Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Israeli writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
• July 20 – Geneve L. A. Shaffer, American realtor, lecturer and author (d. 1976)
• July 22
  • Kirk Bryan, American geologist (d. 1950)
  • Selman Waksman, Ukrainian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1973)
• July 23 – Raymond Chandler, American-born novelist (d. 1959)
• July 25 – Wilhelm Fritz von Roettig, German Waffen SS general (d. 1939)
• August 4 – Syedna Taher Saifuddin, Indian Bohra spiritual leader (d. 1965)
• August 6
  • Stephen Galatti, American Field Service director (d. 1964)
  • Heinrich Schlusnus, German baritone (d. 1952)
• August 9 – Eduard Ritter von Schleich, German fighter ace, air force general (d. 1947)
• August 13
  • Gleb W. Derujinsky, Russian-American sculptor (d. 1975)
  • John Logie Baird, Scottish inventor (d. 1946)
• August 16
  • Armand J. Piron, American jazz musician (d. 1943)
  • T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), British liaison officer during the Arab Revolt, writer, and academic (d. 1935)
• August 17 – Monty Woolley, American actor (d. 1963)
• August 20 – Tôn Đức Thắng, 2nd President of Vietnam (d. 1980)
• August 25 – Allama Mashriqi, Pakistani scholar, politician (d. 1963)
• August 28 – Evadne Price, Australian-British writer, actress and astrologer (d. 1985)
• August 29 – Gunichi Mikawa, Japanese admiral (d. 1981)

September–October

Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.

T. S. Eliot

Henry A. Wallace

• September 4 – Margaret Henley, J. M. Barrie's inspiration for the name "Wendy" in Peter Pan (d. 1894)
• September 5 – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosopher, politician and 2nd President of India (d. 1975)
• September 6
  • Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., American politician (d. 1969)
  • Zeng Junchen, Chinese drug baron (d. 1964)
• September 12 – Maurice Chevalier, French singer and actor (d. 1972)
• September 14 – Thakur Anukulchandra, Indian social reformer and philanthropist (d. 1969)
• September 16
  • Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Finnish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
  • W. O. Bentley, English engineer, entrepreneur (d. 1971)
• September 18 – Grey Owl, British impostor, writer (d. 1938)
• September 20 – John Painter, American supercentenarian, world's oldest man between 1999 and 2001 (d. 2001)
• September 26
  • J. Frank Dobie, American folklorist, journalist (d. 1964)
  • T. S. Eliot, British (American-born) poet, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
• October 3 – Claud Allister, English actor (d. 1970)
• October 4
  • Lucy Tayiah Eads, Kaw tribal chief (d. 1961)
  • Friedrich Olbricht, German general (d. 1944)
• October 6 – Roland Garros, French pilot (killed in action 1918)
• October 7 – Henry A. Wallace, 33rd Vice President of the United States (d. 1965)
• October 8 – Ernst Kretschmer, German psychiatrist (d. 1964)
• October 9 – Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Russian politician (d. 1938)
• October 14 – Katherine Mansfield, New Zealand fiction writer (d. 1923)
• October 16
  • Eugene O'Neill, American playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
  • Paul Popenoe, American eugenicist (d. 1979)
• October 17 – Paul Bernays, Swiss mathematician (d. 1977)
• October 19 – Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai, Indian freedom fighter and Tamil poet (d. 1972)
• October 20 – Sadayoshi Tanabe, Japanese academic, bibliographer (d. 2000)
• October 24 – Carlo Bergamini, Italian admiral (d. 1943)
• October 25 – Lester Cuneo, American actor (d. 1925)
• October 30 – Alan Goodrich Kirk, American admiral (d. 1963)
• October 31 – Hubert Wilkins, Australian explorer of the Arctic (d. 1958)

November–December

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

Harpo Marx

Gladys Cooper

F. W. Murnau

• November 1
  • George Kenner, German artist, made 110 paintings and drawings during World War I while interned as a prisoner of war (d. 1971)
  • Michał Sopoćko, Polish-Lithuanian saint, the Apostle of Divine Mercy (d. 1975)
  • Viliami Tungī Mailefihi, 7th Premier of Tonga (d. 1941)
• November 7 – Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, Indian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
• November 9 – Jean Monnet, French political economist, diplomat and a founding father of the European Union (d. 1979)
• November 13 – Philip Francis Nowlan, American science fiction writer, creator of the Buck Rogers character (d. 1940)
• November 15
  • Harald Sverdrup, Norwegian scientist (d. 1957)
  • José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban World chess champion (1921–1927) (d. 1942)
• November 16 – Luis Cluzeau Mortet, Uruguayan composer, and musician (d. 1957)
• November 23 – Harpo Marx, American comedian (d. 1964)
• November 26 – Francisco Canaro, Uruguayan-born violinist, composer (d. 1964)
• November 24
  • Dale Carnegie, American writer, lecturer (d. 1955)
  • Cathleen Nesbitt, British actress (d. 1982)
• November 28 – Edgar Church, American comic book collector (d. 1978)
• November 30 – Ralph Hartley, American electronics researcher, inventor (d. 1970)
• December 3 – Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, Polish-born Chief Rabbi of Ireland and Israel (d. 1959)
• December 4
  • King Alexander of Yugoslavia (d. 1934)
  • Donald B. Beary, American admiral (d. 1966)
• December 6 – Will Hay, British actor, comedian (d. 1949)
• December 7
  • Joyce Cary, Northern Irish author (d. 1957)
  • Jinichi Kusaka, Japanese admiral (d. 1972)
• December 16 – Alphonse Juin, French general, Marshal of France (d. 1967)
• December 18
  • Dame Gladys Cooper, English actress (d. 1971)
  • Robert Moses, American civil engineer, public works director, highway and bridge builder (d. 1981)
• December 19 – Fritz Reiner, Hungarian conductor (d. 1963)
• December 20 – Yitzhak Baer, German-born Israeli historian (d. 1980)
• December 22 – Theodore Stark Wilkinson, American admiral (d. 1946)
• December 26 – Marius Canard, French orientalist (d. 1982)
• December 28 – F. W. Murnau, German film director (d. 1931)

Deaths

January–June

Wilhelm I

Ascanio Sobrero

• January 19 – Anton de Bary, German biologist (b. 1831)
• January 20 – William Pitt Ballinger, Texas lawyer, southern statesman (b. 1825)
• January 29 – Edward Lear, British artist, writer (b. 1812)
• January 31 – John Bosco, Italian priest, youth worker, educator and founder of the Salesian Society (b. 1815)
• February 3 – Sir Henry Maine, British jurist (b. 1822)
• February 5 – Anton Mauve, Dutch painter (b. 1838)
• February 7 – Jonathan Joestar, English businessman (b. 1868)
• February 22 – Anna Kingsford, British women's rights activist (b. 1846)
• February 24 – Seth Kinman, American hunter, settler (b. 1815)
• March 6
  • Louisa May Alcott, American novelist (b. 1832)
  • Josif Pančić, Serbian botanist (b. 1814)
• March 9 – William I, German Emperor, King of Prussia (b. 1797)
• March 12 – Henry Bergh, founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (b. 1813)
• March 16 – Hippolyte Carnot, French statesman (b. 1801)
• March 23 – Morrison Waite, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1816)
• March 27 – Francesco Faà di Bruno, Italian mathematician (b. 1825)
• March 29 – Charles-Valentin Alkan, French composer, pianist (b. 1813)
• April 4 – Emma Elizabeth Smith, Whitechapel Murders victim (b. 1843)
• April 15 – Matthew Arnold, English poet (b. 1822)
• April 17 – Ephraim George Squier, American archaeologist, newspaper editor (b. 1821)
• April 19 – Thomas Russell Crampton, English engineer (b. 1816)
• May 15 – Edwin Hamilton Davis, American archaeologist, physician (b. 1811)
• May 19 – Julius Rockwell, United States politician (b. 1805)
• May 26 – Ascanio Sobrero, Italian chemist (b. 1812)
• June 7 – Edmond Le Bœuf, marshal of France (b. 1809)
• June 8 – Sir Duncan Cameron, British army general (b. 1808)
• June 15 – Frederick III, German Emperor, King of Prussia (b. 1831)
• June 23  – Edmund Gurney, British psychologist (b. 1847)

July–December

Paul Langerhans

John Pemberton

Carl Zeiss

• July 1 – Maiden of Ludmir, Jewish religious leader (b. 1805)
• July 4 – Theodor Storm, German writer (b. 1817)
• July 9 – Jan Brand, 4th president of the Orange Free State (b. 1823)
• July 20 – Paul Langerhans, German pathologist, biologist (b. 1847)
• August 5 – Philip Sheridan, American general (b. 1831)
• August 7 – Martha Tabram, possible first victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1849)
• August 9 – Charles Cros, French poet (b. 1831)
• August 16 – John Pemberton, American founder of Coca-Cola (b. 1831)
• August 20 – Henry Richard, Welsh peace campaigner (b. 1812)
• August 23 – Philip Henry Gosse, British scientist (b. 1810)
• August 24 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist, contributor to thermodynamics (b. 1822)
• August 31 – Mary Ann Nichols, first confirmed victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1845)
• September 6 – John Lester Wallack, American theater impresario (b. 1820)
• September 8 – Annie Chapman, victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1841)
• September 11 – Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Argentine politician, writer, and father of education (b. 1811)
• September 23 – François Achille Bazaine, French general (b. 1811)
• September 24 – Karl von Prantl, German philosopher (b. 1820)
• September 30
  • Catherine Eddowes, victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1842)
  • Elizabeth Stride, victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1843)
• October 16
  • Horatio Spafford, American author of the hymn It Is Well With My Soul (b. 1828)
  • John Wentworth, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1815)
• November 9 – Mary Jane Kelly, fifth and final confirmed victim of Jack the Ripper (b. 1863)
• November 10 – George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan, British army officer and aristocrat (b. 1800)
• November 24 – Cicero Price, American commodore (b. 1805)
• December 2 – Namık Kemal, Turkish patriotic poet, social reformer (b. 1840)
• December 3 – Carl Zeiss, German optician, founder of Carl Zeiss AG (b. 1816)
• December 10 – William E. Le Roy, American admiral (b. 1818)
• December 20 – Rose Mylett, Whitechapel murders victim (b. 1859)
• December 22 – Mikhail Loris-Melikov, Russian statesman, general (b. 1826)
• December 31 – Samson Raphael Hirsch, German rabbi (b. 1808)

Date unknown

Caroline Howard Gilman

• Caroline Howard Gilman, American author (b. 1794)

References

Further reading and year books

• 1888 Annual Cyclopedia (1889) highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for year 1888; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage; 831 pp