1814

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January 29: Battle of Brienne

1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1814th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 814th year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th year of the 19th century, and the 5th year of the 1810s decade. As of the start of 1814, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

February 1: Cagsawa Church is destroyed by eruption of Mount Mayon.

• January 14 – Treaty of Kiel: Frederick VI of Denmark cedes the Kingdom of Norway into personal union with Sweden, in exchange for west Pomerania. This marks the end of the real union of Denmark-Norway
• January 29 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Brienne: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher.
• January 31 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina.
• February – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, represents Britain at the Congress of Chatillon.
• February 1
  • Lord Byron's semi-autobiographical tale in verse The Corsair is published by John Murray in London, and sells 10,000 copies on this day.^[1]
  • Mount Mayon in the Philippines erupts the 2nd time; the Cagsawa Church is destroyed and devastated.
• February 10 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Champaubert: A French army led by Napoleon effectively destroys a small Russian corps led by Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev, opening the Six Days' Campaign.
• February 11 – Norway's independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union.
• February 12 – A fire destroys the Custom House, London.
• February 14 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Vauchamps: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher, the last major action of the Six Days' Campaign.
• February 17 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Mormant: A French army led by Napoleon effectively destroys a Russian division.
• February 18 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Montereau: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against Austrian forces.
• February 21 – The Great Stock Exchange Fraud is exposed in London.
• March 7 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Craonne: A French army led by Napoleon is victorious against von Blücher.
• March 8 – War of the Sixth Coalition: A night attack by the British under Sir Thomas Graham on the French fortress of Bergen op Zoom ends in failure.
• March 9 – American naval schooner USS Enterprise reaches Wilmington, North Carolina, returning from participating in the War of 1812 against the United Kingdom in the Caribbean.
• March 10 – War of the Sixth Coalition – Battle of Laon: von Blücher defeats Napoleon.
• March 12 – Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême enters Bordeaux, marking the restoration of the House of Bourbon.
• March 25 – De Nederlandsche Bank is established.
• March 27 – War of 1812 – Battle of Horseshoe Bend: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek Indians.
• March 28 – War of 1812 – Battle of Valparaíso: Two British Royal Navy ships easily defeat and capture USS Essex and a sister ship off the coast of Chile.
• March 30 – War of the Sixth Coalition: The Battle of Paris begins.
• March 31 – War of the Sixth Coalition: Coalition troops occupy Paris.

March 9: The schooner Enterprise returns from the Caribbean.

July–September

• July 5 – War of 1812 – Battle of Chippawa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario.
• July 7 – Walter Scott's Waverley, his first prose fiction and one of the first significant historical novels in English, is published anonymously by Archibald Constable in Edinburgh, selling out in two days.^[5]
• July 13 – The Carabinieri (the national military police of Italy) is established by Victor Emmanuel, as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.
• July 24 – War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward Niagara Falls, Ontario to halt Jacob Brown's American invaders.
• July 25
  • George Stephenson tests his first locomotive Blücher successfully in England.
  • War of 1812 – Battle of Lundy's Lane: Reinforcements arrive near Niagara Falls, Ontario for General Riall's British and Canadian force, and a bloody, all-night battle with Jacob Brown's Americans commences at 1800 hours; Americans retreat to Fort Erie.
• July 28 – The revived Ligurian Republic is dissolved.
• August 7 – Pope Pius VII decrees the bull Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum, reestablishing the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) all over the world, after having approved their survival and existence in Russia.
• August 9 – Creek War – Treaty of Fort Jackson was signed, ending the Creek War.
• August 12 – In England, the last hanging under the Black Act is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an orchard (although the judge petitions for reprieve).
• August 13 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 is signed in London, returning most possessions of the Dutch Empire acquired by the United Kingdom since 1803 to the Netherlands, although Britain retains the Cape of Good Hope and the South American settlements of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice (later consolidated as British Guiana). In addition, the British cede the island of Banca off the island of Sumatra, in exchange for the settlement of Cochin, India.
• August 24 – War of 1812 – Burning of Washington: British troops, after defeating American forces at the Battle of Bladensburg, occupy Washington, D.C., setting numerous buildings on fire, including the Capitol and Presidential Mansion.
• August 28 – Alexandria, Virginia, offers surrender to the British fleet without a fight.
• September 11 – War of 1812 – Battle of Lake Champlain: An American squadron under Thomas Macdonough defeats the British squadron, ultimately forcing the invading army to retreat back into Canada.
• September 12 – War of 1812 – Battle of North Point: An American detachment halts the British land advance to Baltimore.
• September 13 – War of 1812: The British bombard Fort McHenry at Baltimore. The British failure at the Battle of Baltimore is a turning point in the war, and the American defense of the fort inspires Francis Scott Key to compose the poem (later set to music as) The Star-Spangled Banner.

September 13: Bombardment of Fort McHenry

Births

January–June

Heinrich Geissler

• January 1
  • William Bigler, American politician (d. 1880)
  • Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebel (d. 1864)
• January 27 – Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, French architect (d. 1879)
• February 9 – Samuel J. Tilden, 25th Governor of New York, 1876 Democratic Party Presidential Nominee (d. 1886)
• February 18 – Samuel Fenton Cary, American politician, temperance activist (d. 1900)
• March 9 – Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet (d. 1861)
• March 17 – Kamehameha III, King of the Hawaiian Islands (d. 1854)
• April 3 – Lorenzo Snow, 5th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1901)
• April 21 – Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts, English philanthropist (d. 1906)
• May 7 – Henriette Hansen, Norwegian ballerina, singer and actor (d. 1892)
• May 12 – Adolf von Henselt, German composer (d. 1889)
• May 26
  • Wilhelm Engerth, Austrian architect, engineer (d. 1884)
  • Heinrich Geißler, German physicist (d. 1879)
• May 30 – Mikhail Bakunin, Russian anarchist (d. 1876)

July–December

Anders Jonas Ångström

Adolphe Sax

• July 3 – Ferdinand Didrichsen, Danish botanist, physicist (d. 1887)
• July 19 – Samuel Colt, American gun maker (d. 1862)
• August 8 – Esther Morris, American suffragist, judge (d. 1902)
• August 10 – Henri Nestlé, German-born Swiss chocolate magnate (d. 1890)
• August 13 – Anders Jonas Ångström, Swedish physicist (d. 1874)
• August 23 – James Roosevelt Bayley, first Roman Catholic Bishop of Newark, New Jersey, and eighth Archbishop of Baltimore (d. 1877)
• August 28 – Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish writer (d. 1873)
• September 2 – Ernst Curtius, German archaeologist, historian (d. 1896)
• September 3 – James Joseph Sylvester, English mathematician (d. 1897)
• September 6 – George-Étienne Cartier, Canadian lawyer, politician (d. 1873)
• September 7 – William Butterfield, British architect (d. 1900)
• September 8 – Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, French writer, historian (d. 1874)
• September 27 – Daniel Kirkwood, American astronomer (d. 1895)
• October 1 – Josefina Deland, Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1890)
• October 4 – Jean-François Millet, French painter (d. 1875)
• October 7 – Susanna Dickinson, survivor of the Alamo (d. 1883)
• October 15 – Mikhail Lermontov, Russian writer (d. 1841)
• November 6 – Adolphe Sax, Belgian musical instrument maker, inventor (d. 1894)
• November 13 – Joseph Hooker, American general (d. 1879)
• November 22 – Serranus Clinton Hastings, American politician (d. 1893)
• November 25 – Julius von Mayer, German physician, physicist, one of the founders of thermodynamics (d. 1878)
• November 26 – Luise Aston, German author, feminist (d. 1871)
• December 12 – Juan Prim, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1870)
• December 13 – Ana Néri, Brazilian nurse, matron of nursing in that country (d. 1880)
• December 18 – Sarah T. Bolton, née Sarah Tittle Barrett, American poet (d. 1893)

Deaths

January–June

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

• January 7 – Ira Allen, founder of Vermont, leader of the Green Mountain Boys (b. 1751)
• January 27
  • Philip Astley, English circus promoter (b. 1742)
  • Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher (b. 1762)
• February 27 – Margaret Bingham British countess, painter and writer (b. 1740)^[8]
• March 26 – Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, French physician (b. 1738)
• April 1 – Joseph de Ferraris, Austrian cartographer of the Austrian Netherlands (b. 1726)
• April 12 – Charles Burney, English music historian (b. 1726)
• April 19 – Thomas Brudenell-Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury, England (b. 1729)
• May 5 – Abdullah I Al-Sabah, Kuwaiti ruler (b. 1740)
• May 6 – Stephen Amherst, English cricketer (b. 1750)
• May 27 – Ivan Akimov, Russian painter (b. 1754)
• May 29 – Joséphine de Beauharnais, Empress of France (b. 1763)
• June 14 – Antin Angelovych, Greek-Catholic metropolitan (b. 1756)

July–December

Matthew Flinders

Marquis de Sade

• July 12 – William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, British general (b. 1729)
• July 18 – Miles Peter Andrews, English playwright, legislator (b. 1742)
• July 19 – Captain Matthew Flinders, English explorer of the coasts of Australia (b. 1774)
• August 21
  • Antonio Carnicero, Spanish painter (b. 1748)
  • Benjamin Thompson, American physicist, inventor (b. 1753)
• August 28 – Erik Must Angell, Norwegian jurist, politician (b. 1744)
• August 31 – Arthur Phillip, British admiral, first governor of New South Wales (b. 1738)
• September 8 – Maria Carolina of Austria, queen of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, and de facto ruler (b. 1752)
• October 4 – Samuel Jackson Pratt, British writer, poet and actor (b. 1749)
• October 19 – Mercy Otis Warren, American playwright (b. 1728)
• November 18 – Aleijadinho, Colonial Brazil-born sculptor and architect (b. 1730 or 1738)
• November 23 – Elbridge Gerry, 5th Vice President of the United States (b. 1744)
• December 2 – Marquis de Sade, French writer for whom sadism is named (b. 1740)
• December 13 – Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne, Austrian field marshal (b. 1735)
• December 19 – Joseph Bramah, English inventor of the hydraulic press (b. 1748)

References

Further reading

• Louis Heilprin (1885). "Chronological Table of Universal History". Historical Reference Book. New York: D. Appleton and Company – via Hathi Trust. 1814