Vikram Samvat

Vikram Samvat (IAST: Vikrama Samvat) (abbreviated as V.S. (or VS) or B.S. (or BS));  Listen ) (also called the Bikrami calendar or sometimes just Hindu calendar) is the historical Hindu calendar of India and Nepal.[1][2] It uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. It is the official calendar of Nepal.

History

The Vikram Samvat is notable because many ancient and medieval era inscriptions use it. It is said to be named after the legendary king Vikramaditya, but the term "Vikrama Samvat" does not appear in the historical records before the 9th century, rather the same calendaring system is found by other names such as Krita and Malava.[3] In the colonial era scholarship, the era was believed to be based on the commemoration of King Vikramaditya expelling the Sakas from Ujjain. However, later epigraphical evidence and scholarship suggests that this theory has no historical basis and very likely was an error. Starting in the 9th century and thereafter, epigraphical artwork uses Vikrama-samvat, suggesting that sometime around the 9th-century, the Hindu calendar era that was already in use became popular as Vikram Samvat, while Buddhist and Jain epigraphy continued to use an era based on the Buddha or the Mahavira.[4]

Vikramaditya legends

The Jain monk Kalakacharya and the Saka King (Kalakacharya Katha manuscript, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai)

According to popular tradition, the legendary king Vikramaditya of Ujjain established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the Śakas.

Kalakacharya Kathanaka ("An account of the monk Kalakacharya") by the Jain sage Mahesarasuri gives the following account: Gandharvasena, the then-powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati, who was the sister of the monk. The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi in Sistan. Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself was forgiven. The defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from Pratishthana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the "Vikrama era". The Ujjain calendar started around 58–56 BCE, and the subsequent Shaka era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana.

Historical origins

The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE. The earlier sources call this era by various names, including Kṛṭa (343 CE and 371 CE), Kritaa (404 CE), the era of the Malava tribe (424 CE), or simply, Samvat.[5][6]

The earliest known inscription that calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842 CE. This inscription of Chauhana ruler Chandamahasena was found at Dholpur, and is dated Vikrama Samvat 898, Vaishakha Shukla 2, Chanda (16 April 842 CE). The earliest known inscription that associates this era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971 CE. The earliest literary work that connects the era to Vikramaditya is Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha (993-994 CE) by the Jain author Amitagati.[6]

For this reason, multiple authors believe that the Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya, who might be a purely legendary king or the title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself. V. A. Smith and D. R. Bhandarkar believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya, and changed the name of the era to "Vikrama Samvat". According to Rudolf Hoernlé, the king responsible for this change was Yashodharman: Hoernlé also believed that he conquered Kashmir, and is same person as the "Harsha Vikramaditya" mentioned in Kalhana's Rajatarangini.[6]

Earlier, some scholars believed that the Vikrama Samavat corresponded to the Azes era of the Indo-Scythian (Śaka) king King Azes. However, this was disputed by Robert Bracey following discovery of an inscription of Vijayamitra, which is dated in two eras.[7] The theory seems to be now thoroughly discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of the Azes era in 47–46 BCE.[8]

Culture

The traditional New Year of Vikram Samvat is one of the many festivals of Nepal, marked by parties, family gatherings, the exchange of good wishes, and participation in rituals to ensure good fortune in the coming year. It occurs in mid-April each year, and coincides with the traditional new year in Assam, Bengal, Burma, Cambodia, Kerala, Kashmir, Manipur, Odisha, Punjab, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu and Thailand

In addition to Nepal, the Vikram Samvat calendar is also recognized in North and East India, and in Gujarat among Hindus. Hindu religious festivals are based on Vikram Samvat. In North India the new year in Vikram Samvat starts from the first day of Chaitra Skukla paksha. In Buddhist communities, the month of Baishakh is associated with Vesak or Buddha's Birthday. It commemorates the birth, Enlightenment and passing of Gautama Buddha on the first full moon day in May, except in a leap year when the festival is held in June. Although this festival is not held on the same day as Pahela Baishakh, the holidays typically fall in the same month (Baishakh) of the Bengali, Hindu, and Theravada Buddhist calendars, and are related historically through the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism in South Asia.

In Gujarat, the second day of Diwali is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar which is the first day of the month Kartik.[9]

Popularity

The Vikrami era is an ancient calendar and has been historically used by Hindus and Sikhs.[10] It is one of the several regional Hindu calendars that have been in use on the Indian subcontinent, and it is based on twelve synodical lunar months and 365 solar days.[10][11] The lunar new year starts on the new moon in the month of Chaitra.[12] This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted holiday in India.[13]

The Vikrami samvat (Bikrami Samvat system) has been in use in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times, and remains in use by the Hindus in north, west and central India as well as Nepal.[3] In south India, and some parts of east and west India such as Assam, Bengal and Gujarat, saka era has been widely used.[14]

With the arrival of the Islamic rule era, the Hijri Islamic calendar became the official calendar of various Sultanates and the Mughal Empire. During the colonial rule era of the Indian subcontinent, the Gregorian calendar was adopted and it is commonly used in the urban areas of India and Nepal.[15] The predominantly Muslim countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh use the Islamic calendar since 1947, but older texts variously included the Bikrami and Gregorian calendar systems. In 2003, the India-based Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee of Sikhism adopted the Nanakshahi calendar, a move that continues to be debated.[10] The Vikrami calendar is the official calendar of Nepal.[16]

The calendar system

The Vikrami calendar is similar in conceptual design to the Jewish calendar, but different from the Gregorian calendar.[10] Unlike Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to lunar month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days)[17] and nearly 365 solar days, the Vikrami and Jewish calendars maintain the integrity of the lunar month, but insert an extra full month by complex rules, every 4 years, to ensure that the festivals and crop related rituals fall in the appropriate season. This Indian system of calendar keeping is one of the luni-solar calendar systems innovated in ancient human cultures.[10][11] Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Indian calendar, later Vikrami calendar, and then local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system.[18]

The Vikram Samvat has two alternative systems. It started in 56 BCE in the southern (purnimanta) and 57–56 BCE in the northern (amanta) systems of the Hindu calendar. The Shukla Paksha, when most festivals occur, coincides in both systems. The era is named after King Vikramaditya of India.[14][5]

The luni-solar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solar Gregorian calendar. For example, the year 2075 VS began in 2018 CE and will end in 2019 CE.

The Rana rulers of Nepal made Vikram Samvat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which started as Samvat 1958.[19] In Nepal, the new year begins with the first day of the month of Baishakh, which usually falls around 13-15 April in the Gregorian calendar. The first day of the new year is passionately celebrated in a historical carnival that takes place every year in Bhaktapur, called biska Jatra. From 2007 AD, Nepal Sambat is recognized as the national calendar.

In India, the reformulated Saka Calendar is officially used (although not for computing the dates of the traditional festivals). In the Hindi version of the Preamble of the Constitution of India, however, the date of adoption of the constitution, 26 November 1949, is presented in Vikram Samvat (Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006). There have been calls for the Vikram Samvat to replace Saka as India's official calendar.[20]2043-1-29

Divisions of a year

The classical Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year exactly, correctional months (adhika māsa) are added or, occasionally, subtracted (kshaya masa). A lunar year consists of 12 months. A lunar month has two fortnights. The lunar days are called "tithis". Each month has 30 tithis, which may vary from 20 – 27 hours. During the waxing phases, tithis are called "shukla" or the bright phase — the auspicious fortnight, beginning with the day after the new moon called "Amavasya". Tithis for the waning phases are called "krishna" or the dark phase, which is regarded as the inauspicious fortnight,[21] starting from the day after the full moon or "purnima".

Lunar metrics

Months of the Vikram Samvat:

No. Name Gujarati Nepali Hindi Days Corresponding Gregorian months
1 Kartik કારતક कार्तिक or कातिक्क कार्तिक 29 / 30(29.879 exactly) mid-October to mid-November
2 Mangsir માગશર मंसिर or मार्ग मार्ग or मंसिर/अगहन 29 / 30(29.475 exactly) mid-November to mid-December
3 Poush પોષ पुष or पौष पौष or पुष/पूस 29 / 30(29.310 exactly) mid-December to mid-January
4 Magh મહા माघ माघ 29 / 30(29.457 exactly) mid-January to mid-February
5 Falgun ફાગણ फागुन or फाल्गुन/फागु फाल्गुन 29 / 30(29.841 exactly) mid-February to mid-March
6 Chaitra ચૈત્ર चैत or चैत्र चैत्र 30 / 31(30.377 exactly) mid-March to mid-April
7 Baishakh વૈશાખ बैशाख बैशाख 30 / 31(30.950 exactly) mid-April to mid-May
8 Jestha જેઠ जेठ or जेष्ठ जेष्ठ 31 / 32(31.429 exactly) mid-May to mid-June
9 Ashadh અષાઢ असार or अषाढ़ आषाढ़ 31 / 32(31.638 exactly) mid-June to mid-July
10 Shrawan શ્રાવણ साउन or श्रावण श्रावण or सावन 31 / 32(31.463 exactly) mid-July to mid-August
11 Bhadra ભાદરવો भदौ or भाद्र भाद्र or भादो 31 / 32(31.012 exactly) mid-August to mid-September
12 Ashwin આસો असोज or आश्विन आश्विन or कुआर/क्वार 30 / 31(30.428 exactly) mid-September to mid-October

The exact length of each month is the time taken by the Sun to move through a full zodiac sign.

Solar calendar

The solar months correspond to Sun's position through the sidereal zodiac signs. For the whole month of Vaisakh, the Sun is in Aires ( Mesha), the Sun is in Vrish for the month of Jyestha, and so on. The table below starts the calendar from the Solar month of Vaisakh.

The names of months are

S.No. Solar Month Name Duration
1. Visakh (Besakh) (Baisakh) Mid of April to Mid of May
2. Jeth (Jestha) Mid of May to Mid of June
3. Harh (Ashad) Mid of June to Mid of July
4. Sawan (Shrawan) Mid of July to Mid of August
5. Bhadon (Bhadhray) (Bhadra) Mid of August to Mid of September
6. Asooj (Assun) (Ashwin) Mid of September to Mid of October
7. Kattek (Kattun) (Kartik) Mid of October to Mid of November
8. Maghar (Marga or Margsheersh) Mid of November to Mid of December
9. Poh (Poush) Mid of December to Mid of January
10. Maah (Magh) Mid of January to Mid of February
11. Phaggan (Falgun) Mid of February to Mid of March
12. Chetar (Chaitra) Mid of March to Mid of April

A day consists of 8 Peh'r/Pahars, every Peh'r/Pahar equals to 3 hours of the modern clock. These Pahars are named:

1: Sajar vela or Sver vela = Morning/Day-break (6'o clock to 9'o clock).
2: Dhammi vela = Pre- noon time(9'o clock to 12'o clock).
3: Paishee vela = Noon(12'o clock to 3'o clock).
4: Deegar vela = Afternoon(3'o clock to 6'o clock).
5: nimasheen/namashan vela = Sunset + Evening + Early hours of night(6'o clock to 9'o clock).
6: Kuftain vela = Pre-midnight time (9'o clock to 12'o clock).
7: Adh Raat vela = Midnight to 3'o clock (12'o clock to 3'o clock).
8: Sarghee vela = Pre Dawn/Very early morning before the sunrise(3'o clock to 6'o clock).

The word vela (or vailaa) means "time of the day", whereas the word Adh means half. 'Dowpahar/dowpeh'r' denotes noon time; and 'shikardowpehr' when sun is right above.

Lunar calendar

The names of the lunar months are as follows with the new lunar year starting on new moon in Chetar:

S.No. Lunar Month Name Duration
1. Chetar (Chaitra) March to April
2. Visakh (Besakh) (Baisakh) April to May
3. Jeth (Jestha) May to June
4. Harh (Ashad) June to July
5. Sawan (Shrawan) July to August
6. Bhadon (Bhadhray) (Bhadra) August to September
7. Asooj (Assun) (Ashwin) September to October
8. Kattek (Kattun) (Kartik) October to November
9. Maghar (Marga or Margsheersh) November to December
10. Poh (Poush) December to January
11. Maah (Magh) January to February
12. Phaggan (Falgun) February to March

Converting Vikram Samvat to CE

While an approximate conversion can be made by subtracting 56 or 57, a precise computation requires identification of the version of Vikam Samvat that was used:

  • Year expired (default) or current
  • Kartikadi (older or western India) or Chaitradi (modern Northern India). Kartikadi starts 7 months later in Kartika. Until 12th century Kartikadi year was common even in North India.
  • Months Amanta (south) or Purminata (North). Amanta Chaitra Krishna Paksha is Purminata Vaishakh Krishna Paksha. For the Shukla Paksh, the month is the same.

A software program, Pancanga, is available to make the calculations.[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Masatoshi Iguchi (2015). Java Essay: The History and Culture of a Southern Country. TPL. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-78462-885-7.
  2. ↑ Edward Simpson (2007). Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh. Routledge. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-1-134-18484-2.
  3. 1 2 Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.
  4. ↑ Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 182–183, 194–195. ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.
  5. 1 2 Ashvini Agrawal (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-81-208-0592-7.
  6. 1 2 3 M. Srinivasachariar (1974). History of Classical Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111. ISBN 9788120802841.
  7. ↑ Alf Hiltebeitel (2011). Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata. BRILL. p. 103. ISBN 90-04-18566-6.
  8. ↑ Falk and Bennett (2009), pp. 197-215.
  9. ↑ "Gujarat CM to exchange Diwali-New Year greetings with people". 19 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0.
  11. 1 2 Christopher John Fuller (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-69112-04-85.
  12. ↑ Davivajña, Rāma (1996) Muhurtacintāmaṇi. Sagar Publications
  13. ↑ India.gov.in
  14. 1 2 Richard Salomon (1398). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 181–183. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
  15. ↑ Tim Harper; Sunil Amrith (2014). Sites of Asian Interaction: Ideas, Networks and Mobility. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1-316-09306-1.
  16. ↑ Bal Gopal Shrestha (2012). The Sacred Town of Sankhu: The Anthropology of Newar Ritual, Religion and Society in Nepal. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-4438-3825-2.
  17. ↑ Orazio Marucchi (2011). Christian Epigraphy: An Elementary Treatise with a Collection of Ancient Christian Inscriptions Mainly of Roman Origin. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-521-23594-5. , Text: "...the lunar year consists of 354 days..."
  18. ↑ Anita Ganeri (2003). Buddhist Festivals Through the Year. BRB. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-58340-375-4.
  19. ↑ Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide, William D. Crump, Publisher McFarland, 2014 p.38
  20. ↑ "Vikram Samvat should be declared national calendar". The Free Press Journal. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  21. ↑ http://hinduism.about.com/od/history/a/calendar.htm
  22. 1 2 3 Burgess, Ebenezer Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix originally published: Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 6, (1860), pp. 141–498, Chapter 14, Verse 12
  23. ↑ Pancanga; online; version 3.14

Further reading

  • Harry Falk and Chris Bennett (2009). "Macedonian Intercalary Months and the Era of Azes." Acta Orientalia 70, pp. 197–215.
  • "The Dynastic Art of the Kushan", John Rosenfield.
  •  "Samvat". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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