See also:
U+9DB4, 鶴
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9DB4

[U+9DB3]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+9DB5]
U+FA2D, 鶴
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA2D

[U+FA2C]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+FA2E]

Translingual

Han character

(radical 196, +10, 21 strokes, cangjie input 十土竹日火 (JGHAF) or 人土竹日火 (OGHAF), four-corner 47227, composition)

References

  • KangXi: page 1496, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47185
  • Dae Jaweon: page 2026, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4654, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+9DB4

Chinese

trad.
simp.
variant forms

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*ɡloːwɢ
*pqroːwɢ
*skroːwɢ, *sɡroːwɢ
*kroːwɢ
*kroːwɢ, *kroːwɢ, *kʰroːwɢ
*kroːwɢ
*kʰroːwɢ
*ɡluːwɢ
*luwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡloːwɢ) : phonetic  (OC *ɡluːwɢ) + semantic .

Etymology

Possibly from Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kl(uə)k (white), whence Proto-Vietic *t-lɔːk (white) but Old Mon kloh (crane).

Pronunciation


Note:
  • heh5 - vernacular;
  • hah5 - literary.
Note:
  • ho̍h - vernacular;
  • ho̍k - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /xɤ⁵¹/
/xɑu³⁵/
Harbin /xau²⁴/
/xɤ⁵³/
Tianjin /xɑu⁴⁵/
/xɤ⁵³/
Jinan /xə²¹³/
/xə²¹/
Qingdao /xə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xɤ²⁴/
Xi'an /xuo²¹/
Xining /xɔ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /xə¹³/
Lanzhou /xə⁵³/
Ürümqi /xɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /xuo²¹³/
Chengdu /xo³¹/
Guiyang /xo²¹/
Kunming /xo³¹/
Nanjing /xoʔ⁵/
Hefei /xɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xəʔ²/
Pingyao /xʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /xaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /ŋoʔ¹/
Suzhou /ŋoʔ³/
Hangzhou /ŋoʔ²/
Wenzhou /ŋo²¹³/
Hui Shexian /xɔ²²/
Tunxi /xo¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xo²⁴/
Xiangtan /ho²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /hɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /hok̚⁵/
Taoyuan /hok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔk̚²/
Nanning /hɔk̚²²/
Hong Kong /hɔk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hɔk̚⁵/
/hoʔ⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /houʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ɔ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /hoʔ⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /hɔk̚⁵/
/hak̚³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (33)
Final () (103)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦak̚/
Li
Rong
/ɣɑk̚/
Wang
Li
/ɣɑk̚/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ɣɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ hæwk › ‹ hak ›
Old
Chinese
/*[ɡ]ˁrawk/ /*[ɡ]ˁawk/
English white (of birds) crane

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 5092
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡloːwɢ/

Definitions

  1. crane (bird)
  2. white
  3. A surname.

Compounds


Japanese

Kanji

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Etymology 1

(tazu, tsuru): the Japanese crane, Grus japonensis
(tsuru): a paper origami crane
(tsuru): a crane 家紋 (kamon, family crest)
Kanji in this term
たず
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.[1][2] By one analysis, this may be a compound of (ta, rice paddy, a common place where cranes can be found) + (tsu, crane? large bird?). The tsu changes to dzu, modern zu as an instance of rendaku (連濁). This tsu is probably the tsu in tsuru (see below).

Pronunciation

  • Kun'yomi
  • IPA(key): [ta̠zɯᵝ], [ta̠d͡zɯᵝ] (dialect)

Alternative forms

  • 田鶴

Noun

(hiragana たず, rōmaji tazu, historical hiragana たづ)

  1. (archaic, poetic) a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
    • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 7, poem 1199); text here
      藻苅舟 奥榜来良之 妹之嶋 形見之浦尓 翔所見
      もかりふね おきこぎくらし いもがしま かたみのうらに たづかけるみゆ
      Mo kari fune / oki kogi kurashi / Imogashima / Katami no ura ni / tazu kakeru miyu
      Rowing the seaweed-gathering boat out to sea and back again, I saw the cranes soaring by Katami inlet on Imogashima
Usage notes

This reading is now reserved for poetry.[1][2]

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
つる
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Given a crane's long neck and how the bird hunts, possibly related to (tsuru, vine); (tsuru, bowstring; musical instrument string); 釣る, 吊る (tsuru, to hang down; to string up; to fish). Given how cranes flock together, possibly related also to 連る (tsuru), older root form of modern verb 連れる (tsureru, to accompany). That said, 連る also appears to ultimately derive from (tsuru, vine).

Vovin (2008) considers it possibly related to an ancestor of Korean 두루미 (durumi, crane), with a root-final -m vanishing later, leaving only a Kansai accent pattern behind.[3]

The reading tsuru is first seen used to mean a crane (the bird) from the late Heian period. Prior to that time, the only reading used for the bird was tazu. However, the kanji was used in the Man'yōshū as a phonetic ateji for the verb ending -tsuru, suggesting that tsuru may have already existed as an everyday term meaning a crane.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana つる, katakana ツル, rōmaji tsuru)

  1. a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
  2. short for 折鶴 (orizuru): a paper crane, the archetypical origami design
  3. short for 鶴嘴 (tsuruhashi): a pickaxe
  4. a 家紋 (kamon, family crest) depicting a crane
  5. (euphemistic) white hair
Usage notes

As with many words that name organisms, this word is often written in katakana when used in biology contexts.

Derived terms
Idioms
  •  () (づる) (itezuru): “frozen crane” → a metaphor for something stock still and unmoving, from the way a crane will freeze when hunting
Synonyms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term

Grade: S
kun’yomi

Old Japanese. Only found in compounds. Uncertain derivation. May be a truncation of tsuru, or an ancient form of its own. Not used in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana , rōmaji tsu)

  1. (obsolete) a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
Derived terms
Usage notes

Appears as (zu) in compounds due to rendaku.

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
かく
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese (hak). Compare modern Mandarin (). Only found in compounds.

Pronunciation

Noun

(hiragana かく, rōmaji kaku)

  1. a crane: a large, long-legged and long-necked bird, member of the family or clade Gruidae
Derived terms

Further reading

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. Bjarke Frellesvig and John Whitman, editors (2008), chapter 7, in Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects, Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system, pages 140-156
  4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

(hak) (hangeul , revised hak, McCuneReischauer hak, Yale hak)

  1. 두루미 (durumi) crane

Vietnamese

Han character

(hạc)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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