Philippine Negrito languages

The Negrito peoples of the Philippines speak various Philippine languages. They have more in common with neighboring languages than with each other,[1] and are listed here merely as an aid to identification.

Classification

Lobel (2013)

Lobel (2013)[1] lists the following Black Filipino (i.e., Philippine Negrito) ethnolinguistic groups.

Northern Luzon

(Lobel (2010)[2] lists the following Negrito languages that are spoken on the eastern coast of Luzon Island, listed from north to south.)

Furthermore, Robinson & Lobel (2013)[3] argue that Dupaningan Agta, Pahanan Agta, Casiguran Agta, Nagtipunan Agta, Dinapigue Agta, and Paranan do not belong to the Northern Cordilleran branch, but rather a new branch that they call Northeastern Luzon, which they consider to be a primary branch of the Northern Luzon (Cordilleran) group.

Zambales Mountains
  • Ayta Mag-indi
  • Ayta Mag-anchi
  • Ayta Abellen
  • Ayta Ambala
  • Ayta Bataan (aka Ayta Magbukun)
Southern Luzon
Southern Philippines
Extinct varieties
  • Mount Iraya Agta (AKA East Lake Buhi Agta)
  • Inagta Alabat
  • Dicamay Agta: spoken on the Dicamay River on the western side of the Sierra Madre near Jones, Isabela; reportedly exterminated by Ilokano homesteaders sometime between 1957 and 1974 (Headland 2003:7)
  • Villa Viciosa Agta

Another Negrito language investigated by Lobel (2013) is Southern Binukidnon (Magahat).

Ethnologue adds the extinct and unclassified Katabaga of Catanauan, Quezon, southern Luzon. The language was originally listed by Garvan (1963: 8).[4] Katabaga is in fact a misspelling of Katabangan, the name that the people use to refer to themselves. Some people in the Bikol Region also use the term Katabangan to refer to mixed-blood Agta in the region. Lobel (2013: 92) reports from a 2006 visit that the Katabangan speak only Tagalog. According to Lobel (2013), if the Katabangan did in fact speak one of the Philippine Negrito languages before, it would have been related to Agta of the Lopez-Guinayangan area (see Inagta Alabat language) or to Manide based on its present-day location.

Louward Allen Zubiri reports that there are 670 individuals in the Katabangan community. There are also families living in Mulanay, Gumaca, Lopez, and Alabat.[5]

Reid (1994)

Reid (1994) lists the following Negrito languages.[6]

  • North Agta
    • Northern Cagayan
    • Central Cagayan
    • Eastern Cagayan
    • Southern Cagayan
    • Southern Isabela
    • Aurora
  • Arta - 12 remaining speakers in Aglipay, Quirino, in 1990
  • Alta
  • Central Agta - spoken in eastern Luzon; includes Umiray
  • South Agta
    • Camarines Norte
    • Camarines Sur
  • Sinauna
  • Ayta - 6 different languages spoken in the Zambales Mountains according to Wimbel (1986):[7]
    • Abelen
    • Aberlen
    • Magganchi
    • Maggindi
    • Ambala
    • Magbeken Ayta
Other Philippine Negrito languages

Reid (2013)

Reid (2013)[8] considers the Philippine Negrito languages (highlighted in bold) to have split in the following fashion. Reid (2013) considers each Negrito language or group to be a first-order split in its respective branch, with Inati and Manide–Alabat as first-order subgroups of Malayo-Polynesian.

Unique vocabulary

Lobel (2010)[2] lists the following percentage of unique vocabulary items out of 1,000 compared words in these Negrito languages, which Reid (1994)[6] suggests are lexical remnants from the pre-Austronesian substrata that these Negrito languages may have. Manide and Umiray Dumaget have the most unique vocabulary items.

Other Southeast Asian languages with high proportions of unique vocabulary of possible isolate origin include the Enggano language of Indonesia and the Kenaboi language of Malaysia.

Reid (1994)

Reid (1994)[6] lists the following reconstructed forms as possible non-Austronesian lexical elements in Philippine Negrito languages.

No.GlossReconstructed formAttested branches
1.rattan*latiNorth Agta, Alta
2.rat*kuyəŋNorth Agta, Alta, Central Agta
3.ashamed*aməsNorth Agta, Alta, Central Agta
4.vein*litidNorth Agta, Alta, Central Agta
5.bury, inter*tapuRNorth Agta, Alta, Central Agta
6.pity, kindness*RəbiNorth Agta, Arta, Alta
7.snake*babakAlta, Central Agta, Sinauna
8.thirst*pələkNorth Agta, Arta
9.hunt*purabNorth Agta, Arta
10.deer, buck*b[ia]dutNorth Agta, Arta
11.fingernail*[l]usipNorth Agta, Arta
12.penis*g[ia]ləŋNorth Agta, Arta
13.wall*gəsədNorth Agta, Arta
14.dog, puppy*lapulNorth Agta, Arta
15.fire*dukutNorth Agta, Arta
16.hair, feather*pulugNorth Agta, Arta
17.boil (v.)*ləbutNorth Agta, Alta
18.forget*liksapNorth Agta, Alta
19.summit*taltay/*taytayNorth Agta, Alta
20.forehead*[l]aŋasNorth Agta, South Agta
21.summit*kurutNorth Agta, South Agta
22.fragrant*səlubArta, Alta
23.buttocks*sulaAlta, Central Agta
24.fast*paripariAlta, Central Agta
25.know (s.o.)*abuyanAlta, Central Agta
26.leaf*agidAlta, Central Agta
27.man, male*patudAlta, Central Agta
28.see*lawi[g]Alta, Central Agta
29.wall*sagbuŋAlta, Central Agta
30.shoulder*sugbuŋ/*subuŋ(-an)Alta, South Agta
31.run*kalditAlta, South Agta
32.betel leaf*li[t]litAlta, Ayta
33.waterfall*gərəyCentral Agta, Sinauna
34.accompany*ilanNorth Alta, South Alta
35.know*ənulNorth Alta, South Alta
36.lazy*b[ia]kətNorth Alta, South Alta
37.pregnant*tuyudNorth Alta, South Alta
38.sleep*pulədNorth Alta, South Alta
39.heavy*dəgiNorth Agta
40.thick*bagəlNorth Agta
41.bitter*təkakNorth Agta
42.butterfly*lullu/*lilliNorth Agta
43.dry in sun*sarunNorth Agta
44.hear*tima[n, ŋ]North Agta
45.hunt*lagumNorth Agta
46.mountain*amugudNorth Agta
47.old (obj.)*ligidNorth Agta
48.sun*pamalakNorth Agta
49.termite*sarikNorth Agta
50.throw (away)*tugbakNorth Agta
51.fingernail*lu/*[l]udisNorth Agta
52.run*buyutNorth Agta
53.wing*kəpigNorth Agta
54.throw*b[ia]sagNorth Agta
55.waterfall*sənadNorth Agta
56.shoulder*dapiNorth Agta
57.call*dulawNorth Agta
58.sweat*asubNorth Agta
59.butterfly*lumlum/*limlimNorth Agta
60.sit*tugkukNorth Agta
61.thirst*g[ia]mtaŋNorth Agta
62.urine*sitəbNorth Agta
63.walk*sugutNorth Agta
64.hear*sanigNorth Agta
65.rattan*karatNorth Agta
66.run*gutukNorth Agta
67.salt*b[ia]gəlNorth Agta
68.afternoon(ma-)*lutəpArta
69.arrive*digdigArta
70.bone*sagnitArta
71.butterfly*pippunArta
72.drink*timArta
73.ear*ibəŋArta
74.lime*ŋusuArta
75.man, male*gilaŋ(-an)Arta
76.mosquito*buŋurArta
77.old (man)*dupuArta
78.one*sipaŋArta
79.rain*punədArta
80.run*gurugudArta
81.say, tell*budArta
82.sleep*idəmArta
83.two*təlipArta
84.burn*təmukNorth Alta
85.call*ŋukNorth Alta
86.collapse*bəwəlNorth Alta
87.depart*əg[ʔk]aŋNorth Alta
88.fruit*ianNorth Alta
89.hear*tibəŋNorth Alta
90.hit, strike*pu[ʔk]naNorth Alta
91.lie down*ədsaŋNorth Alta
92.locust*pəsalNorth Alta
93.long*lə[ʔk]awNorth Alta
94.penis*gəyətNorth Alta
95.put, place*dətunNorth Alta
96.red*silitNorth Alta
97.seek*alyukNorth Alta
98.stand*payuŋNorth Alta
99.wait*tanudNorth Alta
100.ant*il[əu]mSouth Alta
101.black*lit[əu]bSouth Alta
102.blow (v.)*uswaSouth Alta
103.burn*tidukSouth Alta
104.bury, inter*labaSouth Alta
105.butterfly(ma-)*lawakSouth Alta
106.buttocks*timuySouth Alta
107.call*gawiSouth Alta
108.carabao*uduŋ(-an)South Alta
109.cry*kəbiSouth Alta
110.deep*tanawSouth Alta
111.fall (v.)*pagpagSouth Alta
112.fight/quarrel*itawSouth Alta
113.fingernail*lunuSouth Alta
114.loincloth*g[ia]natSouth Alta
115.long (time)*təwaliSouth Alta
116.other (diff.)*kaladSouth Alta
117.put, place*bənuSouth Alta
118.rain*dəsuSouth Alta
119.sit*laŋadSouth Alta
120.stand*piadSouth Alta
121.tail*lambuŋSouth Alta
122.three*saŋaySouth Alta
123.tree, wood*lab[ia]tSouth Alta
124.true*kuduRSouth Alta
125.vagina(i-)*plaŋSouth Alta
126.widow, widower(na-)*ditSouth Alta
127.wind*kabu(-an)South Alta
128.bone*kaks(-an)Central Agta
129.call*ulaŋCentral Agta
130.climb*dawitCentral Agta
131.crocodile(maŋ-)*atuCentral Agta
132.feather*putputCentral Agta
133.hair*sapukCentral Agta
134.hunt*ikagCentral Agta
135.ladle*lukuyCentral Agta
136.long (time)*luyCentral Agta
137.no, not*eyenCentral Agta
138.pound*buntulCentral Agta
139.rain*tapukCentral Agta
140.run*g[ia]kanCentral Agta
141.sand*laŋasCentral Agta
142.sit*lipaCentral Agta
143.sleep*pidaCentral Agta
144.stand*[uə]diCentral Agta
145.sweat*aldut/*ald[ia]tCentral Agta
146.vagina*kin(-an)Central Agta
147.water, river*uratCentral Agta
148.white*lapsayCentral Agta
149.fire*adiŋSouth Agta
150.mosquito*kubuŋSouth Agta
151.shoulder*mugmug(-an)South Agta
152.sleep*lubatSouth Agta
153.child*ubunSinauna
154.leaf*hayinSinauna
155.sit*sənaSinauna
156.stone*igaŋSinauna
157.wind*rugusSinauna
158.see*ələwAyta

Reid (2013: 334)[8] considers the endonym *ʔa(R)ta, meaning 'person', to have been a native Negrito word that was later borrowed into Austronesian with the meaning 'dark-skinned person'.

References
  1. Lobel, Jason William (2013). Philippine and North Bornean Languages: Issues in Description, Subgrouping, and Reconstruction (Ph.D. in Linguistics thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/101972.
  2. Lobel, Jason William (2010). "Manide: An Undescribed Philippine Language". Oceanic Linguistics. 49 (2): 478–510.
  3. Robinson, Laura C.; Lobel, Jason William (2013). "The Northeastern Luzon Subgroup of Philippine Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 52 (1): 125–168. doi:10.1353/ol.2013.0007.
  4. Garvan, John M. 1963. The Negritos of the Philippines. Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik Band XIV. Vienna: Ferdinand Berger Horn. (Published posthumously from field notes taken by Garvan between 1903 and 1924.)
  5. ISO 639-3 Change Request 2019-024
  6. Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). "Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (1): 37–72. doi:10.2307/3623000. hdl:10125/32986. JSTOR 3623000.
  7. Wimbish, John. 1986. The languages of the Zambales mountains: a Philippine lexicostatistic study. In Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, vol. 30:133-142.
  8. Reid, Lawrence A. (2013) "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language." Human Biology: Vol. 85: Iss. 1, Article 15.
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