List of children of the presidents of the United States

This is a list of children of U.S. presidents, including stepchildren and alleged illegitimate children. All full names with married names are given. Currently there are 31 confirmed, known living presidential children, the oldest Lynda Bird Johnson Robb, the youngest confirmed Barron Trump. Two presidential children, John Quincy Adams and George W. Bush, have become president in their own right.

Theodore Roosevelt and Edith Carow Roosevelt with their children. Children from left to right: Quentin Roosevelt, Theodore Jr., Archibald Roosevelt, Alice Longworth, Kermit Roosevelt, and Ethel Roosevelt Derby.

Presidential children have been studied individually and as a class. As individuals they are more often notable in their own right than most individuals: They disproportionately circulate among political and social leaders and the wealthier classes, and they are more likely to be scrutinized as part of celebrity culture. Additionally, as individuals they frequently have significant influence on other notable family members. So, for instance, a child who may appear otherwise non-notable as an individual may, in fact, have had a significant influence on the child's parent: acting as a sounding board, or having behavioral issues that affected the parent's beliefs or performance. John Scott Harrison is the only person to be both the child and the parent of a U.S. president, being the son of William Henry Harrison and the father of Benjamin Harrison.

As a class, the children of presidents have also occasioned significant study. Study has generally followed two paths: The issue of what access and inclusion within the circles of power does to individuals' lives, aspirations, and outcomes;[1] and the issue of their influence on society and politics.[2]

18th century

George and Martha Washington
No children together. The following were raised by Washington as his own:
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
John Parke Custis
nickname: Jacky		 Nov 27, 1754 – Nov 5, 1781 Eleanor Calvert Stepson; father was Daniel Parke Custis

Father of:

Martha Parke Custis
nickname: Patsy		 1756 – June 19, 1773 no spouse Stepdaughter; father was Daniel Parke Custis
Elizabeth Parke Custis
nickname: Eliza		 Aug 21, 1776 - Dec 31, 1831 Thomas Law Mother of:
  • Elizabeth (1797 - 1822)
  • Unknown number of other children (all died in infancy)
Martha Parke Custis
nickname: Patsy		 Dec 31, 1777 - July 13, 1854 Thomas Peter Mother of:
  • Martha Eliza Angela (1796 - 1800)
  • Columbia Lafayette (1797 - 1820)
  • John Parke Custis (1799 - 1848)
  • George Washington Parke Custis (1801 - 1877)
  • America Pinckney (1803 - 1842)
  • Robert Thomas (1806 - 1807)
  • Martha Custis Castania (1808 - 1809)
  • Brittania Wellington (1815 - 1911)
Eleanor Parke Custis
nickname: Nelly		 Mar 31, 1779 – July 15, 1852 Lawrence Lewis Adopted daughter; daughter of stepson John Parke Custis

Mother of:

  • Frances Parke (1799 - 1875)
  • Martha Betty (1801 - 1802)
  • Lawrence Fielding (1802 - 1802)
  • Lorenzo (1803 - 1847)
  • Eleanor Agnes Freire (1805 - 1820)
  • Fielding Augustine (1807 - 1809)
  • George Washington Custis (1810 - 1811)
  • Martha Eleanor Angela (1813 - 1839)
George Washington Parke Custis
nickname: Wash		 Apr 30, 1781 – Oct 10, 1857 Mary Lee Fitzhugh Legal ward; son of stepson John Parke Custis

Father of:

John and Abigail Adams
Main article: Adams political family
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Abigail Adams
nickname: Nabby or Amelia		 July 14, 1765 – Aug 15, 1813 William Stephens Smith Mother of:
  • William Steuben Smith
  • John Adams Smith
  • Thomas Hollis Smith
  • Caroline Amelia Smith
John Quincy Adams
6th president (1825-1829)
 July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848 Louisa Catherine Johnson 6th president of the United States, see below at John Quincy and Louisa Adams
Grace Susanna Adams
nickname: Suky		 Dec 28, 1768 – Feb 4, 1770 no spouse died of unknown causes
Charles Adams May 29, 1770 – Nov 30, 1800 Sarah Smith Father of:
  • Susanna Boylston (1796 – 1884)
  • Abigail Louisa Smith (1798 – 1836)
Thomas Boylston Adams Sep 15, 1772 – Mar 13, 1832 Ann Harrod Father of:
  • Abigail Smith Adams Angier (1806 - 1845)
  • Marie Adams Harkins (1808 - 1893)
  • Thomas Boylston Adams (1809 - 1837)
  • Elizabeth Coombs Adams (1809 - 1903)
  • Frances Foster Adams (1811 - 1812)
  • Isaac Hull Adams (1813 - 1900)
  • John Quincy Adams (1815 - 1854)
  • Joseph Harod Adams (1817 - 1853)
Elizabeth Adams July 11, 1777 no spouse stillborn

19th century

Thomas Jefferson

with Martha Jefferson
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Martha Jefferson Randolph
nickname: Patsy		 Sep 27, 1772 – Oct 10, 1836 Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.

Mother of 13, including:

Jane Randolph Jefferson Apr 3, 1774 – Sep 1775[3] no spouse died of unknown causes
unnamed son[4] May 28 – June 14, 1777 no spouse died in infancy
Mary Jefferson
nickname: Polly or Maria		 Aug 1, 1778 – Apr 17, 1804 John Wayles Eppes Mother of 3, including:
Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (I) Nov 30, 1780 – Apr 15, 1781 no spouse died of an unspecified illness[5]
Lucy Elizabeth Jefferson (II) May 8, 1782 – ca. Oct 13, 1784[6] no spouse died of whooping cough[6]

with Sally Hemings
Alleged children with Sally Hemings; see Jefferson DNA data
Child Lifetime Spouse Children
Thomas Jefferson Hemings
nickname: Tom		 1790 – 1879 Jemima Price Father of:
Harriet Hemings (I) October 5, 1795 – December 7, 1797 no spouse died of unknown causes
Edy Hemings 1796 no spouse died in infancy
William Beverly Hemings Apr 1, 1798 – 1873 Darek Joseph one daughter, unknown name
Thenia Hemings December 7, 1799 – ca. 1802 no spouse died in early childhood
Harriet Hemings (II) May 22, 1801 – 1863 unknown  
James Madison Hemings Jan 18, 1805 – Nov 26, 1877 Mary Hughes McCoy  
Eston Hemings May 21, 1808 – Jan 3, 1856 Julia Ann Isaacs Father of 3, including:

James and Dolley Madison

No children together, but raised the older of Dolley's 2 sons from her first marriage:

Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
John Payne Todd Feb 29, 1792 – Jan 16, 1852 Greta Bunce raised by James Madison; father was John Todd Jr.
William Temple Todd July 4 – Oct 14, 1793 no spouse died of yellow fever[7]

James and Elizabeth Monroe
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Eliza Kortright Monroe Dec 1786 – January 27, 1840[8][9] George Hay Mother of
  • Hortensia Hay
James Spence Monroe May 1799 – Sep 28, 1800[10][lower-alpha 1] no spouse died after "several days sickness".[10]
Maria Hester Monroe May 20, 1803 – 1850 Samuel Laurence Gouverneur Mother of
  • James Monroe Gouverneur (1822–1885)
  • Elizabeth Kortright Gouverneur (1824–1868)
  • Samuel Laurence Gouverneur, Jr. (1826–1880)

John Quincy and Louisa Adams
Main article: Adams political family
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
George Washington Adams Apr 12, 1801 – Apr 30, 1829 none[lower-alpha 2]  committed suicide
John Adams II July 4, 1803 – Oct 23, 1834 Mary Catherine Hellen Father of:
  • Mary Louisa (December 2, 1828 - July 16, 1859)
  • Georgiana Frances (September 10, 1830 - November 20, 1839)
unnamed son[12] June 29, 1806 no spouse stillborn
Charles Francis Adams Aug 18, 1807 – Nov 21, 1886 Abigail Brown Brooks

Served as United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1861-1868)
Father of 7, including:

Louisa Catherine Adams Aug 12, 1811 – Sep 15, 1812 no spouse died in St. Petersburg, Russia from an unknown illness while her father was serving as Minister to Russia[13][14]

Andrew and Rachel Jackson
No biological children together, adopted three:
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Theodore Unknown Unknown Adopted; Native American
Andrew Jackson Jr. Dec 4, 1808 – Apr 17, 1865 Sarah Yorke adopted at birth; biological son of Severn Donelson
Lyncoya Jackson c. 1811 – July 1, 1828 No spouse Creek orphan adopted after the Battle of Tallushatchee; died of tuberculosis at the age of sixteen.
Andrew and Rachel also served as guardians to eight children:
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
John Samuel Donelson before 1805 – 1817 unknown Orphaned nephews of Rachel, sons of Samuel Donelson who died in 1804
Andrew Jackson Donelson Aug 25, 1799 – June 26, 1871 Emily Tennessee Donelson
Elizabeth Martin Randolph
Daniel Smith Donelson June 23, 1801 – Apr 17, 1863 Margaret Donelson
Andrew Jackson Hutchings 1812–1841 Mary Coffee Orphaned grandnephew of Rachel
Caroline Butler before 1804 – 1817 unknown Orphaned children of family friend Edward Butler[15]
Eliza Eleanor Butler Apr 20, 1791–Nov 4, 1850 John Donelson[lower-alpha 3]
Edward George Washington Butler Feb 22, 1800–Sep 5, 1888 Frances Parke Lewis[lower-alpha 4]
Anthony Wayne Butler 1803–1824 unknown

Martin and Hannah Van Buren
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Abraham Van Buren Nov 27, 1807 – Mar 15, 1873 Angelica Singleton 4 children
John Van Buren Feb 10, 1810 – Oct 13, 1866 Elizabeth Vanderpoel Father of:
  • Anna (1842-1923)
Martin Van Buren Jr. Dec 20, 1812 – Mar 19, 1855 no spouse died of tuberculosis
Winfield Scott Van Buren 1814 no spouse died in infancy
Smith Thompson Van Buren Jan 16, 1817 – 1876 Ellen King James
Henrietta Eckford Irving		 7 children between 2 wives
unnamed daughter[17] c. 1818 no spouse stillborn

William Henry Harrison

with Anna Harrison
Main article: Harrison family of Virginia
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Elizabeth Bassett Harrison
nickname: Betsy		 Sep 29, 1796 – Sep 27, 1846 John Cleves Short  
John Cleves Symmes Harrison Oct 28, 1798 – Oct 30, 1830 Clarissa Pike[lower-alpha 5] 6 children
Lucy Singleton Harrison Sep 1800 – Apr 7, 1826[18] David K. Este[19] 4 children
William Henry Harrison Jr. Sep 3, 1802 – Feb 6, 1838[18] Jane Findlay Irwin 2 children
John Scott Harrison Oct 4, 1804 – May 25, 1878 Lucretia Knapp Johnson 3 children
Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin 10 children, including President Benjamin Harrison (1833 – 1901)
Benjamin Harrison 1806 – June 9, 1840[18] Louisa Smith Bonner  
Mary Raney  
Mary Symmes Harrison Jan 22, 1809 – Nov 16, 1842[20] John Henry Fitzhugh Thornton  
Carter Bassett Harrison Oct 26, 1811 – Aug 12, 1839 Mary Anne Sutherland 1 child
Anna Tuthill Harrison Oct 28, 1813 – July 5, 1845[20] William Henry Harrison Taylor[lower-alpha 6]  
James Findlay Harrison 1814 – 1817[20] no spouse died of unknown causes

Alleged child with a slave
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Dilsia 1809 – before 1900 Unknown Daughter conceived by one of his slaves.[21]

John Tyler

with Letitia Tyler
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Mary Tyler Apr 15, 1815 – June 17, 1847 Henry Lightfoot Jones  
Robert Tyler Sep 9, 1816 – Dec 3, 1877 Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper  
John Tyler III Apr 27, 1819 – Jan 26, 1896 Martha Rochelle  
Letitia Tyler
nickname: Letty		 May 11, 1821 – Dec 28, 1907 James Allen Semple no children
Elizabeth Tyler
nickname: Lizzie		 July 11, 1823 – June 1, 1850 William Nevison Waller  
Anne Contesse Tyler[22] Apr 5 – July 1825 no spouse died in infancy
Alice Tyler Mar 23, 1827 – June 8, 1854 Henry Mandeville Denison  
Tazewell Tyler Dec 6, 1830 – Jan 8, 1874 Nannie Bridges  

Alleged child with a slave
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
John William Dunjee 1833 – 1903 Lydia Ann Taylor allegedly the son of John Tyler; unproven as of 2011[23]

with Julia Tyler
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
David Gardiner Tyler
nickname: Gardie		 July 12, 1846 – Sep 5, 1927 Mary Morris Jones 5 children
John Alexander Tyler
nickname: Alex		 Apr 7, 1848 – Sep 1, 1883 Sarah Griswold Gardiner  
Julia Gardiner Tyler Dec 25, 1849 – May 8, 1871 William H. Spencer  
Lachlan Tyler Dec 2, 1851 – Jan 26, 1902 Georgia Webb Powell  
Lyon Gardiner Tyler Aug 24, 1853 – Feb 12, 1935 Anne Baker Tucker Father of:
  • John Tyler
  • Elizabeth Gilmour Tyler
  • Julia Gardiner Tyler
Sue Ruffin Father of:
  • Lyon Gardiner Tyler Jr. (1924-)
  • Harrison Ruffin Tyler (1928-)
  • Henry Tyler (1931-1931)

Both Lyon Jr. and Harrison were still alive as of March 23, 2019, meaning John Tyler is, by far, the earliest president with living grandchildren.[24]

Robert Fitzwalter Tyler Mar 12, 1856 – Dec 30, 1927 Fannie Glenn at least 3 children
Pearl Tyler June 20, 1860 – June 30, 1947 William Munford Ellis  

James and Sarah Polk

The Polks are the only presidential couple to never have children while together, biologically, adopted, or from previous marriage.

Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Marshall Tate Polk Jr. May 15, 1831 – Feb 29, 1884 Evalina McNeal Bills Guardianship/Legal ward, nephew, son of brother Marshall Tate Polk
Sarah Polk Fall April 1, 1847 – July 22, 1924 George William Fall Legal ward, shortly after the death of the president his widow unofficially adopted a great niece

Zachary and Margaret Taylor
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Anne Margaret Mackall Taylor Wood Apr 9, 1811 – Dec 2, 1875 Dr. Robert Crooke Wood Mother of four children, including John Taylor Wood (1830 – 1904)
Sarah Knox Taylor
nickname: Knoxie		 Mar 6, 1814  – Sep 15, 1835[25] Jefferson Finis Davis died from malaria as a newlywed
Octavia Pannel Taylor[26] [lower-alpha 7] Aug 15, 1816 – Sep 1820[25] no spouse died from malaria [lower-alpha 8]
Margaret Smith Taylor July 17, 1819 – Oct 1820 no spouse died from malaria [lower-alpha 9]
Mary Elizabeth Taylor
nickname: Betty		 Apr 20, 1824 – July 25, 1909 William Wallace Smith Bliss Betty Bliss served as President Taylor's White House hostess, as the First Lady was an invalid.
Philip Pendleton Dandridge  
Richard Scott Taylor
nickname: Dick		 Jan 27, 1826 – Apr 17, 1879[25] Louise Marie Myrthe Bringier Father of Richard, Zachary, Louise, Elizabeth, and Myrthe.

Millard and Abigail Fillmore
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Millard Powers Fillmore Apr 25, 1828 – Nov 15, 1889 no spouse  
Mary Abigail Fillmore
nickname: Abby		 Mar 27, 1832 – July 26, 1854 no spouse Served as Acting First Lady during her mother's illness

Franklin and Jane Pierce
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Franklin Pierce Jr. Feb 2 – Feb 4, 1836 no spouse died in infancy
Frank Robert Pierce Aug 27, 1839 – Nov 14, 1843 no spouse died of typhus fever
Benjamin Pierce Apr 13, 1841 – Jan 6, 1853 no spouse died in train accident in front of his parents, weeks before his father was inaugurated

James Buchanan
No biological children, and never married
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Mary Elizabeth Speer Lane 1826 – 1855 George Washington Baker Adopted daughter;
niece (daughter of sister Jane Buchanan and Elliot Tole Lane)
Harriet Rebecca Lane May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903 Henry Elliott Johnston Adopted daughter;
niece (daughter of sister Jane Buchanan and Elliot Tole Lane);
served as Acting First Lady

Mother of:

  • James Buchanan Johnston
  • Henry Elliott Johnston

Abraham and Mary Lincoln
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Robert Todd Lincoln Aug 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926 Mary Eunice Harlan Served as Secretary of War under the administrations of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur.

Father of:

  • Mary Todd Lincoln (1869 – 1938)
  • Abraham Lincoln II (1873 – 1890)
  • Jessie Harlan Lincoln (1875 – 1948)
Edward Baker Lincoln
nickname: Eddie		 Mar 10, 1846 – Feb 1, 1850 no spouse died of "chronic consumption"
William Wallace Lincoln
nickname: Willie		 Dec 21, 1850 – Feb 20, 1862 no spouse died from typhoid fever
Thomas Lincoln III
nickname: Tad		 Apr 4, 1853 – July 15, 1871 no spouse The cause of Tad Lincoln's death has been reported as possibly any one of the following:

Andrew and Eliza Johnson
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Martha Johnson Oct 25, 1828 – July 10, 1901 David Trotter Patterson 2 children
Charles Johnson Feb 19, 1830 – Apr 4, 1863 no spouse  
Mary Johnson May 8, 1832 – Apr 19, 1883 Daniel Stover  
William Browne
Robert Johnson Feb 22, 1834 – Apr 22, 1869 no spouse died from suicide
Andrew Johnson Jr. Aug 5, 1852 – Mar 12, 1879 Bessie May Kumbaugh  

Ulysses and Julia Grant
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Frederick Dent Grant May 30, 1850 – Apr 12, 1912 Ida Marie Honoré Father of:
Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
nickname: Buck		 July 22, 1852 – Sep 25, 1929 Frances Josephine Chaffee Father of 5 children, including Ulysses Simpson Grant IV (1893 – 1977)
America Workman Will no children
Ellen Wrenshall Grant
nickname: Nellie		 July 4, 1855 – Aug 30, 1922 Algernon Charles Frederick Sartoris Mother of:
  • Grant Grenville Edward Sartoris (1875 – 1876)
  • Algernon Edward Sartoris (1877 – 1907)
  • Vivien May Sartoris (1879 – 1933)
  • Rosemary Alice Sartoris (1880 – 1914)
Frank Hatch Jones  
Jesse Root Grant Feb 6, 1858 – June 8, 1934 Elizabeth Chapman Father of two, including Chapman Grant (1887 – 1983)
Lillian Burns

Rutherford and Lucy Hayes
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Sardis Birchard Austin Hayes Nov 4, 1853 – Jan 24, 1926 Mary Nancy Sherman  
James Webb Cook Hayes Mar 20, 1856 – July 26, 1934 Mary Otis Brinkerhoff Miller  
Rutherford Platt Hayes June 24, 1858 – July 31, 1937 Lucy Hayes Platt  
Joseph Thompson Hayes
nickname: Jody		 Dec 21, 1861 – June 24, 1863 no spouse died of dysentery
George Crook Hayes Sep 29, 1864 – May 4, 1866 no spouse died of scarlet fever
Frances Hayes
nickname: Fanny		 Sep 2, 1867 – Mar 18, 1950 Harry Eaton Smith  
Scott Russell Hayes Feb 8, 1871 – May 6, 1923 Maude Anderson  
Manning Force Hayes Aug 1, 1873 – Aug 28, 1874[33] no spouse died in infancy

James and Lucretia Garfield
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Eliza Arabella Garfield
nickname: Trot		 July 3, 1860 – Dec 3, 1863 no spouse died of diphtheria[34]
Harry Augustus Garfield
nickname: Hal		 Oct 11, 1863 – Dec 12, 1942 Belle Hartford Mason 4 children
James Rudolph Garfield Oct 17, 1865 – Mar 24, 1950 Helen Newell He was Secretary of the Interior during Theodore Roosevelt's administration.
Father of 4 children, including:
  • John Newell Garfield (1892–1931)
  • Newell Garfield (1895–1975)
  • Rudolph Hills Garfield (1899–1946)
Mary Garfield
nickname: Mollie		 Jan 16, 1867 – Dec 30, 1947 Joseph Stanley Brown  
Irvin McDowell Garfield Aug 3, 1870 – July 18, 1951 Susan Emmons  
Abram Garfield Nov 21, 1872 – Oct 16, 1958 Sarah Granger Williams  
Helen Grannis Matthews  
Edward Garfield Dec 25, 1874 – Oct 25, 1876 no spouse died of whooping cough

Chester and Ellen Arthur
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
William Lewis Arthur Dec 10, 1860 – July 7, 1863 no spouse died of "convulsions"
Chester Alan Arthur II July 25, 1864 – July 18, 1937 Myra Townsend Father of Chester Alan "Gavin" Arthur III (1901-1972)
Rowena Graves
Ellen Hansbrough Herndon Arthur
nickname: Nell		 Nov 21, 1871 – Sep 6, 1915 Charles Pinkerton  

Grover Cleveland and Maria Halpin
See also section on Grover and Frances Cleveland
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Oscar Folsom Cleveland Sep 14, 1874 – 1947 unknown name

(married for ten years)[35]

 Illegitimate. Cleveland made payments to Maria Halpin after the boy was born.[36]

Grover Cleveland acknowledged possibility he was Oscar Folsom Cleveland's father.[36]
During the 1884 presidential race the controversy prompted Cleveland's opponents to adopt the chant, "Ma, ma, where's my pa?"[37][38]
The child was adopted as "James E. King Jr" into the family of Dr. James King.[35][38][39]

Benjamin Harrison
Main article: Harrison family of Virginia

with Caroline Harrison
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Russell Benjamin Harrison Aug 12, 1854 – Dec 13, 1936 May Angeline Saunders born Russell Farnum Lord Harrison

Father of 2, including William Henry Harrison (1896 – 1990)

Mary Scott Harrison
nickname: Mamie		 Apr 3, 1858 – Oct 28, 1930 James Robert McKee served as acting First Lady

Mother of 2

unnamed daughter June 13, 1861 no spouse died in infancy

with Mary Harrison
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Elizabeth Harrison Walker Feb 21, 1897 – Dec 25, 1955 James Blaine Walker 1 daughter Jane

Grover and Frances Cleveland
See also section on Grover Cleveland and Maria Halpin
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Ruth Cleveland
nickname: Baby Ruth		 Oct 3, 1891 – Jan 7, 1904 no spouse died of diphtheria
Esther Cleveland Sep 9, 1893 – June 25, 1980 William Sydney Bence Bosanquet First presidential child to be born in the White House.
Mother of 2 children, including Philippa Ruth Bosanquet (1920 – 2010)
Marion Cleveland July 7, 1895 – Mar 10, 1977 William Stanley Dell  
John Harlan Amen
Richard Folsom Cleveland
nickname: Dick		 Oct 28, 1897 – Jan 10, 1974 Ellen Douglas Gailor 3 children
Jessie Maxwell Black 3 children
Francis Grover Cleveland June 18, 1903 – Nov 8, 1995 Alice Erdman One daughter Marion (1925-2014)

William and Ida McKinley
Child Lifetime Notes
Katherine McKinley
nickname: Katie		 Dec 25, 1871 – June 25, 1875 died of typhoid fever
Ida McKinley Apr 1 – Aug 22, 1873 died in infancy

20th century

Theodore Roosevelt
Main article: Roosevelt family

with Alice Roosevelt
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Alice Lee Roosevelt
nickname: Lee		 Feb 12, 1884 – Feb 20, 1980 Nicholas Longworth IV Mother of Paulina Longworth (1925 – 1957)[40]

with Edith Roosevelt
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Theodore Roosevelt Jr.
nickname: Ted		 Sep 13, 1887 – July 12, 1944 Eleanor Butler Alexander Governor General of the Philippines and Governor of Puerto Rico.
Father of 4, including:
Kermit Roosevelt Oct 10, 1889 – June 4, 1943 Belle Wyatt Willard[40] Father of 4, including:
Ethel Carow Roosevelt Aug 13, 1891 – Dec 10, 1977 Richard Derby Mother of:
Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt
nickname: Archie		 Apr 10, 1894 – Oct 13, 1979 Grace Lockwood Father of 4, including:
Quentin Roosevelt
nickname: Quentyquee or Quinikins		 Nov 19, 1897 – July 14, 1918 no spouse died in combat in World War I

William and Helen Taft
Main article: Taft family
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Robert Alphonso Taft Sep 8, 1889 – July 31, 1953 Martha Wheaton Bowers US senator and Majority Leader (1953)
Father of:
Helen Herron Taft Manning Aug 1, 1891 – Feb 21, 1987 Frederick Johnson Manning Mother of:
  • Helen Taft Manning (1921– 2013)
  • Caroline Manning (b. 1925)
Charles Phelps Taft II Sep 20, 1897 – June 24, 1983 Eleanor Kellogg Chase Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio
Father of:
  • Eleanor Kellogg Taft (1918 – 2002)
  • Sylvia Howard Taft (1920 – 2008)
  • Seth Chase Taft (1922 – 2013)
  • Lucia Chase Taft (1924 – 1955)
  • Cynthia Herron Taft (1928 – 2013)
  • Rosalyn Rawson Taft (1930 – 1941)
  • Peter Rawson Taft III

Woodrow and Ellen Wilson
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Margaret Woodrow Wilson
nickname: Nistha		 Apr 16, 1886 – Feb 12, 1944 no spouse Served as acting First Lady for a brief period
Jessie Woodrow Wilson Aug 28, 1887 – Jan 15, 1933 Francis Bowes Sayre Sr. Mother of:
Eleanor Randolph Wilson Oct 16, 1889 – Apr 5, 1967 William Gibbs McAdoo Mother of:
  • Ellen Wilson McAdoo (1915 - 1946)
  • Mary Faith McAdoo (1920 - 1988)

Warren G. Harding

with Florence Harding
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Marshall Eugene DeWolfe
nickname: Pete		 Sep 22, 1880 – Jan 1, 1915 Esther Naomi Neely stepson from Florence's first marriage, to Henry Athenton DeWolfe

with Nan Britton
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Elizabeth Ann Britton
nickname: Emma or Ann		 Oct 22, 1919 – Nov 17, 2005 Henry Edward Blaesing Illegitimate daughter of Warren G. Harding, proven by DNA testing in 2015[41]

Calvin and Grace Coolidge
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
John Coolidge Sep 7, 1906 – May 31, 2000 Florence Trumbull Father of:
  • Cynthia Coolidge Jeter (1933–1989)
  • Lydia Coolidge Sayles (1939–2001)
Calvin Coolidge Jr. Apr 13, 1908 – July 7, 1924 no spouse died of blood poisoning

Herbert and Lou Hoover
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Herbert Clark Hoover Jr. Aug 4, 1903 – July 9, 1969 Margaret Ava Watson Served as Under Secretary of State (October 4, 1954 - February 5, 1957) in the Eisenhower Administration. Variously named as "Herbert Hoover, Jr.,"[42] "Herbert Charles Hoover,"[43] and "Herbert Clark Hoover."[44]

Father of:

  • Margaret Ann Hoover (1926–2011)
  • Herbert "Pete" Hoover III (1927–2010)
  • Joan Leslie Hoover (1930–2002)
Allan Henry Hoover July 17, 1907 – Nov 4, 1993 Margaret Coberly Father of:
  • Allan Henry Hoover Jr. (1938–2013)
  • Andrew Hoover (b. 1940)
  • Lou Henry Hoover (1943–2012)

Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt
Main article: Roosevelt family
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt May 3, 1906 – Dec 1, 1975 Curtis Bean Dall Mother of:
Clarence John Boettiger Mother of John Roosevelt Boettiger (b. 1939)[40]
James Addison Halsted  
James Roosevelt
nickname: Jimmy		 Dec 23, 1907 – Aug 13, 1991 Betsey Maria Cushing[40] Father of 2 children, including:
Romelle Theresa Schneider Father of 3 children, including:
Gladys Irene Owens 1 adopted child
Mary Lena Winskill 1 child
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. (I) Mar 18 – Nov 8, 1909 no spouse died as an infant
Elliott Roosevelt Sep 23, 1910 – Oct 27, 1990 Elizabeth Browning Donner Father of William Donner Roosevelt (1932–2003)[40]
Ruth Josephine Googins Father of:
  • Ruth Chandler Roosevelt (Lindsley) (1934-2018)[40]
  • Elliott "Tony" Roosevelt Jr. (b. 1936)[40]
  • David Boynton Roosevelt (b. 1942)[40]
Faye Margaret Emerson  
Minnewa Bell  
Patricia Peabody 1 child, adopted 4 stepchildren
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. (II) Aug 17, 1914 – Aug 17, 1988 Ethel du Pont Father of:
Suzanne Perrin Father of:
  • Nancy Suzanne Roosevelt (b. 1952)[40]
  • Laura Delano Roosevelt (b. 1959)[40]
Felicia Schiff Warburg  
Patricia Luisa Oakes Father of:
  • John Alexander Roosevelt (b. 1977)[40]
Linda McKay Stevenson  
John Aspinwall Roosevelt Mar 13, 1916 – Apr 27, 1981 Anne Lindsay Clark Father of:
  • Haven Clark Roosevelt[40]
  • Anne Sturgis "Nina" Roosevelt (b. 1942)[40]
  • Sara Delano "Sally" Roosevelt (1946–1960)[40]
  • Joan Lindsay Roosevelt (1952–1997)[40]
Irene Elder Boyd

Harry and Bess Truman
Child Lifetime Spouse Note Place of Birth
Mary Margaret Truman Feb 17, 1924 – Jan 29, 2008 Elbert Clifton Daniel Jr. Mother of:
  • Clifton Truman Daniel (b. 1957)
  • William Wallace Daniel (1959–2000)
  • Harrison Gates Daniel (b. 1963)
  • Thomas Washington Daniel (b. 1966)
 Independence, Missouri

Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower
Main article: Family of Dwight D. Eisenhower
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
Doud Dwight Eisenhower
nickname: Icky		 Sep 24, 1917 – Jan 2, 1921 no spouse died of scarlet fever San Antonio, Texas
John Sheldon Doud Eisenhower Aug 3, 1922 – Dec 21, 2013 Barbara Jean Thompson Served as United States Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971.

Father of:

 Denver, Colorado
Joanne Thompson

John and Jackie Kennedy
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
Arabella Kennedy Aug 23, 1956 no spouse stillborn
Caroline Bouvier Kennedy born Nov 27, 1957 Edwin Arthur Schlossberg Served as United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017.

Mother of:

 Manhattan, New York
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr.
nickname: John-John		 Nov 25, 1960 – July 16, 1999 Carolyn Jeanne Bessette Killed in a plane crash Washington, D.C.
Patrick Bouvier Kennedy Aug 7 – Aug 9, 1963 no spouse Died after a premature birth Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts

Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
Lynda Bird Johnson[45] born Mar 19, 1944 Charles Spittal Robb[45] Currently the oldest living presidential child

Mother of:

  • Lucinda Desha Robb (b. 1968)[45]
  • Catherine Lewis Robb (b. 1970)[45]
  • Jennifer Wickliffe Robb (b. 1978)[45]
 Washington, D.C.
Luci Baines Johnson[45] born July 2, 1947 Patrick John Nugent Mother of:
  • Patrick Lyndon Nugent (b. 1967)
  • Nicole Marie Nugent (b. 1970)
  • Rebekah Johnson Nugent (b. 1974)
  • Claudia Taylor Nugent (b. 1976)
Ian Johnstone Turpin

Richard and Pat Nixon
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
Patricia Nixon
nickname: Tricia		 born Feb 21, 1946 Edward Ridley Finch Cox Mother of Christopher Nixon Cox (b. 1979) Whittier, California
Julie Nixon born July 5, 1948 Dwight David Eisenhower II
son of John Eisenhower and grandson of 34th President Dwight Eisenhower		 Mother of:
  • Jennie Elizabeth Eisenhower (b. 1978)
  • Alexander Richard (b. 1980)
  • Melanie Catherine (b. 1984)
 Washington, D.C.

Gerald and Betty Ford
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
Michael Gerald Ford born Mar 14, 1950 Gayle Ann Brumbaugh Father of:
  • Sarah Joyce (b. 1979)
  • Rebekah Elizabeth (b. 1982)
  • Hannah Gayle (b. 1985)
John Gardner Ford
nickname: Jack		 born Mar 16, 1952 Juliann Felando Father of:
  • Christian Gerald (b. 1997)
  • Jonathan August (b. 1999)
Steven Meigs Ford born May 19, 1956 no spouse East Grand Rapids, Michigan
Susan Elizabeth Ford born July 6, 1957 Charles Vance Mother of:
  • Tyne Mary (b. 1980)
  • Heather Elizabeth (b. 1983)
 Washington, D.C.
Vaden Bales

Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
John William Carter
nickname: Jack		 born July 3, 1947 Juliet Langford Father of: Portsmouth, Virginia
Elizabeth Brasfield  
James Earl Carter III
nickname: Chip;Jim III and Jimmy Jr.		 born Apr 12, 1950 Caron Griffin Father of James Earl Carter IV (b. 1977) Honolulu, Hawaii
Ginger Hodges Father of Margaret Alicia Carter
Becky Payne
Donnel Jeffrey Carter
nickname: Jeff		 born Aug 18, 1952 Annette Jene Davis Father of:
  • Joshua Jeffrey Carter
  • Jeremy Davis Carter (1987–2015)
  • James Carlton Carter
 New London, Connecticut
Amy Lynn Carter born Oct 19, 1967 James Gregory Wentzel Mother of Hugo James Wentzel (b. 1999) Plains, Georgia

Ronald Reagan

with Jane Wyman
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
Maureen Elizabeth Reagan Jan 4, 1941 – Aug 8, 2001 John Filippone   Los Angeles, California
David Sills  
Dennis C. Revell Mother of:
  • Margaret "Rita" Mirembe Revell (adopted)
Michael Edward Reagan (adopted) born Mar 18, 1945 Pamela Gail Putnam
Colleen Sterns Father of:
  • Cameron Reagan (b. 1978)
  • Ashley Reagan (b. 1983)
Christine Reagan June 26, 1947 died shortly after birth

with Nancy Reagan
Child Lifetime Spouse Place of Birth
Patti Davis born Oct 21, 1952 Paul Grilley Los Angeles, California
Ronald Prescott Reagan
nickname: Ron		 born May 20, 1958 Doria Palmieri

George H. W. and Barbara Bush
Main article: Bush family
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
George Walker Bush
43rd president (2001–2009)
 born July 6, 1946 Laura Lane Welch 46th governor of Texas (1995–2000) and 43rd president of the United States, see below at George W. and Laura Bush New Haven, Connecticut
Pauline Robinson Bush
nickname: Robin		 Dec 20, 1949 – Oct 11, 1953 no spouse died of leukemia Compton, California
John Ellis Bush
nickname: Jeb		 born Feb 11, 1953 Columba Garnica Gallo 43rd governor of Florida (1999–2007)

Father of:

 Midland, Texas
Neil Mallon Bush born Jan 22, 1955 Sharon Smith Father of:
Maria Andrews  
Marvin Pierce Bush born Oct 22, 1956 Margaret Conway Molster Father of:
  • Marshall Lloyd Bush (b. 1986) (adopted)
  • Charles Walker Bush (b. 1989) (adopted)
Dorothy Walker Bush
nickname: Doro		 born Aug 18, 1959 William LeBlond Mother of:
  • Samuel Bush "Sam" LeBlond (b. 1984)
  • Nancy Ellis "Ellie" LeBlond (b. 1986)
 Harris County, Texas
Robert P. Koch Mother of:
  • Robert David Koch (b. 1993)
  • Georgia Grace "Gigi" Koch (b. 1996)

Bill and Hillary Clinton
Main article: Clinton family
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
Chelsea Victoria Clinton born Feb 27, 1980 Marc Mezvinsky Mother of:
  • Charlotte Clinton Mezvinsky (b. 2014)
  • Aidan Clinton Mezvinsky (b. 2016)
  • Jasper Clinton Mezvinsky (b. 2019)
 Little Rock, Arkansas

21st century

George W. and Laura Bush
Main article: Bush family
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
Barbara Pierce Bush born Nov 25, 1981 Craig Coyne Dallas, Texas
Jenna Welch Bush Henry Chase Hager Mother of:
  • Margaret Laura Hager (b. 2013)
  • Poppy Louise Hager (b. 2015)
  • Henry "Hal" Harold Hager (b. 2019)


Barack and Michelle Obama
Main article: Family of Barack Obama
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
Malia Ann Obama born July 4, 1998 Unmarried Chicago, Illinois
Natasha Obama
Nickname: Sasha		 born June 10, 2001 Unmarried

Donald Trump
Main articles: Family of Donald Trump and Trump family

with Ivana Trump
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
 Donald John Trump Jr.
Nickname: Don		 born December 31, 1977 Vanessa Kay Haydon
divorced		 Trustee of The Trump Organization along with Eric.

Father of:

  • Kai Madison Trump (b. 2007)
  • Donald John Trump III (b. 2009)
  • Tristan Milos Trump (b. 2011)
  • Spencer Frederick Trump (b. 2012)
  • Chloe Sophia Trump (b. 2014)
 Manhattan, New York
 Ivanka Marie Trump born October 30, 1981 Jared Corey Kushner Senior Advisor to the President

Mother of:

  • Arabella Rose Kushner (b. 2011)
  • Joseph Frederick Kushner (b. 2013)
  • Theodore James Kushner (b. 2016)
 Eric Frederick Trump born January 6, 1984 Lara Lea Yunaska Trustee of The Trump Organization along with Don Jr.

Father of:

  • Eric Luke Trump (b. 2017)
  • Carolina Dorothy Trump (b. 2019)

with Marla Maples
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
 Tiffany Ariana Trump born October 13, 1993 Unmarried West Palm Beach, Florida

with Melania Trump
Child Lifetime Spouse Notes Place of Birth
 Barron William Trump born March 20, 2006 Unmarried Youngest living child of any president.[46] Manhattan, New York

Living presidential children

As of June 2020, 31 presidential children are living. In order of their ages, they are:

  Current First Child

Name Birth President
Lynda Bird Johnson Robb (1944-03-19) March 19, 1944 Lyndon B. Johnson
Michael Reagan (1945-03-18) March 18, 1945 Ronald Reagan
Tricia Nixon Cox (1946-02-21) February 21, 1946 Richard Nixon
President George W. Bush (1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 George H. W. Bush
Luci Baines Johnson (1947-07-02) July 2, 1947 Lyndon B. Johnson
Jack Carter (1947-07-03) July 3, 1947 Jimmy Carter
Julie Nixon Eisenhower (1948-07-05) July 5, 1948 Richard Nixon
Michael Gerald Ford (1950-03-14) March 14, 1950 Gerald Ford
James E. Carter III (1950-04-12) April 12, 1950 Jimmy Carter
John Gardner Ford (1952-03-16) March 16, 1952 Gerald Ford
Jeff Carter (1952-08-18) August 18, 1952 Jimmy Carter
Patti Davis (1952-10-21) October 21, 1952 Ronald Reagan
Governor Jeb Bush (1953-02-11) February 11, 1953 George H. W. Bush
Neil Bush (1955-01-22) January 22, 1955
Steven Ford (1956-05-19) May 19, 1956 Gerald Ford
Marvin P. Bush (1956-10-22) October 22, 1956 George H. W. Bush
Susan Ford (1957-07-06) July 6, 1957 Gerald Ford
Caroline Kennedy (1957-11-27) November 27, 1957 John F. Kennedy
Ron Reagan (1958-05-20) May 20, 1958 Ronald Reagan
Dorothy Bush Koch (1959-08-18) August 18, 1959 George H. W. Bush
Amy Carter (1967-10-19) October 19, 1967 Jimmy Carter
Donald Trump Jr. (1977-12-31) December 31, 1977 Donald Trump
Chelsea Clinton (1980-02-27) February 27, 1980 Bill Clinton
Ivanka Trump (1981-10-30) October 30, 1981 Donald Trump
Barbara Pierce Bush (1981-11-25) November 25, 1981 George W. Bush
Jenna Bush Hager (1981-11-25) November 25, 1981
Eric Trump (1984-01-06) January 6, 1984 Donald Trump
Tiffany Trump (1993-10-13) October 13, 1993
Malia Obama (1998-07-04) July 4, 1998 Barack Obama
Sasha Obama (2001-06-10) June 10, 2001
Barron Trump (2006-03-20) March 20, 2006 Donald Trump

The most recent presidential child to die was John Eisenhower, the son of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who died on December 21, 2013. He was also the father-in-law of Julie Nixon Eisenhower, another presidential child.

See also

Notes
  1. James Monroe wrote that his only son died on September 28, 1800. The date of September 28, 1801 that is said to appear on the James Spence Monroe gravestone in the St. John's Episcopal Church (Richmond, Virginia) churchyard is not contemporaneous to the child's death, the location of the actual grave remains unknown.[11]
  2. He had a mistress, Eliza Dolph, who had a child, but it is unclear who the baby's father was.
  3. John Donelson was not related to Rachel Donelson Jackson
  4. Frances Parke Lewis was the step great-granddaughter of George Washington[16]
  5. Clarissa Pike was the daughter of Zebulon Pike, who discovered Pike's Peak
  6. William Henry Harrison Taylor was Anna Tuthill Harrison's cousin
  7. Some sources spell this name as Octavia Pannill Taylor.[27]
  8. Octavia's illness was described by her father as "bilious fever."[28]
  9. Margaret's illness was described by her father as "bilious fever."[28]

References
  1. See, e.g., Angelo, First Families.
  2. See, e.g., Zwicker, "America's Royalty", Presidential Studies Quarterly.
  3. "Thomas Jefferson's Family". Jefferson Quotes & Family Letters (Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series). Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  4. Quinn, Sandra L.; Kanter, Sanford (1995). America's Royalty: All the Presidents' Children. Greenwood Publishing. p. 19.
  5. Quinn, Sandra L.; Kanter, Sanford (1995). America's Royalty: All the Presidents' Children. Greenwood Publishing. p. 21.
  6. "Lucy Jefferson (1782-1784)". monticello.org. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
  7. "Dolley Madison". Biography.
  8. Letter, April 10, 1788, James Monroe (Richmond, Virginia) to Thomas Jefferson (Paris)The Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.: "...I think I mention'd to you in my last Mrs. M[onroe] had made us happy by giving us a daughter who is now 16 months old an[d] begins to talk..."
  9. February 3, 1840, The Observer (London, England), page 1: "BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS...DIED... [January] 27th, at her residence in the Champs Elysees, Paris, Mrs. Elizabeth K. M. Hay, relict of the late George Hay, Esq., of Virginia, and daughter of the late James Monroe, Esq., formerly President of the United States of America."
  10. Monroe, James. "James Spence Monroe". The Papers of James Monroe. University of Mary Washington. Retrieved February 2, 2018. An unhappy event has occurr'd which has overwhelmed us with grief. At ten last night our beloved babe departed this life after several days sickness
  11. Stuart, Leibiger, ed. (2012). A Companion to James Madison and James Monroe. John Wiley & Sons.
  12. Roberts, Cokie (2008). Ladies of Liberty: The Women Who Shaped Our Nation. Harper Collins.
  13. "Louisa Catherine Adams: A Father Reflects on the Death of his Infant Daughter". Massachusetts Historical Society. Retrieved February 2, 2018. ...had been unwell for weeks. She experienced extreme discomfort due to teething (in his diary, JQA stated she was cutting seven teeth at the same time), had dysentery, and was feverish.
  14. "First Lady Biography: Louisa Adams". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
  15. "Children | Andrew Jackson's Adopted Family". The Hermitage. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  16. Plater, David D. (2015). The Butlers of Iberville Parish, Louisiana: Dunboyne Plantation in the 1800s. LSU Press. pp. 20–21.
  17. , firstladies.org
  18. Wead, Doug (2004). All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. Simon and Schuster. p. 338.
  19. Quinn, Sandra L.; Kanter, Sanford (1995). America's Royalty: All the Presidents' Children. Greenwood Publishing. p. 338.
  20. Wead, Doug (2004). All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. Simon and Schuster. p. 339.
  21. Kenneth Robert Janken, Walter White: Mr. NAACP, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006, p.2
  22. http://www.historybyzim.com/2013/07/john-tyler-most-children/
  23. Forever Free: Abraham Lincoln's Journey to Emancipation at library.buffalo.edu/exhibits/ForeverFree/index.htm
  24. "A US president born in 1790 has two living grandsons". CBS. March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  25. "Margaret Taylor Biography :: National First Ladies' Library". www.firstladies.org.
  26. Wead, Doug (2004). All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. Simon and Schuster. p. 342.
  27. Bauer, K. Jack (1993). Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest. LSU Press. p. 30.
  28. Bauer. Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwes. p. 38.
  29. Davenport, Don (2001). In Lincoln's Footsteps: A Historical Guide to the Lincoln Sites in Illinois. Big Earth Publishing. p. 210.
  30. Emerson, Jason. Giant in the Shadows: The Life of Robert T. Lincoln. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2012, P. 478.
  31. "Abraham Lincoln and Chicago (Abraham Lincoln's Classroom)". The Lincoln Institute. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  32. "The Lincoln Boys". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  33. Gould, Lewis L. (February 4, 2014). American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy. Routledge. ISBN 9781135311483.
  34. Wead, Doug (2004). All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. Simon and Schuster. p. 348.
  35. Kendall, Joshua (2016). First Dads: Parenting and Politics from George Washington to Barack Obama. Grand Central Publishing. p. 147.
  36. Sibley, Katherine A.S., ed. (2016). A Companion to First Ladies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 269.
  37. Matthew Yglesias (January 15, 2010). "Historic Sex Scandals". ThinkProgress. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  38. Serratore, Angela (September 26, 2013). "President Cleveland's Problem Child". smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian/The Smithsonian. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  39. Lachman, Charles (2011). A Secret Life: The Sex, Lies, and Scandals of President Grover Cleveland. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 202.
  40. "Roosevelt Genealogy". fdrlibrary.marist.edu. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  41. "DNA Is Said to Solve a Mystery of Warren Harding's Love Life". The New York Times. August 13, 2015.
  42. Cameron Hawley, "The Honored Name I Bear?", Life, Oct 11, 1954
  43. "Hoover Genealogy - Herbert Hoover National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)".
  44. "Herbert Clark Hoover (1903-1969)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
  45. Doug Wead (2003). All the Presidents' All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's Families. Simon & Schuster. p. 359. ISBN 978-0743446310.
  46. Haberman, Maggie (November 20, 2016). "Melania and Barron Trump Won't Immediately Move to White House". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  • Bonnie Angelo, First Families: The Impact of the White House on Their Lives, ISBN 0-06-056356-7
  • William A. Degregorio, The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents, Wings Books, 1991
  • Doug Wead, All the President's Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families, Atria Books, New York, 2003, ISBN 0-7434-4631-3

Further reading
  • Larry D. Underwood. All the President's Children, Dageford Publishing, 2002, ISBN 1-886225-85-0 (a children's book)
  • Quinn-Musgrove, Sandra L. and Kanter, Sanford, America's Royalty: All the President's Children, Olympic Marketing, ISBN 0-313-23645-3
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