List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates

The following is a list of African-American United States presidential and vice-presidential nominees and candidates for nomination. Nominees are candidates nominated or otherwise selected by political parties for particular offices. Listed are those African Americans who achieved ballot access for the national election in at least one state. They may have won the nomination of one of the US political parties (either one of the major parties, or one of the third parties), or made the ballot as an Independent, and in either case must have votes in the election to qualify for this list. Exception is made for candidates whose parties lost ballot status for additional runs.

In 1848, Frederick Douglass became the first African-American presidential candidate. His candidacy preceded black suffrage in the U.S.
In 2008, Barack Obama became the first African-American presidential candidate nominated by a major party, namely the Democrats. He is the first African-American to be elected and re-elected President of the United States.

Not included in the first two tables are African Americans who did campaigns in nominating conventions or primary elections for their party's nomination (or who have not yet completed that process), write-in candidates, potential candidates (suggested by media, objects of draft movements, etc.), or fictional candidates.

The third table includes African Americans who ran for their party's presidential nomination but who were not nominated, as well as those who are currently pursuing their party's presidential nomination (when applicable).

Barack Obama became the second bi-racial candidate to be nominated for president or vice president by a major party (after Charles Curtis), the first nominated for president, and the second to win (also after Curtis), when he became the Democratic Party presidential nominee in the 2008 election and was elected. He was re-elected in the 2012 election.

U.S. Presidential candidates: Party nominees

Denotes winning candidate.

Candidates receiving electoral votes
YearNamePartyRunning MateElectoral
Votes		Total
Electoral
Votes
2008Barack ObamaDemocratic PartyJoe Biden365538
2012Barack ObamaDemocratic PartyJoe Biden332538
2016Colin PowellNot applicable[1]Not applicable3538
YearNamePartyRunning MateVotes
1904George Edwin Taylor[2]National Liberty PartyW.C. Paynescattering[3]
1960Clennon KingIndependent Afro-American PartyReginald Carter1,485
1964Clifton DeBerrySocialist Workers PartyEd Shaw32,706
1968Eldridge CleaverPeace and Freedom PartyVarious candidates36,623[4]
1968Dick GregoryFreedom and Peace PartyVarious candidates47,097
1968Charlene MitchellCommunist PartyMichael Zagarell1,076
1976Margaret WrightPeople's PartyBenjamin Spock49,013
1980Clifton DeBerrySocialist Workers PartyMatilde Zimmermann38,738
1980Andrew PulleySocialist Workers PartyMatilde Zimmermann6,264[5]
1984Larry HolmesWorkers World PartyGloria La Riva17,985
1984Dennis L. SerretteNew Alliance PartyNancy Ross46,853
1984Edward WinnSocialist Equality PartyHelen Halyard10,801
1988Lenora FulaniNew Alliance PartyJoyce Dattner217,219
1988Larry HolmesWorkers World PartyGloria La Riva7,846
1988James WarrenSocialist Workers PartyKathleen Mickells15,602
1988Edward WinnSocialist Equality PartyHelen Halyard18,693
1992Ronald DanielsPeace and Freedom PartyAsiba Tupahache27,949
1992Lenora FulaniNew Alliance PartyMaria Elizabeth Muñoz73,714
1992Helen HalyardWorkers LeagueFred Mazelis3,050
1992Isabell MastersLooking Back PartyWalter Masters327
1992James WarrenSocialist Workers PartyVarious candidates23,533
1996James HarrisSocialist Workers PartyLaura Garza8,476
1996Monica MooreheadWorkers World PartyGloria La Riva29,083
1996Isabell MastersLooking Back PartyShirley Jean Masters752
2000James HarrisSocialist Workers PartyMargaret Trowe7,038
2000Monica MooreheadWorkers World PartyGloria La Riva4,795
2000Randall A. VensonIndependentGene Kelly547
2004James Harris[6]Socialist Workers PartyMargaret Trowe7,102
2004John ParkerWorkers World PartyTeresa Gutierrez1,646
2008James Harris[6]Socialist Workers PartyAlyson Kennedy2,424
2008Alan KeyesAmerica's Independent PartyBrian Rohrbough47,756[7]
2008Cynthia McKinneyGreen PartyRosa Clemente150,061
2008Barack ObamaDemocratic PartyJoe Biden69,498,215
2012Stewart AlexanderSocialist PartyAlejandro Mendoza4,405[8]
2012Andre BarnettReform PartyKen Cross956[8]
2012James HarrisSocialist Workers PartyMaura DeLuca4,117[8]
2012Peta LindsayParty for Socialism and LiberationYari Osorio7,791[8]
2012Barack ObamaDemocratic PartyJoe Biden65,915,796[8]
2016Monica MooreheadWorkers World PartyLamont Lilly4,314
2016Clifton Roberts[9]Humane PartyBreeze Harper[10]86[11]
2020Kristan LeeNew Alliance PartyJaden Dwight Johnson73,714

U.S. Vice-Presidential candidates: Party nominees

Through the 2016 presidential election, no African-American candidates have received electoral votes for vice president.

YearNamePartyRunning MateVotes
1872Frederick Douglass[12]Equal Rights PartyVictoria WoodhullUnreported
1928Simon P. DrewInterracial Independent Party[13]Jacob S. Coxey[14][15]
1932James W. FordCommunist PartyWilliam Z. Foster102,991
1936James W. FordCommunist PartyEarl Browder80,195
1940James W. FordCommunist PartyEarl Browder
1952Charlotta BassProgressive PartyVincent Hallinan140,023
1968Paul BoutelleSocialist Workers PartyFred Halstead
1972Julius HobsonPeople's PartyBenjamin Spock78,759
1972Jarvis TynerCommunist PartyGus Hall
1976Willie Mae ReidSocialist Workers PartyPeter Camejo90,986
1976Jarvis TynerCommunist PartyGus Hall
1980Angela DavisCommunist PartyGus Hall43,871
1984Angela DavisCommunist PartyGus Hall36,386
1984Helen Halyard[16]Socialist Equality PartyEdward Winn10,801
1988B. Kwaku Duren[17]New Alliance PartyLenora Fulani31,180
1988Helen HalyardSocialist Equality PartyEdward Winn18,693
1988Mamie Moore[18]New Alliance PartyLenora Fulani26,487
1988Florence M. Rice[19]Consumer PartyEugene McCarthy25,109
1992Willie Mae ReidSocialist Workers PartyJames "Mac" Warren
1996Shirley Jean MastersLooking Back PartyIsabell Masters752
2000Ezola B. FosterReform PartyPat Buchanan449,225
2004Arrin HawkinsSocialist Workers PartyRóger Calero3,689
2004Jim LawrenceSocialist Equality PartyBill Van Auken1,857
2008Stewart AlexanderSocialist PartyBrian Moore7,315
2008Eugene PuryearParty for Socialism and LiberationGloria La Riva7,478
2016Ajamu BarakaGreen PartyJill Stein1,457,044
2016Osborne HartSocialist Workers PartyAlyson Kennedy11,667
2016Lamont LillyWorkers World PartyMonica Moorehead4,003
2016Eugene PuryearPeace and Freedom PartyGloria La Riva43,445
2016Angela Nicole WalkerSocialist Party USAMimi Soltysik2,579
2016Breeze Harper[10]Humane PartyClifton Roberts[9]86[11]

U.S. President: Other candidates for party nomination

Candidates who failed to receive their party's nomination (or who are currently campaigning for their party's nomination). Candidates who won the nomination belong in the above tables only.

Year Name Party Details Nomination winner
1848Frederick DouglassLiberty Party1 vote at national convention[20]Gerrit Smith
1888Frederick DouglassRepublican Party1 vote at national conventionBenjamin Harrison
1968Channing E. PhillipsDemocratic Party67.5 votes at national conventionHubert Humphrey
1972Shirley ChisholmDemocratic Party152 votes at national conventionGeorge McGovern
1972Walter FauntroyDemocratic Party1 vote at national convention; 21,217 votes (71.78%) and winner of Washington, D.C. primaryGeorge McGovern
1976Barbara JordanDemocratic Party1 vote at national conventionJimmy Carter
1976Walter FauntroyDemocratic Party10,149 votes (30.49%) (2nd place) in Washington, D.C. primaryJimmy Carter
1984Jesse JacksonDemocratic Party466 votes at national conventionWalter Mondale
1988Jesse JacksonDemocratic Party1218.5 votes at national conventionMichael Dukakis
1992Douglas WilderDemocratic PartyWithdrew before Iowa caucusesBill Clinton
1992Alan KeyesRepublican Party1 vote at national convention. Keyes was the Republican candidate in the U.S. Senate election in Maryland at the time, and was not actively seeking the presidency in 1992.George H.W. Bush
1996Alan KeyesRepublican Party1 vote at national conventionBob Dole
1996Isabell MastersRepublican Party1052 votes (7th place) in Oklahoma primary[21]Bob Dole
2000Alan KeyesRepublican Party6 votes at national conventionGeorge W. Bush
2000Angel Joy Rocker[22]Republican Party6 votes in Alabama straw poll[23]George W. Bush
2004Carol Moseley BraunDemocratic PartyWithdrew before Iowa caucusesJohn Kerry
2004Al SharptonDemocratic PartyEarned 26 delegates in 5 primaries and caucusesJohn Kerry
2008Alan KeyesRepublican PartyKeyes withdrew from Republican Party on April 15, 2008, but remained on the Republican ballot in several states.John McCain
2008Alan KeyesConstitution Party125.7 votes (24.36%) (2nd place) at national convention.Chuck Baldwin
2012Herman CainRepublican PartyWithdrew on December 3, 2011.

Mitt Romney

2016Ben CarsonRepublican PartyAnnounced candidacy on May 3, 2015. Withdrew on March 4, 2016. Earned 9 delegates.Donald Trump
2016Willie WilsonDemocratic PartyAnnounced candidacy on June 1, 2015.Hillary Clinton
2016John Fitzgerald JohnsonDemocratic PartyAnnounced candidacy on August 23, 2015.
2016Monica MooreheadPeace and Freedom Party1,369 votes (30%) (2nd place) in California primary[24]Gloria La Riva
2020Cory BookerDemocratic PartyWithdrew before Iowa caucusesJoe Biden (presumptive)
2020Kamala HarrisDemocratic PartyWithdrew before Iowa caucuses
2020Wayne MessamDemocratic PartyWithdrew before Iowa caucuses
2020Deval PatrickDemocratic PartyAnnounced candidacy on November 14, 2019. Withdrew on February 12, 2020.

U.S. Vice-President: Other candidates for party nomination
YearNamePartyDetailsNomination winner
1856Frederick DouglassPolitical Abolitionist[13]Samuel T. McFarland[25]
1880Blanche BruceRepublican Party8 votes at national convention[26]Chester A. Arthur
1888Blanche BruceRepublican Party11 votes at national convention[26]Levi P. Morton
1968Julian BondDemocratic Party48.5 votes at national conventionEdmund Muskie
1972Julian BondDemocratic Party1 vote at national conventionThomas Eagleton
1972Shirley ChisholmDemocratic Party20 votes at national conventionThomas Eagleton
1972Ron DellumsDemocratic Party4 votes at national conventionThomas Eagleton
1976Barbara JordanDemocratic Party17 votes in national conventionWalter Mondale
1980Mel BoozerDemocratic Party49 votes in national convention[27]Walter Mondale
2016Larry SharpeLibertarian Party264 votes in national convention (1st ballot); 409 votes in national convention (2nd ballot)William Weld
Derrick Grayson48 votes in national convention (1st ballot); 9 votes in national convention (2nd ballot)

See also

Notes
  1. Colin Powell did not run for president in 2016. He received the votes of 3 faithless electors from Washington. Powell, a Republican, had endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election and received his electoral votes from Democratic electors.
  2. Wisconsin Labor Advocate, La Crosse, Wis. : Geo. E. Taylor, 1886- Archived 2009-09-13 at the Wayback Machine
  3. The World Almanac & Encyclopedia. 1908. p. 268. "they received only a few scattering votes of which there is no exact record."
  4. Does not include 27,887 votes cast for the party's ticket in California and Utah, where Cleaver's name did not appear on the ballot because he was under 35 years old.
  5. Leip, David (2005). "1980 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
  6. In 2004 and 2008, Harris served as a stand-in nominee for the Socialist Workers Party in states where the party's main presidential nominee, Róger Calero, was ineligible because he was not a natural-born citizen.
  7. Winger, Richard (2009-01-06). "2008 Presidential Vote (not final)". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
  8. Federal Elections 2012 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Federal Election Commission. 2013. p. 5.
  9. Gunzburger, Ron (2016). "2016 Presidential Candidates". Politics1. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  10. "Breaking: Humane Party announces Dr. Breeze Harper as Vice Presidential nominee". The Onion Knight Show. June 10, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
  11. "2016 Presidential Election by State". The Green Papers. February 5, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  12. Douglass did not acknowledge the nomination or participate in the campaign.
  13. Walton, Hanes. Invisible politics: Black political behavior. p.92.
  14. Guzman, Jessie Parkhurst. Negro Year Book - An Annual Encyclopedia of the Negro 1931-1932 p.87.
  15. "National Affairs: Fifth Party". Time. June 18, 1928.
  16. Edward Bergonzi was an alternate candidate for Helen Halyard in some states, including Ohio.
  17. Duren was on the ballot only in California.
  18. Moore was on the ballot as an alternate candidate for Joyce Dattner in some states, including Minnesota.
  19. Rice was on the ballot in three states, including Michigan.
  20. "Proceedings of the National Liberty Convention, held at Buffalo, N.Y., June..." 1848. Archived from the original on 2009-02-01. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
  21. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-07-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. "White House bid wants serious attention", St. Petersburg Times, March 24, 1999. Accessed 07/08/08.
  23. "Republican Party". Archived from the original on 2009-02-01.
  24. "President Peace and Freedom - Statewide Results". Office of the Secretary of State of California. Government of California. 8 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012.
  25. Wesley, Dr. Charles H. (March 14, 1953). "The Greatest American". The Afro-American. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  26. Ragsdale, Bruce; Joel D. Treese (1990). Black Americans in Congress, 1870-1989. Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives. p. 8.
  27. Sears, p. 389

References
  • Sears, Thomas James (2001). Rebels, Rubyfruit, and Rhinestones: Queering Space in the Stonewall South. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2964-6.
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