City status in Indonesia

In Indonesian law, the term city (kota) is generally defined as the second-level administrative subdivision of the country, an equivalent to regency (kabupaten). The difference between a regency and a city is that a city has non-agricultural economic activities and a dense urban population, while a regency comprises a rural area larger than a city.[1] However, Indonesia historically had several classifications of cities.

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Subdivisions of Indonesia
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  • Districts
    (kecamatan, distrik, kapanewon, or kemantren)
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Historical classification
Surabaya was granted city status (gementee) by the government of the Dutch East Indies on 1 April 1906.[2]

Gemeente

During the Dutch East Indies period, a city was governed as gemeente (municipality) since the decentralisation law in 1903. Gemeentee was a third-level subdivision below residentie (residency) and gouvernement (governorate).[3]

Kota besar and kota kecil

The terms kota besar (big city) and kota kecil (small city or town) were used since the implementation of the Act Number 22 of 1948. Kota Besar was an urban equivalent of kabupaten (regency), which was the country's second level subdivision, just below province. Kota kecil, used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province.[4]

Kotaraya, kotamadya, and kotapraja
City classification in Indonesia during 1965–1974
City type Subdivison level Equivalence
Kotaraya First-level Province
Kotamadya Second-level Regency
Kotapraja Third-level Districts

According to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three: kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision), kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), and kotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision). Kotaraya is an equivalent of a province, kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, while kotapraja is an equivalent of kecamatan (districts). Jakarta was the only city granted the kotaraya status due to its function as the capital of Indonesia.[5]

The terms kotaraya and kotapraja had been abolished since 1974, and kotamadya was used for most of urban areas in Indonesia up to 1999. Jakarta continued to become the only urban area with a province status.[6]

Kota
See also: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia

The term kota (city) has been implemented to substitute kotamadya since the post-Suharto era in Indonesia.[7] Kota is headed by a mayor (walikota), whom is directly elected via elections to serve for a five-year term which can be renewed once. Each kota is divided further into districts more commonly known as kecamatan.

Jakarta as a city
Jakarta City Hall, the seat of the governor of Jakarta

Jakarta (then known as Batavia) was the first city in the archipelago to be developed by the Dutch Empire. On the 4 March 1621, the first city government (stad) was created in Batavia, and on 1 April 1905, it became the very first geemente of the Dutch East Indies.[8] Upon Indonesian independence, it remains as the city within the province of West Java. With the release of the Law Number 1 of 1957, Jakarta became the first provincial-level city in Indonesia.[9] Although Jakarta is now written as a "province" in Indonesian law products, it is still widely referred to as a city. The United Nations classifies Jakarta as a "city" on its statistical database.[10]

The Special Capital Region of Jakarta consists of five "administrative cities" and one "administrative regency". Unlike other actual cities in Indonesia, administrative cities in Jakarta are not self-governing and were only created for bureaucracy purposes. The administrative cities do not have city councils and their mayors were exclusively selected by the Governor of Jakarta without any public election. Ryas Rasyid, an Indonesian regional government expert, stated that Jakarta is a "province with a city management."[11] Anies Baswedan, the 17th Governor of Jakarta, asserted that "Jakarta has only an area of 600 square kilometres. It is a city with the province status."[12] Unlike other 33 Indonesian provinces whose governors work in a "governor office", the governor of Jakarta works in a city hall (Balai Kota DKI Jakarta).[13]

List of cities by date of incorporation
City Date incorporated First city status Current province
Jakarta[a] 4 March 1621[8] Stad Special Capital Region of Jakarta
Bandung 1 April 1906[14] Gemeente West Java
Padang 1 April 1906[15] Gemeente West Sumatra
Palembang 1 April 1906[16] Gemeente South Sumatra
Surabaya 1 April 1906[17] Gemeente East Java
Medan 1 April 1909[18] Gemeente North Sumatra
Binjai 1 July 1917[19] Gemeente North Sumatra
Pematang Siantar 1 July 1917[19] Gemeente North Sumatra
Tanjung Balai 1 July 1917[19] Gemeente North Sumatra
Tebing Tinggi 1 July 1917[19] Gemeente North Sumatra
Sawahlunto 1 July 1918[20] Gemeente West Sumatra
Banjarmasin 1 July 1919[21] Gemeente South Kalimantan
Banda Aceh[b] 17 May 1946[22] Kota otonom B Aceh
Bengkulu 17 May 1946[22] Kota otonom B Bengkulu
Jambi 17 May 1946[22] Kota otonom B Jambi
Pekanbaru 17 May 1946[22] Kota otonom B Riau
Sibolga 17 May 1946[22] Kota otonom B North Sumatra
Bandar Lampung[c] 17 May 1946[22] Kota otonom B North Sumatra
Pontianak 14 Agustus 1946[23] Landschaps-gemeente West Kalimantan
Padang Panjang 23 March 1956[24] Kota Kecil West Sumatra
Payakumbuh 23 March 1956[24] Kota Kecil West Sumatra
Solok 23 March 1956[24] Kota Kecil West Sumatra
Balikpapan 4 July 1959[23] Kotapraja (2nd-level) East Kalimantan
Samarinda 4 July 1959[23] Kotapraja (2nd-level) East Kalimantan
Batam 7 December 1983[25] Kotamadya Riau Islands
Bitung 15 August 1990[26] Kotamadya North Sulawesi
Denpasar 15 January 1992[27] Kotamadya Bali
Tangerang 27 February 1993[28] Kotamadya Banten
Mataram 26 July 1993[29] Kotamadya West Nusa Tenggara
Jayapura 2 August 1993[30] Kotamadya Papua
Palu 22 July 1994[31] Kotamadya Central Sulawesi
Kendari 3 August 1995[32] Kotamadya Southeast Sulawesi
Kupang 11 April 1996[33] Kotamadya East Nusa Tenggara
Bekasi 16 December 1996[34] Kotamadya West Java
Tarakan 8 October 1997[35] Kotamadya North Kalimantan
Banjarbaru 20 April 1999[36] Kotamadya South Kalimantan
Cilegon 20 April 1999[37] Kotamadya Banten
Depok 20 April 1999[37] Kotamadya West Java
Dumai 20 April 1999[38] Kotamadya Riau
Metro 20 April 1999[39] Kotamadya Lampung
Ternate 20 April 1999[40] Kotamadya North Maluku
Bontang 4 October 1999[41] Kota East Kalimantan
Sorong 4 October 1999[42] Kota West Papua
Batu 21 June 2001[43] Kota East Java
Baubau 21 June 2001[44] Kota Southeast Sulawesi
Cimahi 21 June 2001[45] Kota West Java
Langsa 21 June 2001[46] Kota Aceh
Lhokseumawe 21 June 2001[47] Kota Aceh
Lubuklinggau 21 June 2001[48] Kota South Sumatra
Padang Sidempuan 21 June 2001[49] Kota North Sumatra
Pagar Alam 21 June 2001[50] Kota South Sumatra
Prabumulih 21 June 2001[51] Kota South Sumatra
Singkawang 21 June 2001[52] Kota West Kalimantan
Tanjung Pinang 21 June 2001[53] Kota Riau Islands
Tasikmalaya 21 June 2001[54] Kota West Java
Banjar 11 December 2002[55] Kota West Java
Bima 10 April 2002[56] Kota West Nusa Tenggara
Palopo 10 April 2002[57] Kota South Sulawesi
Pariaman 10 April 2002[58] Kota West Sumatra
Tidore 25 February 2003[59] Kota North Maluku
Tomohon 25 February 2003[60] Kota North Sulawesi
Kotamobagu 2 January 2007[61] Kota North Sulawesi
Subulussalam 2 January 2007[62] Kota Aceh
Serang 10 August 2007[63] Kota Banten
Tual 10 August 2007[64] Kota Maluku
Sungai Penuh 21 July 2008[65] Kota Jambi
Gunungsitoli 26 November 2008[66] Kota North Sumatra
South Tangerang 26 November 2008[67] Kota Banten

Notes

See also

References
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