1982 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1982:

Years in aviation: 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
Centuries: 19th century · 20th century · 21st century
Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
Years: 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

Events

January
  • January 8 – The Airbus A300 is certified, becoming the first wide-body airliner with cockpit accommodations for only two to be certified.
  • January 10 – A Gulfstream III, Spirit of America, flies around the world in just 43 hours 39 minutes and 6 seconds, becoming the fastest business jet to fly around the world.
  • January 11 – In the Iran–Iraq War, Iraqi Air Force aircraft hit the Panamanian cargo ship Success with two missiles in the Persian Gulf. Her crew abandons ship.[1]
  • January 13 – Air Florida Flight 90, a Boeing 737-222, strikes the 14th Street Bridge and crashes into the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., shortly after takeoff during a snowstorm from Washington National Airport in Arlington, Virginia. Seventy-four of the 79 people on board die and all five survivors are injured; four people die and five are injured in cars on the bridge. Television cameras capture the dramatic rescue of the five survivors from the frozen river by police helicopters.
  • January 18 – While practicing a line-abreast loop at Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field in Nevada, four T-38 Talons of the United States Air Force Thunderbirds air demonstration team crash, killing all four pilots. It remains the worst accident involving show aircraft in Thunderbirds history. The Thunderbirds' entire 1982 season will be cancelled, and their next performance will not take place until the spring of 1983, 18 months after their last one.
  • January 22 – An F/A-18 Hornet makes a fully automated landing, its autopilot linked to a ground radar at Naval Air Test Center Patuxent River, Maryland.
  • January 23 – Landing on an icy runway at Boston Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, World Airways Flight 30, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 carrying 212 people, is unable to stop before sliding off the end of the runway. Its pilots steer it off the runway, and it skids into Boston Harbor, where its cockpit and forward galley separate from the passenger cabin and three passengers seated in the first row are thrown into the water; two of them are never found. All others aboard survive, including actress Justine Shapiro.
  • January 27 – Cessna delivers its 1,000th business jet.

February

March
  • March 11 – Widerøe Flight 933, a de Havilland Canada Twin Otter, crashes into the Barents Sea near Gamvik, Norway, killing all 15 people on board. Official investigation concludes that clear-air turbulence caused structural failure to the aircraft's tail, but others believe that an off-course Royal Air Force Harrier jet collided with the Twin Otter during a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) exercise.
  • March 19 – While Ozzy Osbourne's band bus is pulled over for repairs in Leesburg, Florida, during a tour, the bus's driver – a former commercial pilot – takes band members and staff up for joyrides in a Beechcraft Bonanza F35 he had taken from an adjacent airport without permission. On the second flight, he begins to make low passes over the tour bus; on the third pass, the Bonanza's wing strikes the top of the bus, causing the plane to hit a tree and crash into the garage of a nearby mansion, where it bursts into flames, killing all three people on the plane. Guitarist Randy Rhoads is among the dead.[2]
  • March 20 – A Garuda Indonesia Fokker F-28 Fellowship overruns the runway and crashes on landing in very heavy rain at Tanjung Karang-Branti Airport at Bandar Lampung on Sumatra in Indonesia, killing all 27 people on board.
  • March 22 – In the Iran–Iraq War, Iran launches its Fath al-Mubin offensive. Until it winds down a week to ten days later, Iraqi and Iranian planes and helicopters support the ground forces involved, but are generally ineffective. Iraqi Air Force fighters fly up to 150 sorties a day.[3]

April

May

June
  • June 2 – The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit hands down its landmark aviation ruling in Ferguson v. NTSB. The court finds that an airline pilot cannot claim protection from suspension or legal penalty under the "inadvertent and not deliberate" provision of the joint Federal Aviation Administration-National Aeronautics and Space Administration Aviation Safety Reporting System even if he or she makes an "honest mistake" if that mistake constitutes "reckless conduct" on his or her part. The ruling coins the legal phrase "inadvertent and not deliberate actions cannot encompass reckless conduct" as a precedent for evaluating the actions of airline pilots.
  • June 4 – The Israeli Air Force conducts large-scale raids against Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) targets in Lebanon, including the PLO's headquarters and military depots in Beirut.[19]
  • June 6
  • June 7–8 – The Israeli Air Force encounters enemy air opposition for the first time in the 1982 Lebanon War and shoots down a Syrian Air Force MiG-23 (NATO reporting name "Flogger").[22]
  • June 8
  • June 8–9 – In air-to-air combat over Lebanon, Israeli aircraft shoot down six Syrian MiG-23s over Beirut, Sidon, and Damour without loss to themselves.[24]
  • June 9 – The Israeli Air Force begins a large-scale attack over the course of several hours against the 19 major Syrian surface-to-air missile batteries in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley equipped with 2K12 Kub (NATO reporting name "SA-6 Gainful") missile systems, destroying 17 of them along with several S-75 Dvina (NATO reporting name "SA-2 Guideline") and S-125 Neva/Pechora (NATO reporting name "SA-3 Goa") surface-to-air missile batteries and much Syrian antiaircraft artillery in only 10 to 20 minutes of active combat. Around 50 Syrian fighter aircraft attempt to defend the missile sites, and about 100 Israeli aircraft engage them, shooting down 22 or 23 Syrian fighters and damaging seven others without any Israeli losses.[25] In ground fighting, a significant number of Syrian attack helicopters and some Syrian fixed-wing aircraft attack Israeli ground forces in Lebanon.[24]
  • June 10 – The Israeli Air Force shoots down 25 Syrian fixed-wing aircraft and three helicopters during the day and destroys two more Syrian surface-to-air missile batteries deployed to the Bekaa Valley as reinforcements. By the end of the day, Israeli Air Force aircraft have shot down 65 Syrian MiG-21 (NATO reporting name "Fishbed") and MiG-23 aircraft in air-to-air combat, without any Israeli losses.[26]
  • June 11
  • June 12 – Operation Black Buck concludes with the last of five very-long range strikes on the Falkland Islands by Royal Air Force Avro Vulcan bombers.
  • June 14 – Argentinian forces on the Falkland Islands surrender to British forces, ending the Falklands War. During the war, the British had destroyed 109 Argentinian planes, compared to only 34 lost by the British. During the war, the British had more technological aircraft and they lost 4 modern ships.
  • June 20 – The Israel Defense Forces take control of Beirut International Airport in Lebanon.[29]
  • June 21 – The Air India Boeing 707-437 Gouri Shankar, operating as Air India Flight 403, crashes while landing in a rainstorm at Sahar International Airport in Bombay, India, killing 17 of the 111 people on board.
  • June 24 – The Boeing 747-236B City of Edinburgh, operating as British Airways Flight 9 with 263 people on board, flies through a cloud of volcanic ash south of Java. All of its engines shut down, but the crew is able to restart them and make a safe landing at Halim Perdanakusuma Airport in Djakarta, Indonesia.
  • June 30 – A Sri Lankan man hijacks an Alitalia Boeing 747-243B with 260 people on board flying from Delhi, India, to Bangkok, Thailand, claiming to have six accomplices on board and saying he will blow up the plane if he does not receive a US$300,000 ransom and is not reunited with his wife and child, who are in Italy. At Bangkok, he releases four passengers, then he releases another 139 when he is told that his wife and child are on their way to Bangkok; two additional passengers escape by jumping from the plane. After his wife and child board the plane and he receives the ransom, authorities allow the family to fly to Colombo, Sri Lanka, early on July 1. Sri Lankan authorities arrest the man on July 3.[30][31]

July
  • July 2 – In the homemade Inspiration I, consisting of a patio chair attached to 45 eight-foot (2.4-m) helium-filled weather balloons, American truck driver In the Lawnchair Larry flight, Larry Walters lifts off from the back yard of a home in San Pedro, California, planning to drift at an altitude of about 30 feet (9.1 m) for a few hours before using a pellet gun to shoot out some balloons and descend gradually. Instead, Inspiration 1 quickly ascends to an altitude of 15,000 feet (4,572 m). After drifting into controlled airspace near Long Beach Airport, he uses the pellet gun to shoot out several of his balloons before accidentally dropping the pellet gun overboard. He gradually descends, becomes entangled in power lines, climbs down safely, and is arrested.
  • July 3 – In Lebanon, the Israel Defense Forces begin the organized Siege of Beirut. The Israeli Air Force begins harassing raids against Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) forces and facilities in Beirut in support of the siege.[32]
  • July 6 – After the engine fire warning lights illuminate for two of their Ilyushin Il-62's four engines shortly after takeoff from Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport, the pilots of Aeroflot Flight 411 shut down the engines and attempt to return to the airport on their two remaining engines. The plane crashes in a field in Mendeleyevo, killing all 90 people on board. The engine fire warnings are later reported to have been false alarms.
  • July 9 – The Pan American World Airways Boeing 727-235 Clipper Defiance, operating as Flight 759, crashes in Kenner, Louisiana, immediately after takeoff from New Orleans International Airport, destroying six and severely damaging five houses. All 145 people on the plane and eight people on the ground die; a baby girl in one house survives in her crib, protected by debris from the fire started by the crash.
  • July 13 – United States Navy Reserve Lieutenant Commander Barbara Allen Rainey dies in the crash of a T-34C Mentor trainer aircraft at Middleton Field near Evergreen, Alabama, during a training flight. In February 1974, as Barbara Ann Allen, she had become the first female aviator in the United States Armed Forces.[33]
  • July 18 – The Soviet Union claims that Syria has shot down 67 Israeli fighters during the 1982 Lebanon War. Actual Israeli Air Force fixed-wing aircraft losses to date total one, an A-4 Skyhawk shot down by a PLO missile.[34]
  • July 21
  • July 23 – During predawn filming of Twilight Zone: The Movie at Valencia, California, special-effects explosions damage the tail rotor of a Bell UH-1B Iroquois helicopter hovering 24 feet (7.3 meters) above actor Vic Morrow and child actors Myca Dihn Le and Renee Shin-Yi Chen. The helicopter crashes onto them, its main rotor decapitating Morrow and Dihn and one of its struts crushing Chen to death.[2]
  • July 23–26 – The Israeli Air Force conducts major air raids against PLO targets in West Beirut.[32]
  • July 24 – The Israeli Air Force destroys all three Syrian 9K33 Osa (NATO reporting name "Gecko") surface-to-air missile batteries in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley, only a day after Syria had deployed them there.[32] During the operation, Israel loses one F-4 Phantom II shot down by a Syrian surface-to-air missile, the second and last Israeli fixed-wing aircraft lost in action during the 1982 Lebanon War.[36]
  • July 24–25 – A sabotage raid takes place at Gweru-Thornhill Air Base in Zimbabwe. One BAe Hawk, seven Hawker Hunters and one Cessna Skymaster was destroyed, with a further three Hawks and one Hunter badly damaged. Six officers of the Air Force of Zimbabwe are charged with assisting the attack, but are eventually cleared of all charges in court, and deported.[37][38]
  • July 27 – The Israeli Air Force escalates its air campaign against the PLO in Beirut by beginning attacks on PLO-dominated residential areas in West Beirut.[32]
  • July 28 – American contemporary Christian music pianist, singer, songwriter, and evangelist Keith Green is among 12 people killed in the crash of an overloaded Cessna 414 at Lindale, Texas. Green's two children and all eight members of another family are also among the dead.[2]
  • July 28-August 3 – The Israeli Air Force conducts constant attacks on West Beirut.[39]
  • July 29 – Mexican airline Mexicana de Aviación is nationalized.[37]
  • July 31 – In air-to-air combat since the 1982 Lebanon War began on June 6, Israeli F-15 Eagle fighters have shot down 40 Syrian aircraft, F-16 Fighting Falcons have shot down 44, and F-4 Phantom IIs have shot down one, all without loss to themselves. About half the kills have been MiG-21s and the other half MiG-23s.[40]

August

September
  • Fighting in the 1982 Lebanon War comes to an end by mid-month. Israeli Air Force F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft have shot down 82 Syrian Air Force aircraft – mainly MiG-21s and MiG-23s – without loss in air-to-air combat.[44] Total losses for Israel come to one A-4 Skyhawk and one F-4 Phantom II (both shot down by surface-to-air missiles) and three helicopters, while Syria has lost 92 fighters and attack aircraft.[45]
  • September 1–30 – H. Ross Perot, Jr., and Jay W. Coburn fly their Bell LongRanger II helicopter Spirit of Texas around the world in 29 days, 3 hours, and 8 minutes, leaving from and returning to Dallas, Texas. It is the first time a trip around the world by helicopter is completed.
  • September 4 – Iraqi Air Force aircraft make a missile attack on a convoy of 10 merchant ships escorted by Islamic Republic of Iran vessels in the Persian Gulf off the Iranian port of Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni, scoring a direct hit on the engine room of Turkish bulk carrier Mars Transporter, damaging her beyond repair.[1]
  • September 8–9 – The Israeli Air Force strikes Syrian 9K33 Osa (NATO reporting name "SA-8 Gecko") and 9K31 Strela-1 (NATO reporting name "SA-9 Gaskin") surface-to-air missile batteries in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley, easily destroying them.[42]
  • September 11 – A United States Army CH-47 Chinook helicopter (serial number 74-22292) crashes during an air show at Mannheim, West Germany, while carrying British, French, and German parachutists who planned to jump when the helicopter reached an altitude of 12,000 feet (3,658 meters). All 46 people aboard die. The crash later is found to have been caused by an accumulation of ground walnut shells that had been used to clean the machinery.[46][47][48]
  • September 13
    • The Israeli Air Force again easily destroys Syrian 9K33 Osa (Sa-8 Gecko) and 9K31 Strela-1 (SA-9 Gaskin) surface-to-air missile batteries in the Bekaa Valley.[42]
    • The flight crew of Spantax Flight 995, a chartered McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 with 394 people on board, aborts their takeoff at Málaga, Spain, after feeling a vibration and loses control of the aircraft, which rolls off the end of the runway, strikes vehicles while crossing a four-lane highway, and bursts into flames in a field. Fifty people on board die, as do three people in vehicles on the highway; 110 people on board the plane are injured.
  • September 14 – G-BDIL a Bell 212, crashed into the North Sea near the Murchison oil platform while on a nighttime search and rescue mission.
  • September 17 – Iraqi Air Force aircraft raid the Iranian oil terminal at Kharg Island.[35]
  • September 18 – The first BAC One-Eleven assembled in Romania, a Series 560, flies for the first time.[49]
  • September 22 – Armed with a knife, 37-year-old Igor Shkuro, who had been denied a visa to enter Algeria and was being returned to Italy, forces his way into the cockpit of Alitalia Flight 871 – a Boeing 727-243 with 109 people on board flying from Algiers, Algeria, to Rome, Italy – and hijacks the plane about 20 minutes after departure from Algiers. Holding the knife to the flight engineer′s throat, he demands to be flown to Malta, but after authorities deny the airliner permission to land there, he agrees to allow it to land at Catania, Sicily. After about 30 minutes, he allows the passengers and five of the eight crew members to disembark. Later, remaining crew members attack him and overpower him with the help of the police.[31][50][31]
  • September 28 – The reverse thruster on the No. 1 engine of Aeroflot Flight 343, an Ilyushin Il-62M (registration CCCP-86470) with 77 people on board, fails to deploy as it lands at Luxembourg Findel Airport outside Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. The airliner yaws to the right and runs off the runway 1,300 meters (4,265 feet) past the runway threshold, strikes a 1.3-meter-tall (4-foot-tall) building, and slides down a ravine before coming to rest 2,200 meters (7,218 feet) past the runway threshold and 200 meters (656 feet) to the right of the runway's centerline and catching fire. The crash kills seven people aboard the airliner, which is destroyed.[51]

October

November

December

First flights

February

March

April

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Entered service
  • Mikoyan MiG-31 'Foxhound' with Soviet Air Force/V-PVO

January

July

December

References
  1. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran–Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1330-9, p. 533.
  2. planecrashinfo.com Famous People Who Died in Aviation Accidents: 1980s
  3. Cordesman and Wagner, p. 131.
  4. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1330-9, p. 159.
  5. Hastings, Max, and Simon Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1983, no ISBN, pp. 127-131.
  6. "China plane crash blamed on hijacker". The Bulletin. 22 September 1982. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  7. Hastings, Max, and Simon Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1983, no ISBN, p. 345.
  8. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1330-9, p. 139.
  9. Scheina, Robert L., Latin America: A Naval History 1810-1987, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987, ISBN 0-87021-295-8, p. 258.
  10. Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Hermes House, 2006, ISBN 978-1-84681-000-8, p. 46.
  11. Wikipedia Operation Black Buck article.
  12. Hastings, Max, and Simon Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1983, no ISBN, pp. 145–147.
  13. Brogan, Patrick, The Fighting Never Stopped: A Comprehensive Guide to Global Conflict Since 1945, New York: Vintage Books, 1990, ISBN 0-679-72033-2, pp. 253–254.
  14. Scheina, Robert L., Latin America: A Naval History 1810–1987, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987, ISBN 0-87021-295-8, p. 233.
  15. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1330-9, p. 143.
  16. Hastings, Max, and Simon Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1983, no ISBN, pp. 205, 345.
  17. Hollway, Don, "Fox Two!", Aviation History, March 2013, p. 58.
  18. Hastings, Max, and Simon Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1983, no ISBN, p. 225-229.
  19. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, p. 136.
  20. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1330-9, pp. 143, 533.
  21. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, p. 138.
  22. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, p. 139.
  23. Hastings, Max, and Simon Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1983, no ISBN, pp. 279-283, 345.
  24. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, p. 142.
  25. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, pp. 142, 193, 202. The reference to 29 Syrian aircraft being shot down on p. 142 contradicts the more detailed information on p. 202 describing 22 to 23 Syrian planes shot down, and apparently reflects the total of Syrian aircraft shot down through June 9 rather than the number shot down on June 9.
  26. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, p. 143.
  27. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, pp. 144, 202.
  28. Miskimon, Christopher, "Bloody Showdown at Stanley," Military Heritage, January 2015, p. 47.
  29. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, p. 144.
  30. Aviation Safety Network Hijacking Description
  31. Associated Press, "HIJACKER OF PLANE IS SEIZED IN SICILY," nytimes.com, September 26, 1982.
  32. Cordesman and Wagner, p. 146.
  33. Wooldridge, E.T., Captain (ret.), USN, "Snapshots From the First Century of Naval Aviation," Proceedings, September 2011, p. 56.
  34. Cordesman and Wagner, p. 217.
  35. Cordesman and Wagner, p. 157.
  36. Aloni, Shlomo, Israeli F-4 Phantom II Aces, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2004, ISBN 1 84176 783 2, p. 93.
  37. Taylor 1983, p. 20.
  38. Cowderay, D. and R. Nesbit. "Who ordered the Zimbabwe raid?" Flight International, 11 August 1984, Vol. 126, No. 3919. pp. 9–11.
  39. Cordesman and Wagner, pp. 146-147.
  40. Cordesman and Wagner, p. 193.
  41. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, p. 147.
  42. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, p. 220.
  43. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, pp. 193, 249.
  44. Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the World's Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Hermes House, 2006, ISBN 9781846810008, p. 44.
  45. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume I: The Arab-Israeli Conflicts, 1973-1989, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1329-5, pp. 153, 202.
  46. Description of crash of Chinook 74-22292, Chinook-helicopter.com.
  47. Air show safety in the spotlight, BBC, 27 July 2002.
  48. Ursula J. Schoenborn v. The Boeing Company, 769 F.2d 115 (3d Cir. 1985) – a case in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
  49. Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 92.
  50. Aviation Safety Network Hijacking Description
  51. Aviation Safety Network Accident Description
  52. Aviation Safety Network Accident Description
  53. Anonymous, "Boeing 757 Twinjet Sets Distance Mark," Spokane Chronicle, July 18, 1986, Page 5.
  54. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner, The Lessons of Modern War, Volume II: The Iran-Iraq War, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990, ISBN 0-8133-1330-9, p. 534.
  55. TWA History Timeline Archived 2015-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
  56. Dr. Raymond L. Puffer, The Death of a Satellite, , Retrieved on November 3, 2007.
  57. Taylor 1982, p. 87.
  58. Taylor 1982, p. [65].
  59. Taylor 1983, p. 82.
  60. Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, ISBN 0-517-56588-9, p. 377.
  61. Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7607-0592-6, p. 103.
  62. "Indias Ajeet Trainer on Flight-test". Flight International. Vol. 122 no. 3836. 13 November 1982. p. 1428.
  63. Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, ISBN 0-7607-0592-5, p. 58.
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0748-2.
  • Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's 1983–1984 Aviation Review. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1983. ISBN 0-7106-0285-5.
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