Typhoon Mangkhut

Typhoon Mangkhut (Ompong)
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Mangkhut at peak intensity on 12 September
Formed September 7, 2018
Dissipated September 17, 2018
Highest winds 10-minute sustained: 205 km/h (125 mph)
1-minute sustained: 285 km/h (180 mph)
Lowest pressure 905 hPa (mbar); 26.72 inHg
Fatalities 134 total (as of September 23)
Damage > $1.59 billion (2018 USD)
Areas affected Mariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, South China, Vietnam
Part of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Mangkhut,[nb 1] known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ompong, was a powerful typhoon that struck the island of Luzon on September 15, 2018. It was the strongest typhoon to strike Luzon since Typhoon Megi in 2010, and the strongest typhoon to make landfall in the Philippines since Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013.[2] Additionally, Mangkhut was also the strongest typhoon to strike Hong Kong since Typhoon Ellen in 1983.[3]

The twenty-second tropical storm and ninth typhoon of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season, Mangkhut made landfall in the Philippine province of Cagayan late on September 14 as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, and subsequently impacted Hong Kong and southern China.[4] As of September 2018, Mangkhut was also the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2018.

As of September 23, at least 134 fatalities have been attributed to Mangkhut, including 127 in the Philippines,[5][6] 6 in mainland China,[7] and 1 in Taiwan.[8]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

On September 5, 2018, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a tropical disturbance near the International Date Line.[9] Steady development ensued over the following days, and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression on September 7.[10] The depression soon intensified into a tropical storm, upon which it received the name Mangkhut.[11] Throughout the next two days, the system underwent rapid intensification. Tight banding features wrapped around a developing eye feature. Favorable environmental conditions hastened Mangkhut's development, including low wind shear, ample outflow aloft, high sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content.[12] Mangkhut achieved typhoon strength on September 9.[13] A well-defined 18 km (11 mi) eye became evident on satellite imagery as the typhoon approached the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. The JTWC analyzed Mangkhut as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon with one-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) as it tracked near Rota around 12:00 UTC on September 10.[14] The JMA assessed ten-minute sustained winds to be 155 km/h (100 mph) at this time.[15]

Typhoon Mangkhut approaching the Philippines on 14 September

Substantial intensification ensued on September 11, as Mangkhut traversed the Philippine Sea. A second bout of rapid intensification took place as the storm consolidated significantly; a well-defined 39 km (24 mi) eye became established during this time.[16] The JTWC analyzed Mangkhut to have reached Category 5-equivalent intensity by 12:00 UTC, an intensity it would maintain for nearly four days.[17] The JMA assessed the typhoon's peak intensity to have occurred at 18:00 UTC, with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and a central minimum pressure of 905 hPa (mbar; 26.73 inHg).[18] The JTWC noted additional strengthening on September 12, and assessed Mangkhut to have reached its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).[19] The typhoon made landfall in Baggao, Cagayan at 2:00 a.m. PST on September 15 (18:00 UTC on September 14), with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and 1-minute sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph).[2] This made Mangkhut the strongest storm to strike the island of Luzon since Typhoon Megi in 2010, and the strongest nationwide since Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.[20]

Traversing the mountains of Luzon weakened Mangkhut before it emerged over the South China Sea on September 15. The typhoon subsequently made landfall again on Taishan coast of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China, at 5 p.m. Time in China (09:00 UTC) on September 16, with 2-minute sustained winds of 162 km/h (101 mph).[21][22][23][24]

Following landfall, Mangkhut quickly weakened while moving westward. Late on September 17, Mangkhut dissipated over Guangxi, China.

Preparations

Philippines

A map of the highest Public Storm Warning Signals raised throughout the Philippines in relation to Mangkhut's passage

Tropical cyclone warning signals were hoisted by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration as early as September 13. Preemptive and forced evacuations were implemented, especially in the Ilocos, Cagayan Valley and Cordillera administrative regions, the three regions widely expected to be severely affected by Mangkhut (Ompong). School class suspensions were announced as early as September 12 in preparation for the approaching typhoon.[25][26][27][28][29] Medical and emergency response teams were placed on standby, and ₱1,700,000,000 worth of relief goods were prepared by 13 September.[1]

Hong Kong

On September 14, the Hong Kong Government held a rare cross-department press conference over the preparation for Super Typhoon Mangkhut, to remind Hong Kong citizens to "prepare for the worst".

On September 16, the Hong Kong Observatory issued the Hurricane Signal No. 10, which is the highest level of tropical cyclone warning signals in Hong Kong, for 10 hours. This marked only the third time that this warning has been issued for the region since 1999, with the others being with Typhoon Hato in 2017 and Typhoon Vicente in 2012.[30] The Hong Kong Government convened an inter-departmental meeting on 12 September to discuss possible responses to the storm.[31]

Mainland China

On September 15, the meteorological bureaus of most cities in Guangdong issued red alerts for Typhoon Mangkhut, which is the highest level of alerts in Guangdong.[32][33] The Guangxi Meteorological Bureau also issued a red alert for the typhoon at 17:00 Beijing Time.[34] On the next day, the Meteorological Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality issued a red alert for rainstorm, which is the highest level of alerts in Shenzhen.[35][36] Guangdong's capital city Guangzhou shut down the business services market of the whole city for the first time since 1978.[37][38]

The Fujian Meteorological Bureau issued an orange alert for the typhoon, the second highest alert level, on September 15.[39]

On September 16, National Meteorological Center of CMA renewed a red alert for Typhoon Mangkhut, which is the highest level of alerts in China.[40] On the same day, the Hainan Meteorological Bureau issued an orange alert for the typhoon.[41] In Guangzhou, schools and public transportation markets were closed.

Impact

Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands

Sailors remove debris in Guam following Typhoon Mangkhut

After the center of Mangkhut passed near Guam, about 80% of the island lost electricity.[42] Trees were also damaged and light objects flew.

Philippines

A tornado was reported in Marikina, eastern Metro Manila, on the night of September 14 (Friday), injuring two people.[43] Over 105,000 families evacuated from their homes,[44] and several airports in northern Luzon closed and airlines cancelled their flights until September 16.[45]

On September 22, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council confirmed that at least 127 people had been killed by the typhoon,[5][6] 80 of whom died in a small mine that collapsed in the town of Itogon, Benguet, where dozens of landslides buried homes.[46] Philippine police also stated that another 111 people remained missing, as of September 22.[5]

Francis Tolentino, a political adviser of President Rodrigo Duterte, announced that an estimated 5.7 million people nationwide had been affected by the storm.[47] Luzon suffered extensive losses which more than doubled the expected worst-case scenario outline by Agriculture Secretary Emmanuel Piñol.

As of October 5, the NDRRMC estimated that Mangkhut caused 33.9 billion pesos (US$627 million) in damages in the Philippines, with assessments continuing.[48]

Taiwan

A 30-year-old female teacher visiting Fenniaolin Beach in Yilan County was swept out to sea by a wave. Her body was recovered two days later.[49][50]

Hong Kong

Shattered windows at Two Harbourfront in Hung Hom, Hong Kong

Mangkhut is regarded as the strongest typhoon to strike Hong Kong since Typhoon Ellen in 1983.[3][51] Mangkhut caused flooding, especially in low-lying and coastal areas, and over 47,000 trees were knocked over, blocking several roads. An hourly mean wind of 81 km/h and gust of 169 km/h were recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory in Tsim Sha Tsui, while at Cheung Chau these figures were 157 and 212 km/h respectively.[51] The high winds caused the territory's many high-rises to sway and some roofs to be torn off. Glass windows of many buildings were shattered, and the curtain walls of the Harbour Grand Kowloon were blown out. A structure on a high-rise under construction in Tai Kok Tsui collapsed onto an adjacent building, which had to be evacuated by police.[52] Many roads were blocked, and service on the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) was halted on all above-ground sections of track.[53]

People climb over trees to go to work the morning after Typhoon Mangkhut near Immigration Tower in Wan Chai

Some buildings around Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories suffered broken windows and water damage. Blinking lights were reported in a lot of residential buildings as well. Serious flooding was reported in many seaside housing areas such as Heng Fa Chuen, Tseung Kwan O South, Shek O, Lei Yue Mun, villages in Tuen Mun, and Tai O.[54] About 1,219 people sought refuge in emergency shelters opened by the Home Affairs Department.[55] Hong Kong International Airport cancelled and delayed a total of 889 international flights. More than 200 people were injured, but no fatalities have been reported.[56][57] Due to the substantial damage caused, the Education Bureau announced that all schools would be closed on September 17 and 18.[53]

The day after the storm had passed, massive crowds filled the territory's MTR system, which operated at a reduced level of service on some lines, due to blocked sections of track.[58] Most of the city's 600 bus routes were also out of service due to roads blocked by debris.[59]

Macau

The ceiling of the Oriental Pearl Terminal Station waiting area was blown away by strong winds.

Storm surges reached a height of 1.9 metres (6 ft 3 in). About 21,000 homes lost power and 7,000 homes lost internet access,[60] and 40 people were injured. For the first time in history, all casinos in Macau were closed.[61] 191 flights on Saturday and Sunday (15 and 16 September) were cancelled to and from Macau International Airport.[60] Losses from the casino shutdown are expected to reach at least 1.1 billion patacas (US$186 million).[62]

Mainland China

Guangdong Province

Civil Air Defense Office of Guangzhou Municipality (Municipal Civil Air Defense Office) announced that Typhoon Mangkhut caused the cancellation of the annual air-raid drills scheduled for September 15.[63]

Typhoon Mangkhut caused over 2.45 million people to be evacuated.[23][24] In Shenzhen, the storm caused power failures in 13 locations, flooded the Seafood Street, and caused 248 tree falls.[64] Transport was shut down in Southern China,[65][66] and at least four people in Guangdong were killed in the typhoon.[67][68] In Guangzhou, markets, schools and public transport were closed or limited in the wake of the storm on Monday, September 17, and residents were requested to minimize non-essential travel. Ferry services from Zhuhai's Jiuzhougang Port to Shenzhen and Hong Kong were suspended indefinitely. Total economic losses in the province exceeded ¥4.2 billion (US$612 million).[69] The total economic losses nationwide were estimated at ¥5.3 billion (US$772 million).[70]

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Schools in Beihai, Qinzhou, Fangchenggang, and Nanning were closed on September 17.[71][72] The trains to Guangxi were also closed on September 17.[73] Total economic losses in the province were estimated at ¥183 million (US$26.6 million).[74]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Mangkhut" (Thai pronunciation: [māŋ.kʰút]) is the Thai name for the mangosteen.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 "Philippines starts evacuations along coast as Super Typhoon Mangkhut nears". Channel NewsAsia. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  2. 1 2 James Griffiths; Steve George; Jo Shelley (15 September 2018). "Philippines lashed by Typhoon Mangkhut, strongest storm this year". Cable News Network. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  3. 1 2 Cheung, Tony; Xinqi, Su. "Typhoon Mangkhut officially Hong Kong's most intense storm since records began". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  4. ↑ "Year's strongest storm batters Philippines". 15 September 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
  5. 1 2 3 Girlie Linao (22 September 2018). "Typhoon Mangkhut death toll hits 127". PerthNow. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  6. 1 2 "At least 95 dead due to Typhoon Ompong". Rappler. 21 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  7. ↑ 应急管理新机制助力台风“山竹”应对 (Report) (in Chinese). September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  8. ↑ McKenzie, Sheena. "Typhoon Mangkhut hits mainland China, lashes Hong Kong, dozens dead in Philippines". Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  9. ↑ Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Oceans (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 5 September 2018. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  10. ↑ High Seas Forecast (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. 7 September 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  11. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Advisory (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. 7 September 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  12. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for TY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 09 (Technical Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 9 September 2018. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  13. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Advisory (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. 9 September 2018. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  14. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for TY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 15 (Technical Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 10 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  15. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Advisory (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. 10 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  16. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for TY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 18 (Technical Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 11 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  17. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for STY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 19 (Technical Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 11 September 2018. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  18. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Advisory (Report). Japan Meteorological Agency. 11 September 2018. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  19. ↑ Prognostic Reasoning for STY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 24 (Technical Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 12 September 2018. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
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  21. ↑ "Typhoon Mangkhut, as severe typhoon, made landfall in coast of Jiangmen, Guangdong". China Meteorological Administration. 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
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  23. 1 2 Liangyu, ed. (16 September 2018). "Super Typhoon Mangkhut lands on south China coast". Xinhuanet. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  24. 1 2 毛思倩 (16 September 2018). 韩家慧; 聂晨静, eds. "强台风"山竹"登陆广东". Xinhuanet (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  25. ↑ "September 12 2018: Walang Pasok". Rappler. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  26. ↑ "Walang Pasok: Class suspensions for September 13". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  27. ↑ "Walang Pasok: Class suspensions for September 14". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  28. ↑ "Walang Pasok: Class suspensions for September 15". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  29. ↑ "South China: The super typhoon Manghut is coming (3 photos)". The Omnilogy. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  30. ↑ "Mangkhut latest: signal No 10 raised as Hong Kong braces for waves up to 14m". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
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  33. ↑ 王星; 陈育柱, eds. (16 September 2018). "深圳发布台风红色预警，全市范围内实行"四停"". 人民网 (in Chinese). 深圳特区报. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  34. ↑ "广西气象台发布今年首个台风红色预警". 网易新闻 (in Chinese). 老友网. 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  35. ↑ 吕绍刚; 夏凡 (16 September 2018). "深圳市暴雨橙色预警升级为红色". 搜狐网 (in Chinese). 人民网. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
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  37. ↑ "关于立即执行停市的紧急通知". Guangzhou People's Government (in Chinese). 广州市防汛防旱防风总指挥部. 16 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  38. ↑ "商务委：首次停市平稳有序 市民：学到了防台风技能". Sina (in Chinese). 大洋网. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  39. ↑ 林峰峰 (15 September 2018). 孙劲贞, ed. "福建发布台风橙色预警 今明两天全省多地有大到暴雨". 东南网 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
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  41. ↑ "海南省气象台9月16日6时发布橙色台风预警 台风将于下午到夜间在广东珠海到吴川一带沿海登陆". 海南新闻-海南新闻中心-海南在线 海南一家 (in Chinese). 海南省气象台. 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
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  44. ↑ "'Ompong' weakens anew, to leave PAR Saturday night". The Philippine Star.
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  51. 1 2 "TYPHOONS WHICH REQUIRED THE HURRICANE SIGNAL NO. 10 SINCE 1946". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
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  53. 1 2 "(Mangkhut) Classes to remain suspended". The Standard. 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
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  56. ↑ Jane Cheung; Sophie Hui (17 September 2018). "Monstrous Mangkhut: Super typhoon leaves more than 200 injured and paralyzes transport as it pummels Hong Kong with record-breaking winds". The Standard. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  57. ↑ "Typhoon Mangkhut: Deadly typhoon lands in south China". BBC News. 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  58. ↑ Cheng, Kris (17 September 2018). "Crowds and frustration at transport hubs as Hongkongers return to work after Typhoon Mangkhut". Hong Kong Free Press.
  59. ↑ Xinqi, Su (17 September 2018). "Typhoon Mangkhut travel chaos: how one woman's Hong Kong commute took more than two hours and a trip in the wrong direction". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  60. 1 2 Sum, Lok-kei (16 September 2018). "Typhoon Mangkhut: 20,000 Macau households left without power after monster storm causes severe flooding in casino hub". South China Morning Post.
  61. ↑ "Typhoon lashes south China after killing dozens in Philippines". Associated Press. 16 September 2018.
  62. ↑ Wei, Daniel; Tan, Stephen (16 September 2018). "Macau Casinos to Reopen After $186 Million Loss From Storm Halt". Bloomberg.
  63. ↑ "广州市人民政府门户网站 - 关于取消2018年9月15日防空警报试鸣的紧急通知". www.gz.gov.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  64. ↑ Richard Han (17 September 2018). "Mangkhut wreaks havoc on SZ". Shenzhen Daily. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  65. ↑ "Typhoon Mangkhut: South China battered by deadly storm". BBC News. 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  66. ↑ He Huifeng; Phoebe Zhang (16 September 2018). "Southern China's Pearl River Delta shuts down as Typhoon Mangkhut kills at least two in Guangdong". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  67. ↑ 李琪, ed. (17 September 2018). "应急管理部：台风"山竹"致广东4人死亡，具体灾情仍在统计". 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  68. ↑ Phoebe Zhang; Matt Ho (17 September 2018). "Typhoon Mangkhut: four dead in southern China, residents warned to remain alert". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  69. ↑ "Southern China counts cost of Typhoon Mangkhut – and more billion-dollar storms". South China Morning Post. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
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  71. ↑ "红色预警！风王"山竹"携狂风暴雨杀到 钦北防停课_网易订阅". NetEase (in Chinese). 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  72. ↑ "紧急通知！南宁各级各类学校、幼儿园9月17日停课1天_网易新闻". NetEase (in Chinese). 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  73. ↑ "受台风影响 16日两广间跨省高铁全停运_网易订阅". NetEase (in Chinese). 16 September 2018. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
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  • "Typhoon Mangkhut". Digital Typhoon. NII. Typhoon 201822.
  • "Typhoon Mangkhut". Imagery. NRL. 26W Mangkhut.
  • EMSR312: Super Typhoon Mangkhut over the Northern Philippines (damage assessment maps) – Copernicus Emergency Management Service
  • EMSR310: Tropical Cyclone MANGKHUT-18 in Northern Mariana Islands and Guam (delineation maps) – Copernicus Emergency Management Service
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