Tarragona

Tarragona
Municipality
View of Tarragona

Flag
Coat of arms
Tarragona
Location of Tarragona within Catalonia
Coordinates: 41°06′56.51″N 1°14′58.54″E / 41.1156972°N 1.2495944°E / 41.1156972; 1.2495944Coordinates: 41°06′56.51″N 1°14′58.54″E / 41.1156972°N 1.2495944°E / 41.1156972; 1.2495944
Country  Spain
Autonomous Community  Catalonia
Province Tarragona
Comarca Tarragonès
Founded 5th century BC
Government
 • Mayor Josep Fèlix Ballesteros Casanaova (2015)[1] (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)
Area[2]
 • Total 57.9 km2 (22.4 sq mi)
Elevation (AMSL) 68 m (223 ft)
Population (2015)[1]
 • Total 131,255
 • Density 2,300/km2 (5,900/sq mi)
Postal code 43001 - 43008
Area code(s) +34 (E) + 977 (T)
Climate Csa
Website www.tarragona.cat

Tarragona (English: /ˌtɑːrəˈɡoʊnə/, Catalan: [tərəˈɣonə], Spanish: [taraˈɣona]; Phoenician: Tarqon; Latin: Tarraco) is a port city located in northeast Spain on the Costa Daurada by the Mediterranean Sea. Founded before the 5th century BC, it is the capital of the Province of Tarragona, and part of Tarragonès and Catalonia. Geographically, it is bordered on the north by the Province of Barcelona and the Province of Lleida. The city has a population of 201,199 (2014).

History

Inscribed marble base of the Roman Consul Tiberius Claudius Candidus, unearthed in Tarragona and now in the British Museum, 195-199 AD.

One Catalan legend holds that it was named for Tarraho, eldest son of Tubal in c. 2407 BC; another (derived from Strabo and Megasthenes) attributes the name to 'Tearcon the Ethiopian', a 7th-century BC pharaoh who campaigned in Spain.[3] The real founding date of Tarragona is unknown.

The city may have begun as an Iberic town called Kesse or Kosse, named for the Iberic tribe of the region, the Cossetans, though the identification of Tarragona with Kesse is not certain.[4] William Smith suggests that the city was probably founded by the Phoenicians, who called it Tarchon, which, according to Samuel Bochart, means a citadel. This name was probably derived from its situation on a high rock, between 75–90 m (250–300 ft) above the sea; whence we find it characterised as arce potens Tarraco.[5] It was seated on the river Sulcis or Tulcis (modern Francolí), on a bay of the Mare Internum (Mediterranean), between the Pyrenees and the river Iberus (modern Ebro).[6] Livy mentions a portus Tarraconis;[7] and according to Eratosthenes it had a naval station or roads (Ναύσταθμον);[8] but Artemidorus Ephesius says with more probability that it had none, and scarcely even an anchoring place; and Strabo himself calls it ἀλίμενος.[9] This better reflects its present condition; for though a mole was constructed in the 15th century with the materials of the ancient amphitheatre, and another subsequently by an Irishman named John Smith Sinnot, it still affords but little protection for shipping.[10]

During the Roman Republic, the city was fortified and much enlarged as a Roman colony by the brothers Publius Cornelius Scipio and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, who converted it into a fortress and arsenal against the Carthaginians. The city was first named Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco and was capital of the province of Hispania Citerior. Subsequently, it became the capital of the province named after it, Hispania Tarraconensis, in the Roman Empire[11] and conventus iuridicus.[12]

Augustus wintered at Tarraco after his Cantabrian campaign, and bestowed many marks of honour on the city, among which were its honorary titles of Colonia Victrix Togata and Colonia Julia Victrix Tarraconensis. Tarraco lies on the main road along the southeastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.[13]

According to Mela it was the richest town on that coast,[14] and Strabo represents its population as equal to that of Carthago Nova (now Cartagena).[14] Its fertile plain and sunny shores are celebrated by Martial and other poets; and its neighbourhood is described as producing good wine and flax.[15] The city also minted coins.[16]

An inscribed stone base for a now lost statue of Tiberius Claudius Candidus was found in Tarragona during the nineteenth century. The 24-line Latin inscription describes the Governor and Senator's career as an ally of the future Roman emperor Septimius Severus, who fought in the civil war following the assassination of Commodus in 192 AD. This important marble block was purchased by the British Museum in 1994.[17]

From the demise of the Romans to the Union of Spain

After the demise of the Western Roman Empire, it was captured first by the Vandals and then by the Visigoths. The Visigothic Kingdom's rule of Tarracona was ended by the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 714. It was an important border city of the Caliphate of Córdoba between 750 and 1013. After the demise of the Caliphate, it was part of the Taifa of Zaragoza between 1013 and 1110 and under the control of the Almoravid dynasty between 1110 and 1117. It was taken by the County of Barcelona in 1117. After the dynastic union of Aragon and Barcelona, it was part of the Kingdom of Aragon from 1164-1412. After dynastic union of Aragon and the Crown of Castile, it remained a part of Aragon until the foundation of the Spanish Empire in 1516.

During the Catalan revolt, Tarragon was captured by Catalan insurgents with French support in 1641, but it was retaken by Spanish troops in 1644. It was captured by allied Portuguese, Dutch, and British troops in 1705 during the War of the Spanish Succession and remained in their hands until Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. During the war, the Catalans supported the unsuccessful claim of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen against the victorious Bourbon Duke of Anjou, became Philip V of Spain. He signed the Nueva Planta decrees, which abolished the Crown of Aragon and all remaining Catalan institutions and prohibited the administrative use of Catalan language on 16 January 1716.

Peninsular War

During the Peninsular War, in the first siege of Tarragona from 5 May to 29 June 1811, Louis-Gabriel Suchet's Army of Aragon of the First French Empire laid siege to a Spanish garrison led by Lieutenant general Juan Senen de Contreras. A British naval squadron commanded by Admiral Edward Codrington harassed the French besiegers with cannon fire and transported large numbers of reinforcements into the city by sea. Nevertheless, Suchet's troops stormed into the defenses and killed or captured almost all the defenders. It became a subprefecture center in Bouches-de-l'Èbre department of French empire.

In the second siege of Tarragona (3–11 June 1813), an overwhelming Anglo-Spanish force under the command of Lieutenant General John Murray, 8th Baronet failed to wrest Tarragona from a small Franco-Italian garrison led by Brigadier general Antoine Marc Augustin Bertoletti. Murray was subsequently removed from command for his indecisive and contradictory leadership. The Anglo-Spanish forces finally captured Tarragona on 19 August.

Spanish Civil War

During the Spanish Civil War, Tarragona was in the hands of the Second Spanish Republic until captured by Franco's Nationalist troops on 15 January 1939 during the Catalonia Offensive.

Main sights

Ancient remains

Amphithéâtre of Tarragona and the Mediterranean Sea

The Roman ruins of Tarraco have been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Part of the bases of large Cyclopean walls near the Cuartel de Pilatos are thought to pre-date the Romans. The building just mentioned, a prison in the 19th century, is said to have been the palace of Augustus. The second century Tarragona Amphitheatre near the seashore was extensively used as a quarry after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and but few vestiges of it now remain. A circus c. 450 metres (1,480 ft) long, was built over in the area now called Plaça de la Font, though portions of it are still to be traced. Throughout the town Latin, and even apparently Phoenician, inscriptions on the stones of the houses mark the material used for buildings in the town.

Two ancient monuments, at some little distance from the town, have, however, fared rather better. The first of these is Les Ferreres Aqueduct, which spans a valley about 4 kilometres (2 miles) north of the city. It is 217 m (712 ft) in length, and the loftiest arches, of which there are two tiers, are 26 m (85 ft) high. There is a monument about 6 km (4 mi) along the coast road east of the city, commonly called the "Tower of the Scipios"; but there is no authority for assuming that they were buried here.[18]

Other Roman buildings include:

  • The Roman walls
  • The capitol, or citadel
  • The Amphitheatre
  • The Roman circus
  • The Pretorium - Tower
  • The Provincial and Colonial fora
  • The Necropolis
  • The palace of Augustus, called the house of Pilate
  • The so-called tower, or sepulchre, of the Scipios
  • Arch of Sura, or of Bara
  • The Aurelian Way.

The city is also home to the National Archaeological Museum of Tarragona.

Religious buildings

  • The Tarragona Cathedral, dating to the 12th-13th centuries, combining Romanesque and Gothic architectural elements.
  • The convent of the Poor Clares, near the walls
  • The convent of Santa Teresa
  • The church of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, the parish church of the port
  • The former convent of Sant Francesc
  • The Jesuit college was turned into barracks; their church, however, has been restored to them
  • The convent of the Dominican Order, now the town hall
  • The archiepiscopal palace, situated on the site of the ancient capitol, one tower of which still remains. It was rebuilt in the 19th century.
  • Near the sea, in the Roman amphitheatre, are the remains of a church called Santa Maria del Miracle (Holy Mary of the Miracle), which belonged to the Knights Templar. It was afterwards used by the Trinitarian Order and was later converted into a penitentiary. It was demolished around 1915.[19]
Tarragona Cathedral.

The seminary of Sant Pau and Santa Tecla was founded in 1570 by the cardinal archbishop, Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta, and was the first to comply with the decrees of the Council of Trent. In 1858 Archbishop José Domingo Costa y Borrás built a fourth wing. Benito Villamitjana built a new seminary behind the cathedral in 1886, in the courtyard of which stands the old chapel of Sant Pau. Pope Leo XIII raised this to the rank of a pontifical university.

50 km (31.07 mi) north of the city is Poblet Monastery, founded in 1151 by Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, which was used for sepultures of the kings.

Modern Tarragona

Plaça del Fòrum.

Tarragona is home to a large port and the Rovira i Virgili University. Much of its economic activity comes from a large number of chemical industries located south of the city.

The main living heritage is the Popular Retinue, a great parade of dances, bestiary and spoken dances- and the human towers. They specially participate in Santa Tecla Festival. They are so popular in Tarragona and also in all Catalonia that they have got their own home. It is called "Casa de la Festa", Festivities House, where you can visit them all year.[20]

A number of beaches, some awarded a Blue Flag designation, line the Mediterranean coast near the city.

Tarragona is located near the resort of Salou and the amusement park PortAventura, one of the largest in Europe.

The city is served by Tarragona railway station, and is located a few kilometres away from Reus Airport, which has many low-cost destinations and charter-flights (over a million passengers per year). The port is an export hub for the Spanish car industry.[21]

Reus is the second city of the Tarragona area (101,767 inhabitants in 2006), known by its commercial activity and for being the place where the architect Antoni Gaudí was born.

The city is going to host the 2018 Mediterranean Games, one year later than planned, because of political and economical instability.[22]

Food and drink outlets

Tarragona contains a number of small bars, restaurants, and cafes serving tapas and sandwiches, and local seafood and Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" or "neules i torrons". Many such outlets are found in the historic centre, including those at the Plaça de la Font, Plaça del Rei and Plaça del Fòrum. The neighbourhood of El Serrallo, at the harbour, specialises in seafood cuisine.

Between 1903 and 1989 the French liqueur made by the Carthusian Monks, Chartreuse, was distilled in Tarragona, following the monks' expulsion from France.[23]

Climate

The climate of Tarragona can be described as a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), since August has more rainfall than winter months, which receive near or less than 30 mm (1.2 in). Winters are mildly cool and summers are hot and sultry, while the rainiest seasons are autumn and spring.

Climate data for Reus Airport (1981-2010) (between Reus - 3 km (1.86 mi) and Tarragona - 7 km (4.35 mi))
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.2
(75.6)		 25.0
(77)		 27.7
(81.9)		 30.2
(86.4)		 32.8
(91)		 36.8
(98.2)		 37.4
(99.3)		 38.0
(100.4)		 33.8
(92.8)		 32.5
(90.5)		 28.8
(83.8)		 22.6
(72.7)		 38.0
(100.4)
Average high °C (°F) 14.1
(57.4)		 14.9
(58.8)		 17.1
(62.8)		 19.0
(66.2)		 22.2
(72)		 26.3
(79.3)		 29.3
(84.7)		 29.4
(84.9)		 26.3
(79.3)		 22.3
(72.1)		 17.5
(63.5)		 14.6
(58.3)		 21.1
(70)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.0
(48.2)		 9.7
(49.5)		 11.9
(53.4)		 13.8
(56.8)		 17.2
(63)		 21.2
(70.2)		 24.2
(75.6)		 24.6
(76.3)		 21.5
(70.7)		 17.5
(63.5)		 12.6
(54.7)		 9.7
(49.5)		 16.1
(61)
Average low °C (°F) 3.9
(39)		 4.5
(40.1)		 6.6
(43.9)		 8.6
(47.5)		 12.1
(53.8)		 16.1
(61)		 19.1
(66.4)		 19.7
(67.5)		 16.6
(61.9)		 12.7
(54.9)		 7.6
(45.7)		 4.7
(40.5)		 11.1
(52)
Record low °C (°F) −7.6
(18.3)		 −8.0
(17.6)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 1.0
(33.8)		 3.6
(38.5)		 7.4
(45.3)		 10.5
(50.9)		 10.8
(51.4)		 5.5
(41.9)		 0.2
(32.4)		 −4.0
(24.8)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −8.0
(17.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 29
(1.14)		 28
(1.1)		 28
(1.1)		 37
(1.46)		 54
(2.13)		 25
(0.98)		 15
(0.59)		 42
(1.65)		 77
(3.03)		 75
(2.95)		 53
(2.09)		 36
(1.42)		 500
(19.69)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 4 4 4 5 5 3 2 4 5 6 4 4 50
Mean monthly sunshine hours 157 162 197 222 251 274 306 265 209 182 157 145 2,527
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[24]
Climate data for Vila-seca (1971-2000) (14 km (8.70 mi) south west of Tarragona
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4)		 24.0
(75.2)		 28.2
(82.8)		 29.1
(84.4)		 30.6
(87.1)		 31.3
(88.3)		 34.5
(94.1)		 35.2
(95.4)		 33.3
(91.9)		 30.7
(87.3)		 25.5
(77.9)		 21.0
(69.8)		 35.2
(95.4)
Average high °C (°F) 12.4
(54.3)		 15.2
(59.4)		 17.8
(64)		 19.5
(67.1)		 22.1
(71.8)		 25.6
(78.1)		 29.3
(84.7)		 30.2
(86.4)		 27.6
(81.7)		 22.4
(72.3)		 16.4
(61.5)		 12.7
(54.9)		 21.0
(69.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.0
(50)		 11.9
(53.4)		 14.1
(57.4)		 15.9
(60.6)		 18.8
(65.8)		 22.5
(72.5)		 25.9
(78.6)		 26.7
(80.1)		 24.0
(75.2)		 19.1
(66.4)		 13.9
(57)		 10.7
(51.3)		 17.8
(64)
Average low °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5)		 8.7
(47.7)		 10.4
(50.7)		 12.2
(54)		 15.5
(59.9)		 19.4
(66.9)		 22.5
(72.5)		 23.2
(73.8)		 20.3
(68.5)		 15.8
(60.4)		 11.3
(52.3)		 8.7
(47.7)		 14.7
(58.5)
Record low °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 0.6
(33.1)		 4.5
(40.1)		 9.0
(48.2)		 12.6
(54.7)		 16.0
(60.8)		 14.3
(57.7)		 13.0
(55.4)		 7.3
(45.1)		 2.7
(36.9)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −1.6
(29.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37.2
(1.465)		 19.1
(0.752)		 36.6
(1.441)		 38.2
(1.504)		 53.2
(2.094)		 33.3
(1.311)		 15.7
(0.618)		 52.8
(2.079)		 68.2
(2.685)		 63.7
(2.508)		 46.9
(1.846)		 44.7
(1.76)		 509.0
(20.039)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 5.0 3.5 4.8 5.8 6.1 3.9 2.7 4.3 4.8 5.8 5.0 5.1 56.8
Source: Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya[25]

Events

Carrer Major during Santa Tecla Festival.
Torre dels Escipions.

Tarragona was also a candidate to be the Spanish representative as European Capital of Culture in 2016.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Tarragona is twinned with:

Tarragona had partnerships with:

Notable people

See also

References

Notes
  1. 1 2 "Ajuntament de Tarragona". Generalitat de Catalunya. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  2. ↑ "El municipi en xifres: Tarragona". Statistical Institute of Catalonia. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  3. ↑ https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_ya_kSC4IsiEC#page/n137/mode/2up/search/taraco
  4. ↑ Silvia Orvietani Busch (2001). Medieval Mediterranean Ports: The Catalan and Tuscan Coasts, 1100 to 1235. BRILL. p. 53. ISBN 90-04-12069-6.
  5. ↑ Ausonius Class. Urb. 9; cf. Mart. x. 104.
  6. ↑ Mela, ii. 6; Pliny the Elder iii. 3. s. 4.
  7. ↑ xxii. 22
  8. ↑ ap. Strabo iii. p. 159
  9. ↑ ap. Strab. l. c.; Polybius iii. 76
  10. ↑ Ford's Handbook of Spain, p. 222.
  11. ↑ Ptolemy, ii. 6. § 17
  12. ↑ Pliny l. c.; Tacitus Ann. i. 78; Gaius Julius Solinus 23, 26; Polybius x. 34; Livy xxi. 61; Stephanus of Byzantium p. 637.
  13. ↑ Antonine Itinerary pp. 391, 396, 399, 448, 452.
  14. 1 2 l. c.
  15. ↑ Mart. x. 104, xiii. 118; Sil. Ital. iii. 369, xv. 177; Plin. xiv. 6. s. 8, xix. 1. s. 2.
  16. ↑ Grut. Inscr. p. 382; Orelli, no. 3127; coins in Eckhel, i. p. 27; Enrique Flórez, Med. ii. p. 579; Théodore Edme Mionnet, i. p. 51, Suppl. i. p. 104; Sestini, p. 202.
  17. ↑ CIL II, 4114; British Museum Collection
  18. ↑ (Cf. Ford, Handbook, p. 219, seq.; Florez, Esp. Sagr. xxix. p. 68, seq.; Miñano, Diccion. viii. p. 398.)
  19. ↑ Comisión de Antigüedades de la Real Academia de la Historia: catálogo e índices, Cataluña. Page 256. Published in Spanish, 2000.
  20. ↑
  21. ↑ "Tarragona port's five-year high means more room for Bergé". Automotive Logistics. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
  22. ↑ "Confirmat l'ajornament dels Jocs Mediterranis de Tarragona fins al 2018". Diari Ara. Agència Catalan de Notícies. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  23. ↑ https://www.chartreuse.fr/en/histoire/the-chartreuse-distilleries/
  24. ↑ "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Tarragona - Reús / Aeropuerto".
  25. ↑ "Climatologica. El Tarragones. 1971-2000" (PDF).
  26. ↑ "Jumelages et Relations Internationales - Avignon". Avignon.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  27. ↑ "Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures". Ministère des affaires étrangères (in French). Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  28. ↑ "45 ans de jumelage : Histoire de cités Le jumelage à Voiron" [45 years of twinning: The history of Voiron's twin towns]. Voiron Hôtel de Ville [Voiron council] (in French). Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
  29. ↑ "Tarragone (Espagne) : une ville amie Des liens noués autour de la Chartreuse" [Tarragona, Spain: Friendship town of Voiron]. Voiron Hôtel de Ville [Voiron council] (in French). Archived from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
Sources
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "article name needed". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
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