Spiral (railway)

Spiral viaduct near Brusio, Switzerland.

A spiral (sometimes called a spiral loop or just loop) is a technique employed by railways to ascend steep hills.

A railway spiral rises on a steady curve until it has completed a loop, passing over itself as it gains height, allowing the railway to gain vertical elevation in a relatively short horizontal distance. It is an alternative to a zig-zag, and avoids the need for the trains to stop and reverse direction while ascending. If the train is longer than the length of each loop it may be possible to view it looping above itself.[1][2]

The term "loop" is also often used for a railway that curves sharply and goes back on itself: If the railway crosses itself, then it forms a spiral; otherwise, it forms the much more common horseshoe curve or bend.[3][4]

A spiral loop is not the same as the transition spiral or spiral easement used to provide a transition from a tangent into a horizontal circular curve. Spiral easement is used to avoid abrupt changes in the sideward acceleration experienced by a railway vehicle and the passengers in the vehicle approaching the horizontal circular curve and to prevent abrupt forces and discomfort.[5][6][7]

List of spirals

Argentina

Australia

Bulgaria

Canada

China

Guanjiao Spiral on Qinghai–Tibet Railway at night, it was replaced by a 32-km long tunnel in 2014

Costa Rica

Replica of the Brusio Spiral Viaduct, 10 km east of Nuevo Arenal, Guanacaste

Croatia

France

Germany

India

Loop (Agony Point) on the DHR, India

The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway originally had five or six spirals but only five in operation at any one time. The line also has six reverses or zig-zags.[40][41]

Iran

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Okoba spiral and zig zag in Hisatsu Line, Japan

Kenya

Three spirals on the Kenya to Uganda 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) gauge Railway Line, originally known as the Uganda Railway despite being wholly in Kenya, then as the Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours followed by a time as the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation before being split into the Kenya Railways Corporation and Uganda Railways Corporation.[56][57] The spirals are at:

This railway has ceased operations and has been superseded by the Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway which has removed the need for spirals by constructing tunnels and bridges.[58][59][60][61]

South Korea

Geumdae 2nd Tunnel in Jungang Line, South Korea

Madagascar

Mexico

Myanmar

Spiral in Thazi – Taunggyi line, Myanmar

New Zealand

Norway

Russia

(Tуапсе) through Gornyy to Belorechensk (Белореченск).

Serbia

Slovakia

South Africa

Spain

Sri Lanka

Switzerland

Toua spiral tunnel on the RhB Albulabahn

Taiwan

Triple spiral loop on the Alishan Forest Railway

Uganda

United Kingdom

The bridge on the spiral loop at Dduallt on the Ffestiniog Railway, Wales.

United States of America

Tehachapi Loop, on the Union Pacific Railroad, California, United States, viewed from the air.
1903 view of Riflesight Notch loop, near Rollins Pass in Colorado

Former spirals in the United States

See also

References

  1. ↑ Christian Wolmar (1 May 2014). The Iron Road: The Illustrated History of Railways. Dorling Kindersley Limited. pp. 170–. ISBN 978-0-241-18186-7.
  2. ↑ S. M. Yameen Nachsch (1972). Railway Engineering. Caravan Book House.
  3. ↑ William W. Hay (16 June 1982). Railroad Engineering. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 231–. ISBN 978-0-471-36400-9.
  4. ↑ Jim Harter (2005). World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8089-6.
  5. ↑ Rankine, William (1883). A Manual of Civil Engineering (17th ed.). Charles Griffin. pp. 651–653.
  6. ↑ International Correspondence Schools (1908). The Transition Spiral, Earthwork, Railroad Location, Trestles, Trackwork, Railroad Buildings and Miscellaneous Structures, Highways, Pavements, City Surveying, City Streets, Construction Drawing. International Textbook Company.
  7. ↑ Coleman O'Flaherty (1997). Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering. Elsevier. pp. 331–. ISBN 978-0-340-66279-3.
  8. 1 2 3 John Brian Hollingsworth (1982). Atlas of the world's railways. Bison.
  9. ↑ Axel Borsdorf; Christoph Stadel (12 March 2015). The Andes: A Geographical Portrait. Springer. pp. 273–. ISBN 978-3-319-03530-7.
  10. ↑ Pons, Mónica. "The Train to the Clouds, Salta". Welcome Argentina. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  11. ↑ The Australian encyclopaedia. Michigan State University Press. 1958.
  12. ↑ "Bethungra Spiral". Heritage Council of New South Wales.
  13. ↑ "Cougal To Border Loop, Railway Spiral and Landscape". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  14. ↑ William Alan Bayley (1973). Standard Gauge Railway Across Australia. Austrail Publications. ISBN 978-0-909597-09-2.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Brendan Fox; et al. (2011). The Thomas Cook Rail Map of Europe (Map) (18th ed.). 1:4000000. Cartography by Mary Spence. Thomas Cook Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84848-356-9.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Ball, Mike (20 March 2017). European Railway Atlas Regional Series, Romania, Bulgaria and Moldova.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ball, Mike (1 May 2016). European Railway Atlas.
  18. 1 2 3 Подробна карта на България (A detailed Map of Bulgaria) (Map). 1:380000. ДатаМап-Европа ООД (DataMap Europe). 2014. ISBN 978-954-519-036-0.
  19. ↑ Jane's World Railways. Sampson Low, Marston; New York: Rand McNally. 1960.
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  26. ↑ Art Downs (1 May 1985). Incredible Rogers Pass. Heritage House Publishing Co. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-919214-08-8.
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  52. ↑ "The route of the former railway Spoleto-Norcia". Bella Umbria. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
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  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shobunsha (2012). All-Japan Road Atlas. ISBN 4-398-60034-5.
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