Security Service of Ukraine

Security Service of Ukraine (SSU)
Служба Безпеки України (СБУ)
Service insignia
Service flag
Agency overview
Formed September 20, 1991
Preceding agency
Jurisdiction  Ukraine
Headquarters 32–35, Volodymyrska street, Kiev, 01034 [1]
Employees 29,000 (November 2017[2](30,000 in February 2014[3])
Agency executive
Parent agency President of Ukraine
Website Official website
Counterintelligence Department Logo
Department "K" (Fights corruption and organized crime)
Badge of the Investigation Administration
Ukraine
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Ukraine

The Security Service of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Служба Безпеки України (СБУ); Sluzhba Bezpeky Ukrayiny) or SBU, is Ukraine's law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism.

Duties and responsibilities

The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.[4]

Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.

Organization

The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000. It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together.[5]

Structure

  • Central Apparatus (consists of some 25 departments)
    • Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction
  • Regional Departments (26 departments)
  • Special Department
  • Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Emergencies, State Border Guard Service, and others.
  • Educational Institutions
    • National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine
    • Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise.
    • Others
  • State Archives of the SBU
  • Special Group "Alpha"

Directors

All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)

Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs

  • Isaak Shvarts, December 3, 1918 – April 2, 1919
  • Martin Latsis, April 2, 1919 – August 16, 1919

Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions and Special Departments

Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee

Central Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions

Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine

All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)

Special Commission of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine

State Political Directorate (GPU)

Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

Ministry of State Security (MGB)

  • Sergei Romanovich Savchenko,[9] 1943–1949
  • Nikolai Kuzmich Kovalchuk, 1949–1952
  • Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin, 1952–1953

Committee for State Security (KDB)

Security Service of Ukraine (SBU)

History

Soviet era

The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918 in Kursk[19] on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' Peasant Government of the Ukrainian SSR and later adopted on May 30, 1919 by the All Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry"[20] (against people who opposed creation of collective farms). On August 19, 1920 the All Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution.[21] On December 10, 1934 the State Political Directorate was liquidated.[19]

1990s to 2005

SSU Headquarters in Kiev

The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel.[22] Many of whom came from the KGB’s 5th directorate.[22]

Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.

According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called prykhvatizatsiya) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.[5]

Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s.[22] Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.[22]

In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Управління державної охорони України), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.

The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.

Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case,[23] the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.

In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).

Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.

2005 to 2010

In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening militsiya with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of The New York Times and has never been supported with documents or legally.

The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones.

An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case.[24] The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.[25]

2010 to 2014

The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kiev Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the German Chancellery vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter, officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of TVi and Channel 5. In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo.[26][27][28] The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:

When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day.[11] Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV.[29] 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.[30]

Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010 it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion.[31] However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation.[32] Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.[33]

On May 22, 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.[34]

The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.[35]

A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.[36]

2014–present

In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.[37]

Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest.[38] According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.[38]

After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed".[39] Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies.[39] Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later.[37] Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine.[37] At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies.[37] In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread”.[39] The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties.[37] To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.[37]

In June 2015, the Kyiv Post reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the March 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea.[40] According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea.[41] According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.[42]

Human rights and freedom of speech violations

According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings, sexual violence, and torture.[43][44]

In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.[45]

In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists.[46]

Service medals

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Official website of the authority. Contact Us". Ьфк2017. Archived from the original on 2017-03-13. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ↑ "У СБУ розповіли, скільки співробітників працює в спецслужбі". glavcom.ua. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  3. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
  4. ↑ "Objectives and Duties of the SSU". Official website of SBU. Archived from the original on 2010-04-18.
  5. 1 2 Kuzio, Taras (2015). "The Security Service (SBU)". Ukraine. Democratization, Corruption and the New Russian Imperialism. p. 467. ISBN 978-1-4408-3502-5.
  6. 1 2 "Mantsev". hrono.ru. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 Chysnikov, Volodymyr. КЕРІВНИКИ ОРГАНІВ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ РАДЯНСЬКОЇ УКРАЇНИ (1918–1953 рр.) [Directors of organs of State Security of the Soviet Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). SBU. Archived from the original on 2017-02-17.
  8. 1 2 "Balitsky's profile" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2012-10-18.
  9. ↑ "People's Committee of State Security". Archived from the original on 2013-07-03.
  10. ↑ "Igor Drizhchany's Complex Inheritance". Archived from the original on 2006-02-15.
  11. 1 2 "Yanukovych dismisses Khoroshkovsky from military service". Kyiv Post. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012.
  12. 1 2 "Yanukovych names new Kalinin as state security chief". Kyiv Post. February 3, 2012. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Yanukovych appoints Rokytsky as acting SBU chief". Kyiv Post. January 19, 2012. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012.
  14. ↑ "President calls on officials for joint work on reform in SBU". Kyiv Post. January 10, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014.
  15. ↑ "Ukrainian parliament appoints Nalyvaichenko as security service chief". Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
  16. ↑ "Ukrainian Security Service Chief Fired". REF/RL. 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  17. ↑ "Rada dismisses SBU chief Nalyvaichenko". UNIAN. 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  18. ↑ Rada appoints Vasyl Hrytsak Ukrainian Security Service chief Archived 2015-07-03 at the Wayback Machine., Inferfax-Ukraine (2 July 2015)
  19. 1 2 "All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission". leksika.com.ua. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  20. ↑ "All Ukrainian Cheka". leksika.com.ua. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  21. ↑ "ЦЕЙ ДЕНЬ В IСТОРIЇ" [This day in history]. Den (in Ukrainian). 19 August 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010.
  22. 1 2 3 4 How Russian Spy Games Are Sabotaging Ukraine’s Intelligence Agency Archived 2017-05-19 at the Wayback Machine., Washington Post (11 March 2015)
  23. ↑ "Gongadze Case Investigation". Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2007-03-12.
  24. ↑ "Amnesty International Report 1997 – Ukraine". 17 July 2009. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012.
  25. ↑ "Ukrainian MPs ask prosecution to probe Security Service head on several claims". Interfax-Ukraine. 26 December 2008. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008.
  26. ↑ Німецька преса - про «ладно зачесаного шефа СБУ» [German press about the Chief of SBU] (in Ukrainian). UNIAN. 20 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 July 2010.
  27. ↑ Schuller, Konrad (19 July 2010). "Original article". FAZ (in German).
  28. ↑ Schuller, Konrad (14 July 2010). "Inszenierung eines Missverständnisses" [A misunderstanding]. FAZ (in German). Archived from the original on 30 December 2014.
  29. ↑ "Khoroshkovsky ready to sell his media business". Kyiv Post. 12 June 2010. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011.
  30. ↑ СБУ віддали Хорошковському [SBU was given to Khoroshkovskiy]. UNIAN (in Ukrainian). 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010.
  31. ↑ "Yanukovych was damned by a blog" (in Russian and Ukrainian). glavred.info. 2 August 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010.
  32. ↑ "Luzhkov again returned to his routine" (in Russian and Ukrainian). glavred.info. 22 July 2010. Archived from the original on 25 July 2010.
  33. ↑ "The Entire Ukraine Is a Brothel". Spiegel Online. 5 May 2011. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011.
  34. ↑ Головний борець із корупцією з СБУ носить годинник дорожчий за його річну зарплату. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 23 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012.
  35. ↑ "Seven spies, 16 special service agents exposed in Ukraine in 2009". Interfax-Ukraine. Kyiv Post. 30 December 2009. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014.
  36. ↑ ТОП-5 арештів і "маски-шоу" 2011 року [The top-5 arrests and mask-shows in 2011]. Ekonomichna Pravda (in Ukrainian). 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miller, Christopher (30 December 2014). "Ukraine's top intelligence agency deeply infiltrated by Russian spies". Mashable. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015.
  38. 1 2 Ukraine: Security services 'infiltrated protest groups' Archived 2016-04-23 at the Wayback Machine., BBC News (28 February 2014)
  39. 1 2 3 Ex-Ukrainian Spy Chief: Russian Camps Spreading Chaos, Voice of America (26 July 2015)
  40. ↑ Sukhov, Oleg (28 June 2015). "Video appears to show top security official supporting Kremlin-backed separatists (VIDEO)". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015.
  41. ↑ (in Ukrainian) After the annexation of Crimea left only 10% of staff SBU Archived 2016-02-09 at the Wayback Machine., Ukrayinska Pravda (8 February 2016)
  42. ↑ (in Ukrainian) After the annexation of Crimea, only 217 SBU officers went to the mainland Archived 2017-11-08 at the Wayback Machine., Ukrayinska Pravda (7 November 2017)
  43. ↑ "Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 May to 15 August 2017" (PDF). www.ohchr.org. United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  44. ↑ "Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in Ukraine 14 March 2014 to 31 January 2017" (PDF). www.ohchr.org. United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  45. ↑ Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch (2016-07-21). "Ukraine: "You don't exist": Arbitrary detentions, enforced disappearances, and torture in Eastern Ukraine". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  46. ↑ "Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 August to 15 November 2017" (PDF). www.ohchr.org. United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  • SBU's official web site (in Ukrainian) (in English)
  • "From the History of Genocide" (in Russian).
  • "Extraordinary Commissions in Podillia" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). NBUV.
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