Taras Shevchenko

Taras Shevchenko
Shevchenko in the mid-1800s [2]
Born Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko[Note a][3]
Тара́с Григо́рович Шевче́нко
Mar 9 [O.S. Feb 25] 1814
Moryntsi, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire
(modern Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine)
Died March 10 [O.S. February 26] 1861 (age 47)
Saint Petersburg
Resting place National Preserve "Taras Hill", Kaniv, Ukraine
Pen name T.Sh., K.Darmohrai, Kobzar Darmohrai, Ruel,[4] Perebendya[5]
Occupation Poet and artist
Citizenship Russian Empire
Alma mater Imperial Academy of Arts, Saint Petersburg
Period 1840–1861[6]
Notable works Kobzar
Signature
Military career
Service/branch Odesa
Years of service 1847–1857
Rank Private
Unit Orsk (1847-1850), Fort - Shevchenko (1850-1857)
Battles/wars 1848 Aral Expedition
1851 Karatau Expedition

Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko[7] (March 9 [O.S. February 25] 1814 – March 10 [O.S. February 26] 1861) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, artist, public and political figure, as well as folklorist and ethnographer. His literary heritage is regarded to be the foundation of modern Ukrainian literature and, to a large extent, the modern Ukrainian language. Shevchenko is also known for many masterpieces as a painter and an illustrator.[8]

He was a member of the Sts Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood and an academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts. In 1847 Shevchenko was politically convicted for writing in the Ukrainian language, promoting the independence of Ukraine and ridiculing the members of the Russian Imperial House.[9]

Life

Parent's hut in Kyrylivka (now village of Shevchenkove, Zvenigorodsky region, Ukraine). Taras Shevchenko, pencil, 09/1843
Illustration from Meni trynadtsyatyy mynalo by Ivan Yizhakevych

Childhood and youth

Taras Shevchenko was born on March 9 [O.S. February 25] 1814[Note b] in the village of Moryntsi, Zvenyhorodka county, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (today Zvenyhorodka Raion, Ukraine). He was the third child after his sister Kateryna[10] and brother Mykyta,[10] in family of serf peasants Hryhoriy Ivanovych Shevchenko (1782? – 1825) and Kateryna Yakymivna Shevchenko (Boiko) (1782? – August 6, 1823), both of whom were owned by landlord Vasily Engelhardt. According to the family legends, Taras's forefathers were Cossacks who served in the Zaporizhian Host and had taken part in the Ukrainian uprisings of the 17th and 18th centuries. Those uprisings were brutally suppressed in Cherkasy, Poltava, Kiev, Bratslav, and Chernihiv disrupting normal social life for many years afterwards. Most of the local population were then enslaved and reduced to poverty.

In 1816 Shevchenko family moved back to the village of Kyrylivka (today Shevchenkove) in Zvenyhorodka county, where Taras' father, Hryhoriy Ivanovych, had been born.[11] Taras spent his childhood years in the village. On May 24 [O.S. May 12] 1816, Taras' sister Yaryna was born,[12] and on February 7 [O.S. January 26] 1819 - Maria.[13] Once, young Taras went looking for "the iron pillars that hold up the sky" and got lost. Chumaks who met the boy took him with him to Kerelivka.[Note c][14][15] On March 20 [O.S. March 8] 1821 Taras' brother Yosyp was born.[16]

In the fall of 1822 Taras started to take some grammar classes at a local precentor (dyak) Sovhyr.[17][18] At that time Shevchenko became familiar with Hryhoriy Skovoroda's works. During 1822-1828 Shevchenko painted horses and soldiers.[19]

On February 10 [O.S. January 29] 1823 his older sister and nanny Kateryna married Anton Krasytskyi, a serf "from Zelena Dibrova". On September 1 [O.S. August 20] 1823 Taras' hard working mother died.[20][21][22] A month later on October 19 [O.S. October 7] 1823 his father married a widow Oksana Tereshchenko, a native of Moryntsi village, who already had three children of her own.[Note d][20][23] She treated her step children and, particularly, little Taras, with great cruelty.[Note e]

On July 4 [O.S. June 22] 1824 Taras's half-sister Maria from the second marriage of Hryhoriy Ivanovych was born.[24] In 1824 Taras, along with his father, became a traveling merchant (chumak) and traveled to Zvenyhorodka, Uman, Yelizavetgrad (today Kropyvnytskyi).[25] At the age of eleven Taras became an orphan when, on April 2 [O.S. March 21] 1825, his father died as a serf in corvée.[22][26][27][28] Soon his stepmother along with her children returned to Moryntsi.

Taras went to work for precentor (dyak) Bohorsky who had just arrived from Kiev in 1824.[29][30] As an apprentice, Taras carried water, heated up a school, served the precentor, read psalms over the dead and continued to study.[17][31] At that time Shevchenko became familiar with some works of Ukrainian literature. Soon, tired of Bohorsky's long term mistreatment, Shevchenko escaped in search of a painting master in the surrounding villages.[31] For several days he worked for deacon Yefrem in Lysianka,[31][32] later in other places around in southern part of Kiev Governorate (villages Stebliv and Tarasivka).[32][33][34] In 1827 Shevchenko was herding community sheep near his village. He then met Oksana Kovalenko, a childhood friend, whom Shevchenko mentions in his works on multiple occasions. He dedicated the introduction of his poem "Mariana, the Nun" to her.[35][36]

As a hireling for the Kyrylivka priest Hryhoriy Koshytsia, Taras was visiting Bohuslav where he drove the priest's son to school, while also taking apples and plums to market. At the same time he was driving to markets in the towns of Burta and Shpola.[37] In 1828 Shevchenko was hired as a serving boy to a lord's court in Vilshana for permission to study with a local artist.[32] When Taras turned 14, Vasily Engelhardt died and the village of Kyrylivka and all its people became a property of his son, Pavlo Engelhardt.[38] Shevchenko was turned into a court servant of his new master at the Vilshana estates. On December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1829 Pavlo Engelgardt caught Shevchenko at night painting a portrait of Cossack Matvii Platov, a hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. He boxed the ears of the boy and ordered him being whipped in the stables with rods.[39][40] During 1829-1833 Taras copied paintings of Suzdal masters.[41]

For almost two and a half years, from fall of 1828 to start of 1831, Shevchenko stayed with his master in Vilno (Vilnius).[32][42] Details of the travel are not well known. Perhaps, there he attended lectures by painting professor Jan Rustem at the University of Vilnius. In the same city Shevchenko could also have witnessed the November Uprising of 1830. From those times Shevchenko's painting "Bust of a Woman"[43] survived. It indicates almost professional handling of the pencil.

After moving from Vilno to Saint Petersburg in 1831, Engelgardt took Shevchenko along with him.[44][45][46] To benefit from the art works (since it was prestigious to have own "chamber artist"), Engelgardt sent Shevchenko to painter Vasiliy Shiriayev for four-year study. From that point and until 1838 Shevchenko lived in the Khrestovskyi building (today Zahorodnii prospekt, 8) where Shiriayev rented an apartment.[40][47] In his free time at night, Shevchenko visited the Summer Garden where he portrayed statues. In Saint Petersburg he also started writing his poems.[40][48][49]

In 1833 Shevchenko painted a portrait of his master Pavlo Engelgardt (National museum of Taras Shechenko).[50]

In his novel "Artist" Shevchenko described that during the pre-academical period he painted such works as "Apollo Belvedere", "Fraklete", "Heraclitus", "Architectural barelief", "Mask of Fortune".[49][51] He participated in painting of the Big Theatre as artist apprentice.[52] He created a composition "Alexander of Macedon shows trust towards his doctor Philip". The drawing was created for a contest of the Imperial Academy of Arts, announced in 1830.[53][54]

Out of Serfdom

Self-portrait, 1840

In Saint Petersburg Shevchenko met Ukrainian artist Ivan Soshenko, who introduced him to other compatriots such as Yevhen Hrebinka and Vasyl Hryhorovych, and to Russian painter Alexey Venetsianov. Through these men Shevchenko also met famous painter and professor Karl Briullov, who donated his portrait of Russian poet Vasily Zhukovsky as a lottery prize. Its proceeds were used to buy Shevchenko's freedom on May 5, 1838.[26]

First successes

Shevchenko was accepted as a student into the Academy of Arts in the workshop of Karl Briullov in the same year. The following year he became a resident student at the Association for the Encouragement of Artists. During annual examinations at the Imperial Academy of Arts, Shevchenko won the Silver Medal for landscape painting. In 1840 he again received the Silver Medal, this time for his first oil painting, The Beggar Boy Giving Bread to a Dog.

Kobzar and Haidamaky, 1844[55]

Shevchenko began writing poetry while still being a serf, and in 1840 his first collection of poetry, Kobzar, was published. According to Ivan Franko, a renowned Ukrainian poet in the generation after Shevchenko, "[Kobzar] was "a new world of poetry. It burst forth like a spring of clear, cold water, and sparkled with a clarity, breadth and elegance of artistic expression not previously known in Ukrainian writing".

In 1841, epic poem Haidamaky was released. In September 1841, Shevchenko was awarded his third Silver Medal for The Gypsy Fortune Teller. Shevchenko also wrote plays. In 1842, he released a part of the tragedy Mykyta Haidai and in 1843 he completed the drama Nazar Stodolia.

While residing in Saint Petersburg, Shevchenko made three trips to Ukraine, in 1843, 1845, and 1846. The difficult conditions Ukrainians had made a profound impact on the poet-painter. Shevchenko visited his siblings, still enserfed, and other relatives. He met with prominent Ukrainian writers and intellectuals Yevhen Hrebinka, Panteleimon Kulish, and Mykhaylo Maksymovych, and was befriended by the princely Repnin family, especially Varvara.

In 1844, distressed by the condition of Ukrainian regions in the Russian Empire, Shevchenko decided to capture some of his homeland's historical ruins and cultural monuments in an album of etchings, which he called Picturesque Ukraine.

Exile

On March 22, 1845, the Council of the Academy of Arts granted Shevchenko the title of a non-classed artist. He again travelled to Ukraine where he met with historian Nikolay Kostomarov and other members of the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, a clandestine society also known as Ukrainian-Slavic society[9] and dedicated to the political liberalization of the Empire and its transformation into a federation-like polity of Slavic nations.[9] Upon the society's suppression by the authorities, Shevchenko's wrote a poem "Dream", that was confiscated from the society's members and became one of the major issues of the scandal.[56]

Shevchenko was arrested along with other members of the society on April 5, 1847.[57] Tsar Nicholas read Shevchenko's poem, "Dream". Vissarion Belinsky wrote in his memoirs that, Nicholas I, knowing Ukrainian very well, laughed and chuckled whilst reading the section about himself, but his mood quickly turned to bitter hatred when he read about his wife. Shevchenko had mocked her frumpy appearance and facial tics, which she had developed fearing the Decembrist Uprising and its plans to kill her family. After reading this section the Tsar indignantly stated "I suppose he had reasons not to be on terms with me, but what has she done to deserve this?"[58][59] In the official report of Orlov Shevchenko was accused in using "Little-Russian language"[9] (archaic Russian name for Ukrainian language) of outrageous content instead of being grateful to be redeemed out of serfdom.[9] In the report Orlov claimed that Shevchenko was expressing a cry over alleged enslavement and disaster of Ukraine, glorified the Hetman Administration (Cossack Hetmanate) and Cossack liberties and "with incredible audacity poured slander and bile on persons of Imperial House".[9]

While under investigation, Shevchenko was imprisoned in Saint Petersburg in casemates of the 3rd Department of Imperial Chancellery on Panteleimonovskaya Street (today Pestelia str., 9). After being convicted, he was exiled as a private to the Russian military garrison in Orenburg[9] at Orsk, near the Ural Mountains. Tsar Nicholas I, confirming his sentence, added to it, "Under the strictest surveillance, without the right to write[9] or paint."

Kornylo Ustyjanovicz. Shevchenko in exile. 1860-s

He was subsequently sent on a forced march from Saint Petersburg to Orenburg where, at the suggestion of fellow serviceman Bronisław Zaleski, General Perovsky assigned him to Karl Ernst von Baer, a Baltic-German naturalist. Von Baer was a rising star in the Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg and was becoming increasingly influential in the exploration of the new Russian territories, specializing in lakes and fisheries. He had been selected to undertake the first scientific expedition of the Aral Sea on the ship "Konstantin", under the command of Lieutenant Butakov. Although officially a common sailor, Shevchenko was tasked to sketch various landscapes around the coast of the Aral Sea, including the local Kazakhs nomads, and was effectively treated as an equal by the other members of the expedition. After 18-month voyage (1848–49) Shevchenko returned with his album of drawings and paintings to General Perovsky at Orenburg, who was impressed with his work and sent a positive report to Saint Petersburg hoping to obtain some amelioration in Shevchenko’s punishment. However Perovsky was reprimanded and Shevchenko’s punishment was increased to imprisonment. He was then sent to one of the worst penal settlements, the remote fortress of Novopetrovsk in the mouth of the Syr Darya, where he spent six terrible years of mental and physical torment.

In 1857 Shevchenko finally returned from exile after receiving amnesty, though he was not permitted to return to St. Petersburg and was ordered to Nizhniy Novgorod. In May 1859, Shevchenko got permission to return to Ukraine. He intended to buy a plot of land close to the village of Pekariv. In July, he was again arrested on a charge of blasphemy, but then released and ordered to return to St. Petersburg. [60]


Death

Shevchenko by Ivan Kramskoi upon his return from exile, 1871

Taras Shevchenko spent the last years of his life working on new poetry, paintings, and engravings, as well as editing his older works, however after difficult years in exile his illnesses took too much. Shevchenko died in Saint Petersburg on March 10, 1861, the day after his 47th birthday.

He was first buried at the Smolensk Cemetery in Saint Petersburg. However, fulfilling Shevchenko's wish, expressed in his poem "Testament" ("Zapovit"), to be buried in Ukraine, his friends arranged the transfer of his remains by train to Moscow and then by horse-drawn wagon to his homeland. Shevchenko was re-buried on May 8 on the Chernecha hora (Monk's Hill; today Taras Hill) near the Dnipro River and Kaniv.[26] A tall mound was erected over his grave, now a memorial part of the Kaniv Museum-Preserve.

Dogged by terrible misfortune in love and life, the poet died seven days before the Emancipation of Serfs was announced. His works and life are revered by Ukrainians throughout the world and his impact on Ukrainian literature is immense.

Family

Grave of Taras Shevchenko, Taras Hill near Kaniv, historical postcard. The cross was dismantled by the Soviets in the 1920s [61]

Shevchenko never married. He had six siblings and at least three step-siblings, of whom only Stepan Tereshchenko (1820?–unknown) is known. Some sources connect him to the Tereshchenko family of Ukrainian industrialists.[60]

  1. Kateryna Hryhorivna Krasytska (Shevchenko) (1806–1850) married Anton Hryhorovych Krasytsky (1794–1848)
    1. Yakym Krasytsky
    2. Maksym Krasytsky (unknown–1910)
    3. Stepan Krasytsky
    4. Fedora Krasytska (1824?–unknown), known painter[60]
  2. Mykyta Hryhorovych Shevchenko (1811–1870?)
    1. Iryna Kovtun (Shevchenko)
    2. Prokop Shevchenko
    3. Petro Shevchenko (1847–1944?)
  3. Maria Hryhorivna Shevchenko (1814?–unknown) (His twin sister)
  4. Yaryna Hryhorivna Boiko (Shevchenko) (1816–1865) married Fedir Kondratievych Boiko (1811–1850)
    1. Maryna Boiko
    2. Ustyna Boiko (1836–unknown)
    3. Illarion Boiko (1840–unknown)
    4. Lohvyn Boiko (1842–unknown)
    5. Ivan Boiko (1845–unknown)
    6. Lavrentiy Boiko (1847–unknown)
  5. Maria Hryhorivna Shevchenko (1819–1846)
  6. Yosyp Hryhorovych Shevchenko (1821–1878) married Matrona Hryhorivna Shevchenko (1820?–unknown), a distant relative[60]
    1. Andriy Shevchenko
    2. Ivan Shevchenko
    3. Trokhym Shevchenko (September 20, 1843–unknown)

Heritage and legacy

Impact

Taras Shevchenko on the current 100 hryvnia banknote

Taras Shevchenko's writings formed the foundation for the modern Ukrainian literature to a degree that he is also considered the founder of the modern written Ukrainian language (although Ivan Kotlyarevsky pioneered the literary work in what was close to the modern Ukrainian in the end of the 18th century.) Shevchenko's poetry contributed greatly to the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness, and his influence on various facets of Ukrainian intellectual, literary, and national life is still felt to this day. Influenced by Romanticism, Shevchenko managed to find his own manner of poetic expression that encompassed themes and ideas germane to Ukraine and his personal vision of its past and future.

In view of his literary importance, the impact of his artistic work is often missed, although his contemporaries valued his artistic work no less, or perhaps even more, than his literary work. A great number of his pictures, drawings and etchings preserved to this day testify to his unique artistic talent. He also experimented with photography and it is little known that Shevchenko may be considered to have pioneered the art of etching in the Russian Empire (in 1860 he was awarded the title of Academician in the Imperial Academy of Arts specifically for his achievements in etching.)[62]

His influence on Ukrainian culture has been so immense, that even during Soviet times, the official position was to downplay strong Ukrainian nationalism expressed in his poetry, suppressing any mention of it, and to put an emphasis on the social and anti-Tsarist aspects of his legacy, the Class struggle within the Russian Empire. Shevchenko, who himself was born a serf and suffered tremendously for his political views in opposition to the established order of the Empire, was presented in the Soviet times as an internationalist who stood up in general for the plight of the poor classes exploited by the reactionary political regime rather than the vocal proponent of the Ukrainian national idea.

This view is significantly revised in modern independent Ukraine, where he is now viewed as almost an iconic figure with unmatched significance for the Ukrainian nation, a view that has been mostly shared all along by the Ukrainian diaspora that has always revered Shevchenko.

He inspired some of the protestors during the Euromaidan.[63]

Contribution to Russian literature

Some of Shevchenko's prose (a novel, diary, plays "Nazar Stodolya" and "Nikita Gayday", many letters), as well as some of his poems were written in Russian, thus, some researchers consider Shevchenko as a notable Russian writer.[64][65]

Monuments and memorials

Taras Shevchenko Memorial in Washington, D.C.
A memorial to Shevchenko in Ashgabat.

There are many monuments to Shevchenko throughout Ukraine, most notably at his memorial in Kaniv and in the center of Kiev, just across from the Kiev University that bears his name. The Kiev Metro station, Tarasa Shevchenka, is also dedicated to Shevchenko. Among other notable monuments to the poet located throughout Ukraine are the ones in Kharkiv (in front of the Shevchenko Park. Kharkiv|Shevchenko Park), Lviv, Luhansk and many others.

After Ukraine gained its independence in the wake of the 1991 Soviet Collapse, some Ukrainian cities replaced their statues of Lenin with statues of Taras Shevchenko[66] and in some locations that lacked streets named to him, local authorities renamed the streets or squares to Shevchenko. There is also a bilingual Taras Sevchenko high school in Sighetu Marmatiei, Romania.

Taras Shevchenko statue in Schpola, Ukraine

Outside of Ukraine and the former USSR, monuments to Shevchenko have been put up in many countries, usually under the initiative of local Ukrainian diasporas. There are several memorial societies and monuments to him throughout Canada and the United States, most notably the monument in Washington, D.C., near Dupont Circle. The granite monument was carved by Vincent Illuzzi of Barre, Vermont. There is also a monument in Soyuzivka in New York State, Tipperary Hill in Syracuse, New York, a park is named after him in Elmira Heights, N.Y. and a street is named after him in New York City's East Village. A section of Connecticut Route 9 that goes through New Britain is also named after Shevchenko. A monument to Shevchenko was put up in Zagreb, Croatia on May 21, 2015.[67]

Monument to Taras Shevchenko in Irpen, Ukraine. The authors are Boris Krylov and Oles Sydoruk.

There is also a statue of Taras Shevchenko in the central park near the St. Krikor Lusavorich Cathedral in Yerevan, Armenia.

Example of poetry: "Testament" (Zapovit)

Shevchenko's "Testament", (Zapovit, 1845), has been translated into more than 150 languages and set to music in the 1870s by H. Hladky. The poem enjoys a status second only to Ukraine’s national anthem.[68]

Заповіт



Як умру, то поховайте

Мене на могилі,

Серед степу широкого,

На Вкраїні милій,

Щоб лани широкополі,

І Дніпро, і кручі

Було видно, було чути,

Як реве ревучий.



Як понесе з України

У синєє море

Кров ворожу... отоді я

І лани, і гори —

Все покину і полину

До самого Бога

Молитися... а до того

Я не знаю Бога.



Поховайте та вставайте,

Кайдани порвіте

І вражою злою кров'ю

Волю окропіте.

І мене в сiм'ї великій,

В сiм'ї вольній, новій,

Не забудьте пом'янути

Незлим тихим словом.

Testament



When I am dead, bury me

In my beloved Ukraine,

My tomb upon a grave mound high

Amid the spreading plain,

So that the fields, the boundless steppes,

The Dnieper's plunging shore

My eyes could see, my ears could hear

The mighty river roar.



When from Ukraine the Dnieper bears

Into the deep blue sea

The blood of foes ... then will I leave

These hills and fertile fields --

I'll leave them all and fly away

To the abode of God,

And then I'll pray .... But until that day

I know nothing of God.



Oh bury me, then rise ye up

And break your heavy chains

And water with the tyrants' blood

The freedom you have gained.

And in the great new family,

The family of the free,

With softly spoken, kindly word

Remember also me.

—Taras Shevchenko,
25 December 1845, Pereiaslav		 —Translated by John Weir,[69] Toronto, 1961

Artwork

835 works survived into modern times in original form and partly in prints engraved on metal and wood by Russian and other foreign engravers, while some works survived as copies done by painters while Shevchenko still lived. There is data on over 270 more works which were lost and have not been found yet. Painted and engraved works at the time of completion are dated 1830-1861 and are territorially related to Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan. The genres are - portraits, compositions on mythological, historical and household themes, architectural landscapes and scenery. The techniques used for that were oil painting on canvas, watercolor, sepia, inking, lead pencil, as well as etching on separate sheets of white, colored and tinted paper of different sizes and in five albums. A significant part of Shevchenko's artistic heritage consists of completed paintings, however there are also sketches, etudes and outlines which are no less valuable for understanding Shevchenko's methods and artistic path. Of all Shevchenko's paintings only a small part has any authorial signatures or inscriptions and even smaller part has dates.

See also

Footnotes

a.^ At the time of birth of Taras Shevchenko metrical books in village Moryntsi were carried out in Russian language (official language of the Russian Empire) and he was recorded as Taras ("To the resident of village Morinets Grigori Shevchenko and his wife Katherine was born a son Taras"[70]). At that time serfs' patronymic names were not identified in documents (for example, see text of a "free-to-go" document from April 22, 1838: «eternally let go my serf person Taras Grigoriev, the son of Shevchenko, whom I inherited after my past parent real privy councilor Vasiliy Vasilievich Engelgardt»). During Shevchenko's lifetime in Ukrainian texts were used two variants: «Taras Grigorievich» (see the letter of Hryhory Kvitka-Osnovyanenko from October 23, 1840: «my lovely lord, Taras Grigorievich»)[71] and «Taras Hryhorovych» (the letter of same author from April 29, 1842: «My dear and noble master Taras Hryhorovych»).[71] In Russian it is accepted to write «Тарас Григорьевич Шевченко»,[72] in Ukrainian — «Тарас Григорович Шевченко»,[73] in other languages - transliterating from the Ukrainian name, for example «Taras Hryhorovich Shevchenko".[74]
b.^ Note #10 in metric book of Moryntsi for 1814 (preserved in the Shevchenko National Museum in Kiev):[75] «The year of one thousand eight hundred fourteen February of twenty five to the resident of village Morinets Grigori Shevchenko and his wife Catherine was born a son Taras...»
c.^ This episode is described in the Taras Shevchenko's novel "Princess". It is also retold by Oleksandr Konysky in his book "Taras Shevchenko-Hrushivsky" claiming that the first who told the story of "iron pillars" was Oleksandr Lazarevsky.
d.^ Metric book of village Moryntsi for 1823, note #16. Preserved at the Shevchenko National Museum in Kiev.
e.^ see article on Oksana Antonivna Tereshchenko in the Shevchenko dictionary.[10]

Further reading

  • Magazine Osnova, 1862.
  • Cherkasy Regional Archives.
  • Magazine Kyivan Past, 1882.
  • Magazine "Odesa Herald", 1892.
  • Central State Historic Archives of the Ukrainian SSR. Kyiv.
  • Shevchenko, T. Documents and materials. Kyiv: Derzhpolitvydav URSR, 1963.
  • Shevchenko, T. Complete collection of works in ten volumes. Kyiv: Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, 1951-1964.
  • Victor Pogadaev. Taras Shevchenko: Jubli ke-200. - in: Pentas, Jil. 9, Bil. 1 - Mac 2014. Kuala Lumpur: Istana Budaya, 45-49 (in Malay)
  • Shevchenko, T. Kobzar (The Complete English Edition with Illustrations). London: Glagoslav Publications, 2013. ISBN 9781909156548, ISBN 9781782670575
  • Zinaida Tulub. The Exile (Biographical fiction about Taras Shevchenko). London: Glagoslav Publications, 2015. ISBN 9781784379612

Tributes

References

  1. ↑ "Shevchenko's portrait. Government of Ukraine". Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  2. ↑ "Shevchenko's portrait. Government of Ukraine". Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  3. ↑ National Museum of Taras Shevchenko. Virtual Archives. Metric book
  4. ↑ Dei, O.I. Dictionary of Ukrainian Pseudonyms and Cryptonyms (16th-20th Centuries). Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1969
  5. ↑ Shevchenko, T. To Osnovianenko. Collection of works: in 6 volumes. Kiev: Izbornik, 2003. Vol.1: Poetry 1837-1847. 119-121, 623-628. Print.
  6. ↑ "Encyclopædia Britannica. Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko (protected). UKRAINIAN POET". 20 July 1998.
  7. ↑ Ukrainian: Тара́с Григо́рович Шевче́нко, pronounced [tɐˈrɑs ɦreˈɦɔroβetʃ ʃeu̯ˈtʃɛnko]; Russian: Тара́с Григо́рьевич Шевче́нко
  8. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko. M. Antokhii, D. Darewych, M. R. Stech, D. H. Struk". 2004.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Витяг зі справи М. І. Гулака - № 69. Доповідь О. Ф. Орлова Миколі I про діяльність Кирило-Мефодіївського Товариства і пропозиції щодо покарання його членів [Excerpt from the file of M. I. Gulak - No.69. Report by A. F. Orlov to Nicholas I on the activities of Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood and suggestions for the punishment of its members] (in Russian). Litopys. 26 May 1847. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  10. 1 2 3 Shevchenko Dictionary in two volumes. Shevchenko Institute of Literature (Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR). Kiev: Main Edition of the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia, 1976-1978.
  11. ↑ Documents and materials, 4
  12. ↑ Archives, fund 127, case 1407, part 3
  13. ↑ Archives, fund 127, case 1454, sheet 87
  14. ↑ Osnova, 1862. Vol.3. 4-5
  15. ↑ Works. Vol.3. 167-168
  16. ↑ Archives, fund 127, case 1485, sheet 94
  17. 1 2 Works in 10 volumes. Vol.3. 169-170
  18. ↑ "Odesa Herald", 1892. #226
  19. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.7. Book 2. 347
  20. 1 2 "Osnova" 1862. Book 3. 5
  21. ↑ Archives, fund 127, descr. 1012, case 1511, sheet 95
  22. 1 2 Works in 10 volumes. Vol.2. 229
  23. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.3. 170
  24. ↑ Archives, fund 127, descr. 1012, case 1526
  25. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.3. 129
  26. 1 2 3 "Shevchenko, Taras". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  27. ↑ "Osnova" 1862. Book 3. 6
  28. ↑ Archives, fund 127, descr. 1013, case 164, sheet 798
  29. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.2. 106
  30. ↑ "Kievan Past", 1882. Book 9. 562
  31. 1 2 3 Works in 10 volumes. Vol.5. 225
  32. 1 2 3 4 "Osnova" 1862. Book 3. 10
  33. ↑ "Osnova" 1862. Book 5. 50
  34. ↑ Works. Vol.5. 225
  35. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.1. 355
  36. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.5. 187-188
  37. ↑ "Kievan Past", 1882. Book 9. 563
  38. ↑ Cherkasy Archives. fund 661. case 120. sheet 3-4
  39. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.7. Book 2. 349
  40. 1 2 3 Works in 10 volumes. Vol.5. 188
  41. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.7. Book 2. 348
  42. ↑ Works. Vol.5. 188
  43. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.7. Book 1. 1
  44. ↑ Chalyi, M. Life and works of T.Shevchenko. 22
  45. ↑ Zhur, P. Shevchenkovite Petersburg. 30
  46. ↑ Saint Petersburg Herald. February 9, 1831
  47. ↑ Zhur, P. Shevchenkovite Petersburg. 47
  48. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.1. 3-8
  49. 1 2 Works in 10 volumes. Vol.7. Book 2. 350, 353
  50. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.7. Book 1. 2
  51. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.4. 121-122
  52. ↑ Burachek, M. Great national artist. Kharkiv: "Mystetsvo", 1939. page 13.
  53. ↑ "Collection of materials for the history of Imperial St Petersburg Academy of Arts for hundred years of its existence". Vol.2. Saint Petersburg, 1865. page 251
  54. ↑ Works in 10 volumes. Vol.2. Book 1. 6
  55. ↑ Yasinsky, Bohdan; Pashkova, Valentyna (1998). "Taras Shevchenko in the Library of Congress: A Bibliography".
  56. ↑ Сон [The Dream] (in Ukrainian). Litopys. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015.
  57. ↑ "Taras Shevchenko Encyclopedia of World Biography COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc". 2004.
  58. ↑ Belinsky, Vissarion (December 1847). Письмо В. Г. Белинского к П. В. Анненкову [Letter from V. G. Belinsky to P. V. Annenkov] (in Russian). Litopys. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  59. ↑ Karevin, Aleksandr (6 August 2012). Мифы Украины: украинский "соловей" [The myths of Ukraine: the Ukrainian "nightingale"] (in Russian). RusskoeDvizhenie.rf. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  60. 1 2 3 4 Тарас Григорович Шевченко нар. 9 березня 1814 пом. 10 березня 1861
  61. ↑ Андрій Тіток (6 December 2014), Остання путь Кобзаря: як Чернігівщина прощалася з Тарасом Шевченком. SVOBODA.FM.
  62. ↑ Utevskaya, Paola; Dmitriy Gorbachev (August 1997). 'Он мог бы понять самого Пикассо' ['He could have understood Picasso himself']. Zerkalo Nedeli (in Russian). zerkalo-nedeli.com. 30 (147). Archived from the original on 18 January 2005.
  63. ↑ Ayres, Sabra (March 9, 2014). "In divided Ukraine, inspiration from a poet of the underdog". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  64. ↑ Uzhankov, Alexander (11 February 2009). "Шевченко – русский писатель?". Stoletije.
  65. ↑ Kosmeda, T.A. (2007). "Дневник Т.Г. Шевченко - отражатель его русскоязычного сознания" (PDF). Ученые записки Таврического национального университета имени В.И.Вернадского. 20 (59).
  66. ↑ Wanner, Catherine (1998). Burden of Dreams: History and Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine. Penn State Press.
  67. ↑ "A monument to Taras Shevchenko uncovered in Zagreb on May 21st", HKV
  68. ↑ "President puts flowers to Taras Shevchenko's monument", UKEMONDE.COM
  69. ↑ "Testament. Taras Shevchenko's poems in English". dinternal.com.ua. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  70. ↑ Taras Shevchenko: Documents and materials to biography. 1814-1861. Ed. Ye.Kyryliuk. Kiev, 1982. 6-45. Print.
  71. 1 2 Letters to Taras Shevchenko. Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1993.
  72. ↑ "Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. "Soviet Encyclopedia". 1969-1978". Archived from the original on 2009-01-31. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  73. ↑ Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine, Kiev Archived 2013-01-21 at the Wayback Machine.
  74. ↑ Museum — Taras Shevchenko Museum — the only Shevchenko Museum in the Americas
  75. ↑ Documents and materials, 3

Monuments

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