Physical comparison of tigers and lions

Photograph in the Missouri History Museum showing two lions and a tiger at Hagenbeck's animal attraction on the Pike at the 1904 World's Fair

When discussing fights between lions and tigers, a physical comparison of them is often made. Generally, in terms of dimensions of the body and weight, the modern tiger[1] and lion[2] are the two largest species of the genus Panthera and the cat family. Variations in opinions and measurements exist for them, especially across different populations or subspecies.[3][4] Apart from that, similarities and differences exist for other characteristics, such as the lengths of their skulls.[5] As for their prehistoric relatives, such as the Ngandong tiger[6] and American lion,[7][8] they were considered to have been rather large, but measurements, estimates or opinions for their weights or sizes differ.

Weight

Comparative profiles of the lion and tiger (assuming similar sizes)[3]

The tiger is normally viewed as being bigger than the lion.[1][5] However, there are firstly conflicting or different opinions or measurements on the weights or sizes of different populations or subspecies[9] lions and tigers,[6][10] such as whether or not:

It is hard to obtain reliable measurements for wild specimens,[27] and as a consequence, it is not always clear which populations or subspecies of tigers were bigger than those of lions, or vice versa.[9][1][3] In addition, putting together the recorded weights of different populations or subspecies of lions and tigers, it appears that on average in the wilderness, the tiger is not heavier than the lion. Therefore, if the former species is heavier than the latter species, then it would be due to the weights of individuals being higher in the former than in the latter.[28][6]

Vratislav Mazák (1981) said that the Bengal, Caspian and Siberian tigers ranked as the biggest felids in modern times,[1] therefore the largest of the genus Panthera.[29] The Caspian tiger was considered by Humphreys and Karhom (1999) to have been generally larger than its Indian relative, and almost like its Siberian relative, based on an analysis of skins and photographs.[12] The Siberian tiger was thought of as being the largest tiger[30][31] and felid in present times,[25][1][29] and Heptner and Sludskii mentioned recorded weights of up to 400 kilograms (880 lb) (Baikov, 1927). However, they also mentioned the possibility of exaggeration in these figures,[5] and not all measurements suggest that Caspian or Siberian tigers are the biggest tigers and felids, such as those on average weights of wild Bengal and Siberian tigers,[14][13][32] and Southern African lions in Kruger National Park, South Africa,[25][10][33] though it should be noted that even within recognized subspecies of lions[33][34] and tigers,[14] there can be significant differences in average weight, depending on the population or subpopulation. In addition, according to a number of other sources,[35][36][37][38][39] ligers can weigh well over 300 kg (660 pounds), and outsize tigers.

Weights of males
LionTiger
A couple of East African lions in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
A couple of captive Bengal tigers

Barring the Atlas lion and 'black-maned' Cape lion,[40][41][42] male African lions weighed[5][2] 150–226 or 249.5 kg (331–498 or 550 pounds), with some having exceeded 249.5 kg (550 lb) in the wilderness:[10][33][43]

  • The average weight of males was reportedly 175 kilograms (385.8 lb) for the Gir lion, 174.9 kilograms (385.6 lb) for the East African lion, and 187.5–193.3 kilograms (413.4–426.2 lb) for the Southern African lion (using samples from the Kalahari, Kruger Park and Zimbabwe). The weight of 187.5 kilograms (413.4 lb) measured for the Kruger lion excluded any content in the stomach,[33] and a lion may eat up to 30 kg (66 lb) in one sitting.[26] The biggest Kruger lion weighed 225 kilograms (496.0 lb).[44] Aside from lions in the Kalahari, Kruger Park and Zimbabwe, those in Botswana's Okavango Delta (whose unusual lifestyle involves hunting large prey[34] such as elephants),[45] Angola and Zambia were deemed to be large.[46] That said, on average in the wilderness, the Southern African lion appears to be the heaviest of living lions.[33][47]
  • Cape lions were considered to have been bigger than Sudan lions,[48] other Sub-Saharan African lions,[17][40] and Asiatic lions.[49] Lions approaching 272 kg (600 pounds) in weight were reportedly shot south of the Vaal River (Pease, 1913, page 91).[18]

Many people[50] considered the North African lion to have been the largest, most powerful lion and African felid.[17][51][52] It is difficult to know their exact weights, but Yamaguchi and Haddane (2002), using a small sample size available for study, estimated a range of 230–270 kg (510–600 pounds) for males,[52] and Beinglion.com[51] considered their range to be about 181.4–272 kg (400–600 pounds). According to some people, lions exceeding 272 kg (600 pounds) in weight were killed in Algeria (Pease, 1913, pages 91 – 92;[18] Bryden, 1899, pages 567 – 568).[53] Atlas was described by Gettysburg Compiler (1899) as being "much superior to the black-maned lions of South Africa in bulk and bravery."[17] The exceptional weights of some Barbary lions may have been due to them having fat bellies, at least after consuming prey, or a muscular build, in terms of chest-girth and the thickness of their thighs, for example.[51][17][18] According to Leyhausen (1975), with whom Hemmer visited purported Atlas lions in Morocco's Rabat Zoo in 1974, the North African lion's physique did include a deep chest.[25] However, Bryden (1899, page 567 – 568)[53] believed that on average, Atlas lions were not larger than other lions, barring huge specimens, and not all sources support the notion of Atlas lions being the largest of lions:[2][16][10]

  • The Cape lion's physique, which is seen in certain captive lions today, also reportedly included muscular limbs,[54] and an emasculated lion in Surrey Zoological Gardens, brought from Kaffraria, was described by Jardine (1834) as being "much larger than either the Barbary or Persian lion."[16] In spite of issues with Guinness World Records, at least on lions,[3][11] in 1936, a Transvaal lion, which was shot outside Hectorspruit in South Africa, and weighed 313 kg (690 lb), was accepted by Guinness[10][31] and Brakefield (1993)[30] to have been the heaviest lion in the African wilderness, if not the biggest in terms of dimensions of the body.
  • A number of large lions were reported in East Africa, including Kenya, the Sudan[lower-alpha 4] and Uganda.[46] The University Press of Africa had a report in 1963 about two Tanzanian lions weighing 700 lb (320 kg) and 800 lb (360 kg) respectively, after killing several livestock at the village of Issuna.[58] A male slaughtered near Mount Kenya in 1993 weighed 272 kg (600 pounds), according to Nowell and Jackson (1996).[25] Though Haas et al. quoted Antón and Tuner as saying that Southern African lions were on average heavier than East African lions,[47] this was the highest weight for lions that they had mentioned, being even higher than the record of 225 kg (496 pounds) for the Kruger lion in Southern Africa.[44]

As for captive African lions, there are accounts about some in the United States of America weighing 1,000 lb (450 kg).[59][60]

Male Indian lions in the Gir Forest weighed 160–190 kg (350–420 pounds) (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).[2] There are accounts of exceptionally big Asiatic lions in both Gujarat[21][20] and former parts of their once great range,[25][26] such as an "unusually large" Persian individual that was melanistic, and was killed in Khuzistan in 1841,[23] though the genuinity of there being a melanistic lion in the wilderness was questioned by Sudipta Mitra (2005).[61]

The average weight of males was reportedly 176.4 kilograms (388.9 lb) for the Siberian tiger, and 196 kilograms (432.1 lb) for the Bengal tiger.[14][13] The weight of 221 kilograms (487 lb) measured for the Bengal tiger in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, excluded any content in the stomach.[32] That said, on average in the wilderness, the Bengal tiger appears to be the heaviest of living tigers,[13] though it should be noted that tigers in Bengali Sundarbans can be much smaller than other Bengal tigers. The calculated average for male Sundarbans tigers was only 126 kilograms (278 lb). These tigers were deemed to have been 'frail', and without them, the average for the Bengal tiger would have been calculated as 208 kilograms (459 lb).[14]

  • Mazák said that male Bengal tigers weighed 180–258 kg (397–569 pounds).[1] The heaviest wild tiger on record was a northern Indian individual, which was slain by David Hassinger in 1967, and weighed 388.7 kg (857 lb) after eating a buffalo calf, without which it would have likely weighed at least 324 kilograms (714 lb).[10][62] This record was disputed by Brakefield (1993)[30] and Nyhus and Tilson (2010).[6]
  • According to Brakefield,[30] the Caspian tiger was similar in size to its Bengal relative. Males weighed 170–240 kg (370–530 pounds), according to Mazák,[1] and the maximum known weight was greater than 240 kg (530 pounds), according to Heptner and Sludskii. A tiger which was killed in Prishibinske at the end of February 1899, and had a body length of about 2.70 metres (8.9 feet) (skin just removed), was described by K. A. Satunin (1905) as being "a tiger of immense proportions," appearing to him to have been "no smaller than the common Tuzemna horse."[5]
  • Amur tigers weighed 180–306 kg (397–675 pounds). The largest individual in the wilderness was a Manchurian which was killed in 1943, and was believed by Jankovskij not to weigh less than about 300 kg (660 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[1] An unconfirmed report tells of a male tiger which was shot in the Sikhote-Alin Mountain Range in 1950, and weighed 384 kg (847 lb).[10] In the past, wild Siberian tigers had been bigger and lived longer, according to Hepter and Sludskii.[5] The largest captive tiger, which was named 'Jaipur', weighed 465 kg (1,025 lb).[10][38]
  • Male Indochinese tigers weighed 150–195 kg (331–430 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[1] The largest wild individual was possibly a man-eater from the vicinity of Saigon, which was shot in 1934 by an American sportsman called "Henry Clay Foster," with the aid of Albert Plas, and weighed 500 lb (230 kilograms).[63]
  • Male Sumatran tigers weighed 100–140 kg (220–310 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[1] In 1999, it was reported that there was a captive male at the National Zoological Park in Washington D.C. called 'Rokan', which weighed 338 lb (153 kg).[64]
  • Male South Chinese tigers weighed 130–175 kg (287–386 pounds), Javan tigers weighed 100–141 kg (220–311 pounds), and Bali tigers weighed 90–100 kg (200–220 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[1]
Weights of females
LionTiger
A Southern African lioness with a cub near Otjiwarongo, Namibia
A Siberian tigress with a cub
  • African lionesses weighed 120–182 kg (265–401 pounds) (Nowak and Paradiso, 1983), and Gir lionesses weighed 110–120 kg (240–260 pounds) (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).[2]
  • As for Barbary lionesses, Yamaguchi and Haddane (2002), using a small sample size available for study, estimated a range of 140–190 kg (310–420 pounds),[52] and Beinglion.com estimated a range of 90.7–181.4 kg (200–400 pounds).[51]
  • Bengal tigresses[32] weighed 100–177 kg (220–390 pounds). The upper limit of 177 kilograms (390 lb) was for a tigress in India's Nagarhole National Park (Karanth, 1993).[14]
  • Siberian tigresses weighed 100–167 kg (220–368 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[1] Notwithstanding issues with measurements, a tigress which was killed in December 1927, near Madaoshi Station on the Chinese Eastern Railway, weighed 200 kg (440 pounds), according to Baikov (1928).[5]
  • Caspian tigresses weighed 85–135 kg (187–298 pounds), Indochinese tigresses weighed 100–130 kg (220–290 pounds), South Chinese tigresses weighed 100–115 kg (220–254 pounds), Javan tigresses weighed 75–115 kg (165–254 pounds), Sumatran tigresses weighed 75–110 kg (165–243 pounds), and Bali tigresses weighed 65–80 kg (143–176 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[1]

Length

Males
LionTiger
Colonel Patterson with the mounted body of one of the two man-eating East African lions of Tsavo in Kenya, 1898
Jim Corbett with the body of a huge Bengal tiger from Powalgarh in India, 1930
  • Male African lions measured 1.70–2.50 metres (5.6–8.2 feet) (Nowak and Paradiso, 1983).[2] Mitra gave head-and-body lengths of 2.60–3.30 metres (8.5–10.8 feet), with tail-lengths of 0.60–1.00 m (1.97–3.28 ft).[61]
  • The longest African lion in the wilderness apparently was a Southern African lion that was shot near Mucusso in Angola, during October 1973, and measured 338.28 cm (11.098 ft) between the pegs,[46] and nearly 360 cm (11.8 ft), in total. Though Brakefield agreed with Guinness[10][31] on the weight of the Transvaal lion, they did not agree about the Angolan lion being this long,[30] and according to Peter Hathaway Capstick (1984), the length between the pegs was not independently verifiable.[46] Two lions killed by F. C. Selous in Mashonaland respectively measured 9 ft 11 in (302 centimetres) and 9 ft 1 in (277 centimetres), at extreme length in a straight line, before skinning, and 11 ft 9 in (358 centimetres) and 11 ft (340 centimetres), after skinning.[53]
  • Apart from that, an East African lion in Kenya was reported to have measured 3.33 m (10.9 ft).[65]
  • For two Gir lions, Colonel Fenton and Count Scheibler gave head-and-body measurements of 6 ft 6 in (198 cm) each, with tail-lengths of 2 ft 11 in (89 cm) and 2 ft 7 in (79 cm), and total lengths of 9 ft 5 in (287 cm) and 9 ft 3 in (282 cm), respectively, making them similar to Central African lions, according to Pocock.[4] Mitra gave head-and-body lengths of 1.75–2.50 metres (5.7–8.2 feet), with tail-lengths of 0.70–1.50 m (2.3–4.9 ft).[61] A record for the length of the Indian lion, including the tail, was 2.92 m (9.6 ft) (Sinha, 1987).[25]
  • Between the pegs, male Amur tigers measured 2.70–3.30 metres (8.9–10.8 feet) (Mazák, 1981), and the largest one reportedly measured about 350 cm (140 in) "over the curves," or 330 cm (130 in) "between the pegs."[1][11]
  • Bengal tigers measured 2.70–3.10 metres (8.9–10.2 feet) (Mazák, 1981), and Hassinger's tiger reportedly measured 322 cm (127 in) between the pegs, and 338 cm (133 in) over the curves.[10] Though Brakefield acknowledged the latter tiger's weight, he did not acknowledge its length to be reliable.[30]
  • Caspian tigers measured 2.70–2.95 metres (8.9–9.7 feet), Indochinese tigers measured 2.55–2.85 metres (8.4–9.4 feet), South Chinese tigers measured 2.30–2.65 metres (7.5–8.7 feet), Sumatran tigers measured 2.20–2.55 metres (7.2–8.4 feet), Javan tigers measured about 2.48 m (8.1 ft), and Bali tigers measured 2.20–2.30 metres (7.2–7.5 feet) (Mazák, 1981).[1]
  • There were rather extraordinary measurements for tigers, such as lengths of over 12 ft (370 cm) for 2 Bengal tigers shot in Kumaon and near Oude at the end of the 19th century,[66] a total length of 360 cm (11.8 feet) for the Caspian tiger of Prishibinske, and a total length of slightly under 420 cm (13.8 feet) for a large Siberian tiger (Mazák and Volf, 1967, from Barclay, 1915), but there were issues, like that skin had been removed.[5] Skin that is removed from flesh can be stretched to give exaggerated measurements (as demonstrated for the lions in the other column).[53] Apart from that, the Indochinese tiger that was killed by Foster was said to have measured 11.5 ft (350 centimetres).[63]
Females
LionTiger
  • African lionesses measured 1.40–1.75 metres (4.6–5.7 feet) (Nowak and Paradiso, 1983).[2] Mitra gave head-and-body lengths of 2.40–2.70 metres (7.9–8.9 feet), with tail-lengths of 0.60–1.00 m (1.97–3.28 ft).[61]
  • Asiatic lionesses measured 1.40–1.80 metres (4.6–5.9 feet), with tail-lengths of 0.70–1.50 m (2.3–4.9 ft).[61]

Between the pegs, Siberian tigresses measured 2.40–2.75 metres (7.9–9.0 feet), Bengal tigresses measured 2.40–2.65 metres (7.9–8.7 feet), Caspian tigresses measured 2.40–2.60 metres (7.9–8.5 feet), Indochinese tigresses measured 2.30–2.55 metres (7.5–8.4 feet), South Chinese tigresses measured 2.20–2.40 metres (7.2–7.9 feet), Sumatran tigresses measured 2.15–2.30 metres (7.1–7.5 feet), and Bali tigresses measured 1.90–2.10 metres (6.2–6.9 feet) (Mazák, 1981).[1]

Height at the shoulder

Lions have proportionately longer forelimbs than tigers. The lion's forelimb had a mean of 90% of the length of its hindlimb, whereas that tiger's forelimb had a mean of 86.5%.[6] From recorded measurements, it would appear that the Bengal[17] and Manchurian tigers,[10] and lion[67][68][61] are the tallest at the shoulder among living felids, apart from hybrids:[35][36][37][38][39]

LionTiger
A Southern African lion walking in a swamp in the Okavango Delta of Botswana. Note that the body is taller at the front, before the head, than at the back, and that the physique of the Okavango lion is related to its lifestyle, which involves walking though water quite often.[34]
A Bengal tiger with a protruding shoulder at Bandhavgarh National Park, India
  • Male Indian lions measured 107–120 centimetres (3.51–3.94 feet). Females measured 80–107 centimetres (2.62–3.51 feet).[61][66]
  • According to Leyhausen (1975), the Barbary lion had short limbs,[25] and males are believed to have measured 2 feet 7 inches (79 centimetres) to 3 feet 3 inches (99 centimetres), which would have made them 3–11 inches (7.6–27.9 centimetres) shorter than other African lions.[51][18][16]
  • Kalahari lions were taller than lions in mesic habitats, according to Roderigues (1997).[69]
  • Bengal tigers generally measured 90 to 110 centimetres (3.0 to 3.6 feet) (Riney, 1982).[70][11] The Shimlan tiger was said to have measured over 4 feet (120 centimetres).[17]

Skull

Lions' skulls rival those of tigers in size[1] or length (Pease, 1913, page 101),[18] with the largest known skulls of tigers being slightly smaller than the largest known skulls of lions. Apart from size, the skulls are generally similar, with some differences in structural features of the lower jaw, relative length of the nose,[5] and the frontal regions.[4] In fact, the skulls of lions, especially from Asia, were so similar to those of tigers that Heptner and Sludskii[5] argued the novel opinion that the lion was closer to the tiger than to other animals like the leopard and jaguar.[71]

Lengths or widths of skulls or their constituent parts
LionTiger
  • Skulls of males measured 321.0–401.0 mm (12.64–15.79 in) at maximum, 309.0–348.0 mm (12.17–13.70 in) in condylobasal length, and 222.0–256.0 mm (8.74–10.08 in) in zygomatic width. Skulls of lionesses measured 292.0–333.0 mm (11.50–13.11 in), 263.0–291.0 mm (10.35–11.46 in) in condylobasal length, and 188.0–212.0 mm (7.40–8.35 in) in zygomatic width (Roberts, 1959). The record total length was 419.0 mm (16.50 in) (Best et al., 1962).[5]
  • The mean greatest lengths of skulls were 357.2 ± 1.37 mm (14.063 ± 0.054 in) and 295.2 ± 0.92 mm (11.622 ± 0.036 in) for wild adult males (n = 134) and females (n = 129), and 364.4 ± 6.02 mm (14.346 ± 0.237 in) and 295.2 ± 3.61 mm (11.622 ± 0.142 in) for captive adult males (n = 24) and females (n = 11), giving overall mean lengths of 358.6 ± 1.41 mm (14.118 ± 0.056 in) and 295.5 ± 0.88 mm (11.634 ± 0.035 in) for adult males (n = 168) and females (n = 143), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 33) and females (n = 16) were 329.4 ± 3.23 mm (12.969 ± 0.127 in) and 283.5 ± 3.85 mm (11.161 ± 0.152 in) respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 327.5 ± 1.67 mm (12.894 ± 0.066 in) for the species.[28]
  • Skulls of Atlas lions varied from 30.85–37.23 cm (12.15–14.66 in).[72][73][74]
  • According to Edmund Heller (1914), skulls of Cape lions were at least 1.0 in (25 mm) longer than those of equatorial lions, on average. At the same time however, they tended to be narrower than skulls of Abyssinian, Sudanese and West African lions.[48] The mean greatest lengths of skulls of male and female Kruger lions respectively were 380 ± 3.9 cm (149.6 ± 1.5 in) (n = 15) and 314 ± 3.2 cm (123.6 ± 1.3 in) (n = 14).[6]
  • Skulls of male Asiatic lions measured 330.0–340.0 mm (12.99–13.39 in), and those of Asiatic lionesses measured 292.0–302.0 mm (11.50–11.89 in).[4]
  • The mean greatest lengths of skulls were 335.4 ± 2.26 mm (13.205 ± 0.089 in) and 282.9 ± 1.86 mm (11.138 ± 0.073 in) for wild adult males (n = 81) and females (n = 61), and 325.9 ± 4.83 mm (12.831 ± 0.190 in) and 281.5 ± 3.56 mm (11.083 ± 0.140 in) for captive adult males (n = 17) and females (n = 16), giving overall mean lengths of 333.3 ± 1.99 mm (13.122 ± 0.078 in) and 283.6 ± 1.47 mm (11.165 ± 0.058 in) for adult males (n = 103) and females (n = 90), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 23) and females (n = 9) were 313.3 ± 3.88 mm (12.335 ± 0.153 in) and 275.9 ± 4.29 mm (10.862 ± 0.169 in) respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 309.1 ± 2.12 mm (12.169 ± 0.083 in) for the species.[28]
  • Skulls of male and female Bengal tigers from India and Nepal respectively measured 351 ± 2.5 mm (13.819 ± 0.098 in) (n = 37) and 293 ± 2.4 mm (11.535 ± 0.094 in) (n = 23) at maximum.[6] Towards the end of January in 1927, Sir John Prescott Hewett (Page 180) shot a large tiger in the area of Nagina in northern India. Its skull was measured to have an "over the bone" length of 16.25 in (413 mm), breadth of 9.875 in (250.8 mm) across the zygomatic arches, and 'cleaned' weight of 4 lb 14 oz (2.2 kg).[75]
  • Skulls of male Amur tigers usually measured 331.0–383.0 mm (13.03–15.08 in) at maximum, 291.0–342.0 mm (11.46–13.46 in) in condylobasal length, and 220.0–268.0 mm (8.66–10.55 in) in zygomatic width. Skulls of Amur tigresses measured 279.7–310.2 mm (11.01–12.21 in), 252.2–273.4 mm (9.93–10.76 in) in condylobasal length, and 190.0–203.6 mm (7.48–8.02 in) in zygomatic width. A preserved skull in Harbin had a maximum length of 400.0 mm (15.75 in) and zygomatic width of 280.0 mm (11.02 in) (Baikov et al., 1925).[5] Another Manchurian skull had a length of 406.0 mm (15.98 in).[76][77]
  • Skulls of male Caspian tigers usually measured 297.0–365.8 mm (11.69–14.40 in) at maximum, 259.0–307.9 mm (10.20–12.12 in) in condylobasal length, and 219.0–254.0 mm (8.62–10.00 in) in zygomatic width. Skulls of Caspian tigresses measured 195.7–255.5 mm (7.70–10.06 in), 225.0–263.2 mm (8.86–10.36 in) in condylobasal length, and 183.0–203.2 mm (7.20–8.00 in) in zygomatic width. A Turanian tiger was killed near the Sumbar Darya in the Kopet Dag, on the 10th of January, 1954, and its stuffed skin was put on display in a museum in Ashgabat. Despite being only 2.25 metres (7.4 feet) in terms of body length, it had a greatest skull length of about 385.0 mm (15.16 in), condylobasal length of about 305.0 mm (12.01 in), and zygomatic width of 205.0 mm (8.07 in), making it longer than those of other Caspian tigers.[5]
  • The mean greatest lengths of skulls of adult Malayan tigers were 337.8 ± 11.16 mm (13.299 ± 0.439 in) and 289.8 ± 10.38 mm (11.409 ± 0.409 in) for males (n = 4) and females (n = 2), respectively.[28]
  • The mean greatest lengths of skulls of adult Javan tigers were 326.3 ± 2.14 mm (12.846 ± 0.084 in) and 282.7 ± 1.87 mm (11.130 ± 0.074 in) for males (n = 23) and females (n = 15), respectively.[28]
  • The mean greatest length of skulls of adult Sumatran tigers were 314.8 ± 2.76 mm (12.394 ± 0.109 in) and 272.4 ± 2.00 mm (10.724 ± 0.079 in) for males (n = 16) and females (n = 22), respectively.[28]
  • Skulls of male and female Balinese tigers respectively measured 296 ± 1.5 mm (11.654 ± 0.059 in) (n = 2) and 262 ± 2.0 mm (10.315 ± 0.079 in) (n = 6) at maximum.[28]

Cranial capacity

A study by Oxford University scientists has shown that overall, relative to body size, tigers have bigger brains than lions, leopards and jaguars. Although comparisons showed that lion skulls were larger overall, the tiger's cranial volume is the largest overall.[78] Even the skulls of small Balinese tigresses had volumes which were not less than those of bigger Kruger lions, which had longer skulls. In addition, the skulls of wild and captive tigers had similar volumes, but this did not apply to those African and Asian lions. The skulls of captive African lions had smaller volumes than those of their wild counterparts, and in contrast, those of captive Asiatic lions had higher volumes than those of their wild counterparts.[6][28]

LionTiger
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls were 261.1 ± 1.88 cm³ and 229.6 ± 1.34 cm³ for wild adult males (n = 134) and females (n = 129), and 251.5 ± 4.93 cm³ and 204.7 ± 3.80 cm³ for captive adult males (n = 24) and females (n = 11), giving overall mean volumes of 260.0 ± 1.71 cm³ and 227.6 ± 1.36 cm³ for adult males (n = 168) and females (n = 143), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 33) and females (n = 16) were 251.4 ± 3.64 cm³ and 219.5 ± 5.14 cm³ respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 244.6 ± 1.30 cm³ for the species.[28]
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls of adult sub-Saharan African lions were 263.2 ± 1.60 cm³ and 230.5 ± 1.24 cm³ for wild males (n = 130) and females (n = 126), and 252.8 ± 6.97 cm³ and 210.0 ± 6.11 cm³ for captive males (n = 10) and females (n = 13), respectively.[28] Skulls of male and female Kruger lions respectively had mean capacities of 271 ± 7.1 cm³ (n = 8) and 228 ± 5.4 cm³ (n = 6).[6]
  • The mean cranial volume of skulls of adult Asiatic lions were 193.3 ± 10.05 cm³ and 188.7 ± 5.78 cm³ for wild males (n = 4) and females (n = 3), and 215.5 ± 9.57 cm³ and 195.5 ± 5.24 cm³ for captive males (n = 4) and females (n = 4), respectively.[28]
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls were 302.2 ± 2.33 cm³ and 268.2 ± 2.28 cm³ for wild adult males (n = 81) and females (n = 61), and 289.8 ± 8.20 cm³ and 261.7 ± 3.19 cm³ for captive adult males (n = 17) and females (n = 16), giving overall mean volumes of 299.7 ± 2.31 cm³ and 268.0 ± 1.84 cm³ for adult males (n = 103) and females (n = 90), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 23) and females (n = 9) were 281.2 ± 3.78 cm³ and 257.4 ± 4.66 cm³ respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 283.4 ± 1.64 cm³ for the species.[28]
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls of adult Sumatran tigers were 281.9 ± 3.55 cm³ and 256.7 ± 3.24 cm³ for males (n = 16) and females (n = 22), respectively.[28]
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls of adult Malayan tigers were 286.0 ± 20.99 cm³ and 267.5 ± 8.50 cm³ for males (n = 4) and females (n = 2), respectively.[28]
  • Skulls of male and female Balinese tigers respectively had mean capacities of 296 ± 5.6 cm³ (n = 2) and 263 ± 6.6 cm³ (n = 5).[28]
  • The mean cranial volumes of skulls of adult Javan tigers were 300.2 ± 3.78 cm³ and 285.0 ± 2.67 cm³ for males (n = 23) and females (n = 15), respectively.[28]
  • Skulls of male and female Bengal tigers from India and Nepal respectively had mean capacities of 307 ± 4.4 cm³ (n = 32) and 264 ± 5.0 cm³ (n = 18).[6]

Schauenberg's index

Schauenberg's index is the skull's greatest length divided by its cranial volume. The tiger (1.093 ± 0.007) generally had a lower index than the lion (1.344 ± 0.006).[28]

LionTiger
  • The mean indices were 1.377 ± 0.010 and 1.291 ± 0.008 for wild adult males (n = 134) and females (n = 129), and 1.458 ± 0.028 and 1.448 ± 0.037 for captive adult males (n = 24) and females (n = 11), giving overall mean indices of 1.388 ± 0.009 and 1.304 ± 0.008 for adult males (n = 168) and females (n = 143), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 33) and females (n = 16) were 1.318 ± 0.022 and 1.300 ± 0.026 respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 1.344 ± 0.006 for the species.[28]
  • The mean indices for adult sub-Saharan African lions were 1.365 ± 0.008 and 1.284 ± 0.007 for wild males (n = 130) and females (n = 126), and 1.489 ± 0.045 and 1.411 ± 0.076 for captive males (n = 10) and females (n = 13), respectively.[28]
  • The mean indices for adult Asiatic lions were 1.754 ± 0.086 and 1.582 ± 0.050 for wild males (n = 4) and females (n = 3), and 1.523 ± 0.073 and 1.582 ± 0.050 for captive males (n = 4) and females (n = 4), respectively.[28]
  • The mean indices were 1.113 ± 0.008 and 1.058 ± 0.009 for wild adult males (n = 81) and females (n = 61), and 1.134 ± 0.027 and 1.077 ± 0.014 for captive adult males (n = 17) and females (n = 16), giving overall mean indices of 1.116 ± 0.008 and 1.062 ± 0.007 for adult males (n = 103) and females (n = 90), respectively. The means for sub-adult males (n = 23) and females (n = 9) were 1.116 ± 0.012 and 1.073 ± 0.016 respectively, helping to give an overall mean of 1.093 ± 0.007 for the species.[28]
  • The mean indices of skulls of adult Malayan tigers were 1.194 ± 0.063 and 1.086 ± 0.073 for males (n = 4) and females (n = 2), respectively.[28]
  • The mean indices for adult Sumatran tigers were 1.119 ± 0.016 and 1.064 ± 0.013 for males (n = 16) and females (n = 22), respectively.[28]
  • The mean indices for adult Javan tigers were 1.090 ± 0.013 and 0.993 ± 0.009 for males (n = 23) and females (n = 15), respectively.[28]
  • Skulls of male and female Balinese tigers respectively had mean indices of 1.001 ± 0.025 (n = 2) and 0.994 ± 0.023 (n = 5).[28]

Bite force and teeth

Tigers have been shown to have higher average bite forces (such as at the canine tips) than lions.[79] The bite force adjusted for body mass allometry (BFQ) for tiger is 127, while that for lion is 112.[80] Tigers have well-developed sagittal crests and coronoid processes, providing muscle attachment for their strong bites. Tigers also have exceptionally stout teeth, and the canines are the longest and biggest among all living felids, measuring from 7.5 to 10 cm (3.0 to 3.9 in) in length, and are larger and longer than those of a similar-sized lion, probably because tigers need to bring down larger prey alone than lions, which usually hunt large prey in groups.[27][81] According to Heller, West African lions had longer carnassial teeth than Eastern and Southern African lions.[48]

Paw-swipe

  • A swipe of a tiger's paw may crush a cow's skull.[82] Charles Frederick Partington (1835) said that Javan and Sumatran tigers, despite not being as heavy as Bengal tigers, were strong enough to break legs of horses or buffaloes with their paws.[3]
  • Nevertheless, during the fight between the Shimlan tiger and Atlas the Barbary lion, though the tiger was quite massive and muscular, and its paw-swipes could be faster, they tended to be lighter than those of Atlas, according to Gettysburg Compiler (1899). For example, the tiger's paw-swipes could outnumber those of Atlas three-to-one, but Atlas' paw-swipes cut deeper wounds into the tiger's hide than those given to its hide by the tiger's paw-swipes.[17]

Roar

Lions and tigers, like other pantherid cats, are capable of roaring.[71] In a zoo, if a lion is near a tiger which gives a roar, then the lion may roar in response as it would to another lion. Though some people cannot distinguish between their roars,[4] there are differences.[3][1][83][84] Charles Frederick Partington, said that, in comparison, whereas a lion's roar would be loud and terrifying, but with 'grandeur', a tiger's cry would be 'horrid' and 'appalling', with a 'piercing' effect.[3] A similar description of the tiger's roar was given by Herne.[85]

Frequency

A male lion's roar can have a fundamental frequency of about 195 Hertz, whereas that of a lioness' roar may exceed 206 Hertz.[83]

In 2011, at Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium in Omaha, Nebraska, a study involving the larynges of three lionesses, a Sumatran tigress, a Bengal tigress, and a male Siberian tiger was done. They had been 15 to 22.4 years old at the times of their deaths. The range of frequencies produced was 10 to 430 hertz. Professor Tobias Riede of the University of Utah and National Center for Voice and Speech, who participated in the study, said that this was consistent with the known roaring frequencies of lions and tigers, which were 40 to 200 hertz and 83 to 246 hertz, respectively.[86]

Loudness

A tiger's roar can be heard up to 3 km (1.9 mi) away (Mazák, 1981).[1] A lion's roar can reach 114 decibels/meter (McComb et al. 1994; Peters and Wozencraft 1996),[2] and can be heard up to 5 km (3.1 mi) (Guggisberg 1975),[65] or at least 8 km (5.0 mi) away in optimal conditions (Sunquist & Sunquist, 2002), making it the loudest of the cat family.[25][83][84]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Bengal, Caspian and Siberian tigers (respectively P. t. tigris, P. t. virgata and P. t. altaica)[1] were grouped by the Cat Specialist Group under P. t. tigris in 2017.[15]
  2. ↑ P. l. melanochaita is the taxonomic name for the Cape lion. In 2017, extant lions in Southern Africa (P. l. bleyenberghi, P. l. krugeri, and P. l. vernayi)[5][2] were subsumed by the Cat Specialist Group to P. l. melanochaita, unlike the North African lion.[15][19]
  3. ↑ Like the Senegal lion,[2] the relict population in India, that is Panthera leo persica, was subsumed by the Cat Specialist Group in 2017 to Panthera leo leo,[15] based on generally close relationships.[22]
  4. ↑ South Sudanese lions are genetically Central African lions, with some in the eastern part of the country being apparently genetically mixed between Central and Eastern African lions. The Nubian lion, from the region that is shared between Sudan and Egypt,[55] was genetically and taxonomically[56] linked with the Barbary lion.[57]

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Haas, S.K.; Hayssen, V.; Krausman, P.R. (2005). "Panthera leo" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 762: 1–11. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2017.
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