Monument and memorial controversies in the United States

Statue of King George III (1776)

• The first monumental statue in what was to became the United States of America was an equestrian statue of King George III. It was executed by the British sculptor Joseph Wilton.^[2] Commissioned in 1764 and cast in lead covered with gold leaf, the Neoclassical statue showed King George dressed in Roman garb astride a horse, the whole effect being reminiscent of the Marcus Aurelius statue in Rome. It was set up on a tall pedestal in Bowling Green Park in New York City and dedicated in August 1770.

The following month another statue by Wilton, this one of William Pitt, a British politician very popular in the Americas for being responsible for the repeal of the much-hated Stamp Act of 1765 was erected. As with the King George statue, Pitt is portrayed in Roman clothes and was also located in New York.

On July 9, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was first read in New York City, and to celebrate it a group of patriots pulled down the statue, and eventually melted it down, making bullets to fight the British with. When the British troops arrived in November of that year they retaliated by destroying the Pitt statue.^[3]

Haymarket statues (1900)

• The Haymarket affair statues. On May 3, 1886 police in Chicago, feeling threatened by a crowd, fired into it, killing six people. A rally was called the next day, held near Haymarket Square at which time an unknown person threw a bomb into a group of policemen, killing eight. Although it was never learned who threw the bomb, eight labor leaders were arrested, all were tried and found guilty and, after one committed suicide the day before he was to be executed, four others were hanged.^[4] Several years later, after winning an 1887 competition, a monument by Johannes Gelert portraying a "robust policeman, in his countenance frank, kind, and resolute," was created. On the base were the words "In the name of the people of Illinois I command peace" though a reporter at the event had the policeman saying, "In the name of the law I command you to disperse."^[5] The monument, a policeman standing with his arm upraised, for which the sculptor had used a policeman directing traffic as his inspiration, was dedicated May 30, 1889. At the dedication the Mayor of Chicago, DeWitt Cregier, had said, "May it stand here unblemished so long as the metropolis shall endure" words that were amazingly unprophetic.^[6] In 1900, after it had been frequently vandalized and defaced and "unmistakable traces" of an attempt to blow it up were discovered, the statue was moved to near Randolph and Ogden streets in Union Park.^[7][6] On May 4, 1927, on the fourth-first anniversary of the Haymarket affair, a "streetcar traveling at full speed jumped the tracks and rammed the statue." ^[8] The monument was moved again, further into the park.^[6] In October 1969 and again exactly one year later attempts were made to blow up the statue. Chicago Mayor Richard Daley placed the statue under 24-hour police guard. ^[7] In 1972 the statue was moved into the Central Police Headquarters, and then moved again in 1976 into the garden of the Police Training center.^[9]

In 1893 the Haymarket Martyrs' Monument by Albert Weinert was unveiled in the German Waldheim Cemetery, where the four men executed, August Spies, Adolph Fischer, Albert Parsons, and George Engel, and Louis Lingg who committed suicide the day before the hanging, are buried.

On September 14, 2004, another monument was unveiled, this one by Mary Brogger. Historian Kara Kvaran quotes Chicago city historian Tim Samuelson as saying, "The unifying theme is it's a tragedy – a human tragedy of people under difficult circumstances reacting to something beyond their control."^[10]

• 
  Police memorial
• 
  The statue-less pedestal of the police monument on the 100th anniversary of the Haymarket affair in May 1986; the pedestal has since been removed.
• 
  Utah Philips at the Martyrs' Monument on the 100th anniversary of the Haymarket affair

Pioneer Woman's Statue

• By October 1936, plans for a Pioneer Woman statue to be placed at the Texas Woman's University (TWU) in Denton, Texas, were moving forward by "inviting a group of leading American sculptors, about 80 in number, to submit photographs of their work and from this group several sculptors are to be chosen who will be required to submit models of the proposed statue to the Centennial Commission of Control and if the first model submitted is not acceptable other models will be submitted until an accepted group is submitted."^[11][12]

Among the artists who entered the competition was the Texas sculptor Waldine Tauch, who had entered seven different competitions conducted by the Commission. She was to win three of them (memorials to Moses Austin, Isaac and Frances Van Zandt and First Shot Fired For Texas Independence monument) but she was not able to win the Pioneer Woman statue. However, she was to play a part in the ensuing drama.^[12]

It is not yet clear how many plaster models were submitted, but a "jury of professionals" unanimously chose the one submitted by William Zorach, a sculptor from New York, which included not just a pioneer woman, or a woman and child as did Tauch's model, but the entire family: mother, father, son and daughter. And they were all nude.^[13] Nudity was seen, by some, as being appropriate for Classical, allegorical or symbolical portrayals but was unacceptable for Texas pioneer women. Upon learning of the commission's decision, Tauch "wasted no time telephoning and writing letters to many friends throughout the state to report the incident."^[14]

"Anguished protests from Texans swelled into a controversy dwarfing all previous ones (in Zorach's career). One astute observer noted the woman had no wedding ring .... while a chapter of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas declared it, 'the greatest insult that could be offered to these women who believed and practiced the virtue of modesty' ."^[15] Zorach wrote "The newspapers said that if a Texas pioneer had gone around in such a state of nudity he would have been strung to the nearest tree. ... Gutzon Borglum was down there at the time and I was told that he said my figures looked like a bunch of apes,"^[16] a remark that was widely quoted by opponents of the statue at the time. Eventually the commission was turned over to sculptor Leo Friedlander, who had not even entered the competition. He, along with the Piccirilli Brothers^[17] carvers, executed the work.^[12]

Bust of United States Senator Joseph McCarthy

• United States Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin (1908-1957) served as a Wisconsin Circuit Court judge prior to his election to the United States Senate. In 1959, a bust of Joseph McCarthy was dedicated at the Outagamie County Justice Center in Appleton, Wisconsin. Some Outagamie County officials had discussed about removing the bust from the justice center. In 2001, the McCarthy bust was sent to the History Museum at the Castle in Appleton, Wisconsin. The bust is part of an exhibit about Joseph McCarthy at the museum.^[18][19]

The Races of Mankind (1969)

• The Races of Mankind is a series of 104^[20] sculptures created for the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago by sculptor Malvina Hoffman, representing the various races of humankind, and unveiled in 1933. Most of the sculptures are life-sized. The works were initially housed in Hall 3, the Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall ("The Hall of the Races of Mankind").^[21] In the 1960s such a portrayal of race became viewed negatively, as racist, and in February 1969 the Hall was dismantled and the statues were either spread around the museum or placed in storage. The museum stated that the Hall was "scientifically indefensible and socially objectionable."^[22] The Field Museum had previously allowed the Hammond World Atlas Corporation to use pictures of the statues in their March of Civilization; A Historical Atlas."^[23] This permission was withdrawn in the late 1960s or early 1970s because it contained "outdated historical, linguistic and racial data." ^[22]

Vietnam Veteran's Memorial

• Vietnam Veterans Memorial. In the late 1970s a group was formed to create a memorial to the American veterans of the Vietnam War.^[24] A site for the memorial was approved unanimously by the U.S. Senate on June 30, 1980.^[25] Shortly thereafter a competition to design the memorial, which had to include the names of all Americans killed in the war or were still missing. The anonymous competition drew the largest number of submissions ever, 1,141, for such a competition in the United States.^[26] Shortly after the winner, Ohio native^[27] Maya Lin, a twenty-year-old female student of Chinese descent, was announced, controversy began. "The debate became increasingly bitter, threatening to end the project."^[28] At one point the monument was said to look like "a black gash of shame."^[29] "Lin maintains, entirely accurately, that there's no way her design would have been chosen if candidates had been identified by name."^[30]

Eventually the problem of what to build was resolved by adding the Frederick Hart bronze statue of three soldiers near the Memorial. ^[31]

Bill Moyers, in an interview with Lin, stated," 'Course the bigotry and the hatred and the racism did not have the last word. The monument was the last word."^[32]

The monument is now the most frequently visited memorial in Washington D.C. ^[33]

Captain John Mason and the Pequot massacre (1996)

• In 1996, an 1889 statue of Captain John Mason was removed from the intersection of Pequot Avenue and Clift Street in Mystic, Connecticut at the request of the Pequot Tribal Council. Mason led the Pequot massacre of 1637. The plaque on the statue was removed and given to the Mystic Historical Society. The statue itself was relocated to Palisado Green in Windsor, Connecticut (41°51′29″N 72°38′11″W), which is where John Mason lived at the time of the Pequot War. A new plaque was made, without mention of the Pequots. In 1859, a Founders Monument, containing a statue of Mason and the names of the 38 original settlers of Norwich, Connecticut, was erected at the original burial grounds at Bean Hill in Norwich. This monument is also referred to as the Mason Monument.

There is a life-sized stone carving of Major John Mason on the Connecticut State Capitol building, as he was a preeminent founder of the Colony.

Juan de Oñate (1997)

• The right foot of a bronze statue of Juan de Oñate at the Northern Rio Grande National Heritage Center (until 2017 the Oñate Monument and Visitor Center) in Alcalde, New Mexico was cut off on December 29, 1997. (Oñate cut off or ordered cut off the right foot of Acoma Native Americans; he was convicted of excessive cruelty and banished for life from New Mexico.) It has since been repaired by the artist, at a taxpayer cost of $10,000, but there is a seam. The unidentified possessor of the original foot spoke, 20 years later, with a local filmmaker, Chris Eyre, about the affair, and said he had melted part of the foot down "to make medallions for Pueblo leaders." Eyre is working on a documentary about the incident "and what it reveals about racism in New Mexico."

In 2017, the statue's left foot was painted red and the words "Remember 1680" — the year of the Pueblo revolt — were written on the monument's wall.^[34]

Ludlow Monument (2003)

• The Ludlow Monument, located near the site of the Ludlow Massacre (Ludlow, Colorado) had its figures decapitated in 2003. The figures were restored in 2005.^[35]
  

  Repaired Ludlow Monument showing scarf covering scar

Civic Virtue (2011)

• The immense statue, designed by Frederick MacMonnies, features a naked, hulking man representing virtue, standing atop nude female figures, representing vice. It was installed in City Hall Park, Manhattan, in 1922. Protests began even before the unveiling. In 1941 it was moved to Queens Boulevard in front of the Queens Borough Hall. In 2012 it was moved to Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.^[36][37]

Ten Commandments

• The display of the Ten Commandments on public property has been controversial as a perceived violation of the Establishment Clause. The US Supreme Court ruled in favor of such monuments in 2005's Van Orden v. Perry.
• In 2009, Oklahoma State Representative Mike Ritze sponsored a bill to have a monument to the Ten Commandments installed at the capitol. His family supplied $10,000 to fund the monument, which was installed in late 2012.^[38] The monument since has been labeled "a lightning rod of controversy."^[39] It has been destroyed and re-erected once, and been the subject of both state and federal litigation.
• In June 2017 a monument with the Ten Commandments carved on it, that had been "plagued with controversy," was knocked down by a car and destroyed within 24 hours of being erected on the Arkansas State Capitol grounds.^[40]
• A Ten Commandments monument, placed "to recognize important documents that influenced the governing of the city," was ordered removed from Bloomfield City Hall in Bloomfield, New Mexico by the courts. The US Supreme Court refused to hear the case (grant certiorari) in 2017.^[41]

Squaw Peak (2013)

• The US Board on Geographic Names changed Squaw Peak in Phoenix, Arizona to Piestewa Peak, after Lori Ann Piestewa, the first Native American woman to die in combat serving in the US military.^[42]

Statue of Tom Watson removed (2013)

• A statue of Tom Watson (U.S. Senator) removed from the Georgia Capitol steps, 2013. He used magazines and newspapers which he owned to launch attacks against blacks,^[43] Jews, and Catholics.^[44]

Charles Aycock buildings renamed (2014 and 2015)

• Both Duke University (2014) and East Carolina University (2015) each renamed a building which bore the name of white supremacist Governor Charles Aycock.^[45]

Junípero Serra (2015)

• In 2015, immediately after his canonization, the statue of Saint Junípero Serra at California's Carmel Mission was defaced with paint, as were surrounding graves and a basilica; Carmel's Police Sergeant Luke Powell said that the vandalism is being investigated as a hate crime because the perpetrators targeted "specifically the headstones of people of European descent, and not Native American descent."^[46] Another statue of Serra in Monterey, California was decapitated the same year; its head was rediscovered and reattached months later.^[47] A third statue of Serra is set to be removed and replaced as of September 2017 from the Santa Barbara Mission after being decapitated and doused in red paint that month.^[48] In August, 2017, a statue "was splashed with red paint and defaced with the word 'murderer' in white."^[34]

Stanford University announced in 2018 "that it would rename several buildings memorializing Junipero Serra.... Stanford eliminated its own Indian mascot in the 1970s over concerns of insensitive cultural appropriation."^[49]

Byrd Stadium (2015)

• The stadium at the University of Maryland, College Park was named for Harry Clifton "Curley" Byrd, University President 1936–1954. According to a coalition of student groups, which requested the stadium be renamed, Byrd was "a racist and a segregationist", and "he barred blacks from participating in sports and enrolling into the University until 1951."^[50] In 2015 the Board of Regents of the University voted to change the name to Maryland Stadium.

Seal of the Harvard Law School (2016)

• Isaac Royall, Jr. (1719–1781), the biggest slave-owner in Massachusetts, left land to Harvard College, and the Harvard Law School, which was founded in part based on this bequest, included Royall's coat of arms in its seal. Responding to student pressure, because of Royall's brutal treatment of slaves (77 were burned alive in Antigua),^[51] the School decided in 2016 to design a new seal.^[52]

Woodrow Wilson (2016)

• In April 2016, Princeton University decided to remove its mural of President Woodrow Wilson, "in response to concerns protesters raised this fall about the former president's segregationist views."^[53]

Andrew Jackson on $20 bill

• Decision made in 2016 to replace him with Harriet Tubman. "'Where Jackson represented the worst side of American history, Tubman represents the best ideals of American democracy,' said Kari Winter, a professor who studies slavery and dissent at the University at Buffalo."^[54]

Harney Peak (2016)

• In 2016, the US Board on Geographic Names approved changing the name of Harney Peak, a mountain in South Dakota named after the US army general William S. Harney, who led troops in an 1855 battle against the Brulé Sioux and killed women and children as well as warriors. Its new title is Black Elk Peak, for a man believed to be a survivor of the battle.^[42]

Christopher Columbus (2017)

• In August 2017, the 1792 monument to Christopher Columbus in Baltimore, the oldest in the United States, was destroyed by a sledgehammer, and the perpetrators posted a video online of themselves destroying it.^[55] Holding signs in the video saying "The future is racial and economic justice" and "Racism: Tear it down," the narrator said that "Christopher Columbus symbolizes the initial invasion of European capitalism into the Western Hemisphere. Columbus initiated a centuries-old wave of terrorism, murder, genocide, rape, slavery, ecological degradation and capitalist exploitation of labor in the Americas."^[56][57]

• The monument to Christopher Columbus in New York City's Columbus Circle, whose hands were defaced with red paint on September 12, 2017.^[58] It is currently (2017) under police guard.^[57] The Speaker of the City Council, Melissa Mark-Viverito, has suggested its removal because "Columbus's journeys to the Western Hemisphere led to the genocide of native peoples."^[59] In January 2018 de Blasio announced that based on a recommendation of a special commission after public hearings, it will not be moved.^[60]

• Also in September, 2017, the hands of a statue of Columbus in New York City's Central Park were covered with red paint, and the hashtag #somethingscoming and "Hate will not be tolerated" were written on the pedestal.^[61][62]

• A statue of Columbus in Yonkers, New York was decapitated.^[62]

Thomas Jefferson (2017)

• Thomas Jefferson statue at the University of Virginia (which he founded), was shrouded in black by student protesters; University President Teresa A. Sullivan opposed the students' actions and the shroud was removed.^[63]

Calhoun College (2017)

• Calhoun College at Yale was named for John C. Calhoun, a politician and pro-slavery advocate who died in 1850. It was renamed for computer scientist Grace Hopper July 1, 2017.^[64]

Francis Scott Key (2017)

• The Francis Scott Key Monument in Bolton Hill, Baltimore was spray-painted with the phrase "Racist Anthem" and defaced with red paint; Baltimore mayor Catherine Pugh said that she has no plans to remove the monument.^[65] (See U.S. national anthem protests.)

Colonel William Crawford (2017)

• A statue of American Revolution Colonel William Crawford outside of the Crawford County Courthouse (Ohio) was decapitated in August 2017; the city's Attorney Joel Spitzer offered $1,000 for any information that leads to the arrest of the vandal.^[66] This was apparently in response to the 1782 Gnadenhutten massacre (in which Crawford did not participate).

Charging Bull statue (New York) (2017)

• Wall Street's Charging Bull statue was doused with blue paint while the neighboring Fearless Girl statue had a sash draped over it reading "Draw the blue line"; police believe this to be a reference to the Paris climate accord. The paint and sash have been removed.^[67]

Joan of Arc (2017)

• The statue of Joan of Arc, in the French Quarter of New Orleans, was painted with the words "Tear it Down" in early 2017.^[68]

Abraham Lincoln (2017)

• In August, 2017, a bust of Abraham Lincoln in West Englewood, Chicago was spray-painted black and later covered in tar and set on fire.^[69]

Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (2017)

• A statue of "racist" Napoleon Bonaparte Broward, for whom the county is named, was removed from the courthouse in Broward County, Florida in 2017.^[70] Broward, Governor of Florida 1905–1909, was "an unapologetic segregationist." It was installed in 1993 after being donated by its sculptor, "who had no place to keep the large artwork."^[71]

A local lawyer found his racist remarks in documents only recently (2011) posted online, and posted them on a county blog September 21, 2017. The County Mayor said she would be receptive to attempts to rename the county,^[72] although she said shortly afterward that "we're not considering that at this time" and "I don't even want to go down that road."^[73]

The statue was removed during the night of October 18–19, 2017, and placed in storage.^[71]

Theodore Roosevelt (2017)

• The statue of President Theodore Roosevelt in front of the American Museum of Natural History, which depicts him on horseback, flanked by a black man and a Native American, was defaced with red paint on the morning of October 26, 2017. A few hours later, a group claiming responsibility for the defilement stated that the statue embodied "patriarchy, white supremacy, and settler-colonialism."^[74][75] The Mayoral Advisory Commission on City Art, Monuments, and Markers, led by Tom Finkelpearl, commissioner of the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs, and Darren Walker, president of the Ford Foundation, set up by mayor Bill de Blasio, did not recommend removal of this statue in 2018.^[76]

J. Marion Sims (2017)

• J. Marion Sims, a physician called "the father of modern gynecology", performed experiments on slave women and children, up to 30 times on one woman, without anesthesia (at the time, medical anesthesia had only recently been invented, and was not in widespread use), "under the racist belief that black patients did not feel pain the same way as their white counterparts".^[77] In August, 2017, a statue of him in New York's Central Park, at Fifth Avenue and 103 St., opposite the New York Academy of Medicine (which twice called for its removal), was defaced with the word "Racist",^[78] and women wearing bloodied hospital gowns staged a protest. An editorial in "Science's most elite magazine, Nature," opposing the removal as "whitewashing history," generated "outrage."^[79] Alan Singer, a professor at Hofstra University, called him "the American equivalent of Josef Mengele."^[80] The inscription at the monument reads:

  Surgeon & philanthropist founder of the Women's Hospital, State of New York his brilliant achievement carried the fame of American surgery throughout the world. Born 1814
  
  J. Marion Sims. M.D. L.L.D.
  
  In recognition of his services in the cause of science & mankind awarded the highest honors by his countrymen & decorations from the governments of Belgium France – Italy – Spain & Portugal Died 1883^[76]

In January, 2018, mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the statue would be moved to Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, where he is buried.^[60] The statue was removed from Central Park on April 17, 2018.^[77]

Another statue of Sims is on the grounds of the South Carolina State House. The mayor of Columbia, Stephen K. Benjamin, has called for its removal,^[81] as have other protestors.^[82] A statue of Sims also stands on the capitol grounds in Montgomery, Alabama; in April 2018 (when Silent Sam was doused with red ink and blood) the statue had ketchup thrown on it while a skit about Sims was performed.^[83] In 2005, a painting entitled 'Medical Giants of Alabama' that depicted Sims and other white men standing over a partially clothed black patient was removed from the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Center for Advanced Medical Studies because of complaints from people offended by it."^[84][85]

William McKinley (2018)

• The city council of Arcata, California voted in February 2018 to have the city's statue of William McKinley removed.^[86] (See Hawaii, below.)

Stephen Foster (2018)

• The city of Pittsburgh decided to remove a statue of the composer Stephen Foster from its prominent place at the entrance to Schenley Park. "Commissioned in 1900 by Andrew Mellon and other wealthy industrialists, the sculpture depicts Foster sitting high above a black man who is positioned sycophantically playing the banjo at his feet."^[37]

Eugene Talmadge (2018)

• "After asking the Legislature and Gov. Nathan Deal to consider its request to rename the Talmadge Bridge, the port city (Savannah, Georgia) put up signs last month [June, 2018] that refer to the span as the "Savannah Bridge". While the name change is not official, the city decided to take matters into its own hands after the state did not act. The late Eugene Talmadge, a Georgia governor, was a staunch segregationist."^[87]

Early Days (2018)

• The statue Early Days (1894), in San Francisco, California, depicted "a Native American on his back, defeated, a Catholic priest above him pointing to the heavens, and an anglicized vaquero bestriding the scene in triumph. The statue is part of the Pioneer Monument celebrating the state’s origins."^[88] Native Americans found it ethnically offensive as well as inaccurate. ("The Native American depicted in Early Days, for example, was from the Plains but native people of the Bay Area were Ohlone."^[88]) Objections to the statue went back "decades". According to a report from the San Francisco Arts Commission, "At the core of the repeated requests for removal is the allegorical sculpture's depiction of the degradation and genocide of Native American peoples, utilizing visual stereotypes common at the turn of the twentieth century to depict all Native Americans which are now universally viewed as disrespectful, misleading, and racist."^[89]. A "contextualizing plaque" was added in 1994, but its language was itself contentious and viewed by some as offensive. ("Political pressure resulted in language that reeked of false objectivity."^[88]) It was vandalized with red paint.^[90] The statue was removed in the middle of the night of September 13–14, 2018.^[91]

Prospector Pete (2018)

• The decision to remove Prospector Pete, a statue at California State University, Long Beach, was made in 2018 "after years of activism and a formal committee inquiry.... The cartoonish Prospector Pete costume mascot used at athletic games, which has been slowly phased out in recent years, will also be formally retired." According to Jane Conoly, President of the university, "We came to know that the 1849 California gold rush was a time in history when the indigenous peoples of California endured subjugation, violence and threats of genocide."^[49]

California

• San Francisco: Osaka, Japan has severed its sister city relationship with San Francisco over the latter's "comfort women" statue. The mayor of Osaka, Hirofumi Yoshimura, sent a 10-page letter to London Breed, San Francisco's mayor, complaining of historical inaccuracies and unfairly singling out Japanese use of women and ignoring similar practices by other countries.^[92]

District of Columbia

• J. Edgar Hoover Building, the national headquarters of the FBI, because he was a "racist, anti-communist zealot who, in the name of God and the American flag, set out to destroy Martin Luther King Jr."^[93]
• On the former Italian embassy building at 16th and Fuller Sts. NW, now (2018) being developed as Mill Creek Residential luxury apartments, a workman uncovered an unknown plaque that had been defaced and then covered up. The building was built in 1925, three years after Mussolini took office. It contains fasci, symbols of Italian fascism. They had been smashed before the panel was covered up. The building now is a historic landmark, and the fate of the panel has not been decided.^[94]
• Senate minority leader Charles Schumer has called for the renaming of the Russell Senate Office Building, named for Georgia Senator Richard Russell Jr., a "notorious segregationist", with the name of recently deceased Senator John McCain.^[95]

Hawaii

• The monument to President William McKinley at McKinley High School in Honolulu, Hawaii (because "he led the takeover of Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines and Cuba").^[96]

Illinois

• "In Chicago, a campaign is underway to remove a monument to Italo Balbo, an Italian air marshal, which the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini presented to the city in 1933. Balbo Drive is a well-known street in the heart of downtown."^[1]

Louisiana

• The statue of President Andrew Jackson in New Orleans' Jackson Square.^[97]

Massachusetts

• "In Boston, there are calls for renaming historic Faneuil Hall because Peter Faneuil, who donated the building to the city in 1743, was a slave owner and trader."^[1]

Mississippi

• In 2018, the University of Mississippi (Oxford, Mississippi) is considering formally whether to remove the name of donor Ed Meek from the Meek School of Journalism and New Media, after he made Facebook comments found racially offensive. He has asked that his name be removed.^[98]

New Mexico

• A statue of Diego de Vargas, a symbol of Spanish conquest and rule, is located in a city park in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Elena Ortiz, a tribal member of Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo, called for its removal, saying that "activist groups have been emboldened by the removal of Confederate monuments across the United States."^[34]

New York

• Everything in New York City dedicated to Peter Stuyvesant, including Stuyvesant Square, its statue of Stuyvesant, the neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant, and Stuyvesant High School, because "he was a known anti-Semite."^[99]
• Removal of the plaque of French heroes and Vichy France leaders Philippe Pétain and Pierre Laval, part of the Canyon of Heroes on Lower Broadway (Manhattan) has been proposed by New York mayor Bill de Blasio. They were Nazi collaborators and under them many thousands of French Jews were sent to concentration camps and execution.^{[59][100][80]} In January 2018 de Blasio announced that based on a recommendation of a special commission after public hearings, it will not be moved.^[60]
• Open Casket, a 2016 painting by the Brooklyn artist Dana Schutz based on photos of the body of Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African-American boy lynched (murdered) by whites in Mississippi in 1955, and whose murderers were found not guilty by an all-white jury. The fact that the painter is white has inspired protests and calls for the painting's destruction by African-American artists, some of whom stood in front of the painting so as to partially obstruct its view, during its 2017 exhibition at the Whitney Museum.^[101]

Pennsylvania

• A statue of Philadelphia mayor Frank Rizzo,^[102] who is "loathed by some African-Americans for his harsh tactics toward blacks in the city."^[1]
• Dr. Thomas Parran, Jr., Surgeon General of the United States, who supervised the Tuskegee syphilis experiment and the Guatemala syphilis experiment, for whom a hall is named at the University of Pittsburgh.^[103]

Texas

• Statue of Sam Houston in Hermann Park, Houston, Texas.^[104] "After we have this one removed, we can then work on getting the 67-foot Sam Houston statue outside of Huntsville turned into parking lot gravel, and the forest renamed."^[105]
• The city of Austin, Texas "could be headed for a name change because of founder Stephen F. Austin's pro-slavery stance".^[106]

Washington state

• The Statue of Lenin in Seattle is a 16 ft (5 m) bronze sculpture of Communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, by Bulgarian sculptor Emil Venkov. It completed and put on display in Czechoslovakia in 1988. The statue was taken down following the Velvet Revolution of 1989. It was bought by an American in 1993, who moved it to Washington (state); it is on display in an outdoor retail property in the Fremont neighborhood of Seattle. Since 1995 it has been up for sale. Alt-right media have held up the example of the Fremont Lenin statue to protest the removal of Confederate monuments and memorials in the US.^[107] Seattle Mayor Ed Murray called for it to be taken down, saying it represents "historic injustices" and is a symbol of hate, racism, and violence.^[108]

Wyoming

• Native American leaders have called for the renaming of two geological features in Yellowstone National Park, because they commemorate "individuals [who] have been involved with genocide, where elders and children have been killed":^[42]
  • Mount Doane, named for Army officer Gustavus Cheyney Doane, who "led a massacre that killed around 175 Blackfeet people, and he continued to brag about the incident throughout his life".^[42]
  • Hayden Valley, named for Ferdinand V. Hayden, a geologist and surveyor. "He also advocated for the extermination of tribal people who refused to comply with federal dictates."^[42]