Silent Sam

Silent Sam
Silent Sam in 2007
Location University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
Coordinates 35°54′50.22″N 79°3′8.55″W / 35.9139500°N 79.0523750°W / 35.9139500; -79.0523750Coordinates: 35°54′50.22″N 79°3′8.55″W / 35.9139500°N 79.0523750°W / 35.9139500; -79.0523750
Dedicated June 2, 1913 (1913-06-02)
Sculptor John A. Wilson
Location of Silent Sam in North Carolina

Silent Sam is a bronze statue of a Confederate soldier by sculptor John A. Wilson, which stood from 1913 until 2018 on the historic upper quad of the University of North Carolina (UNC) in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. Its location on McCorkle Place, described as the "front door" of the university,[1] has been described as "a position of honor".[2]

Establishing a Civil War monument at a Southern university became a goal of the North Carolina chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) in 1907. UNC approved the group's request in 1908 and, with funding from UNC alumni, the UDC and the university, Wilson designed the statue, using a young Boston man as his model. At the unveiling on June 2, 1913, local industrialist and UNC Trustee Julian Carr gave a speech espousing white supremacy.[3][4][5] Other speeches by Governor Locke Craig,[6] UNC President Francis Venable[7][8] and members of the UDC[9] noted students' sacrifice during the war.[10][11]

Beginning in the 1960s, Silent Sam (a name that first appeared in the previous decade) faced opposition on the grounds of its racial message, and calls to remove the monument reached a higher profile in the late 2010s. UNC Chancellor Carol L. Folt in 2018 described the monument as detrimental to the university,[12][13] and said that she would have the statue removed if not prohibited by state law. Increased protests and vandalism resulted in the university spending $390,000 on security and cleaning for the statue in the 2017-18 academic year.

On August 20, 2018, Silent Sam was toppled by protesters, and later removed from the site by university authorities.[3][14][2]

On August 31, Chancellor Folt issued a statement saying the statue's original location was "a cause for division and a threat to public safety," and that she was seeking input on plan for a "safe, legal and alternative" new location, to be presented to the university's governors by November 15.[15][16]

Early history, 1909–1913

Campaign

The statue in John A. Wilson's Waban Studio, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

During the American Civil War, over 1,000 students and employees of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) enlisted with either army.[17] Out of all enlisted from the university, 287 lost their lives.[18] An appeal to the Confederacy from University president David Lowry Swain, to exclude from conscription students in their final two years, was initially granted but soon revoked.[19] Swain was able to keep the university open throughout the war by educating the few students too young to enlist, exempt because of ill health, or discharged because of war injuries,[20] though the senior class in the spring of 1865 had only one student.[19]

In 1907, the North Carolina chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) decided that its next major goal was to "be the erection, on the campus at the State University, of a monument to the students and faculty, who went out from its walls in 1861 to fight and die for the South."[21] Later meetings described the belief that UNC students and employees who served in either army "are worthy of a monument" which "should ever be before the eyes of the present-day students".[17] The request for a monument was presented to, and approved by, the UNC board of trustees on June 1, 1908.[22]

The monument was funded by the university, alumni, and the UDC. UNC and the UDC spent until 1913 fundraising the $7,500[lower-alpha 1] that Canadian sculptor John Wilson charged for the statue,[24] which he discounted from his asking price of $10,000.[17][25] The Daughters originally were slated to give $1,500 of the cost of the statue,[17] though their success at fundraising lead the university to ask for them to cover $2,500 by 1911.[25] Most of the rest of the cost was covered by alumni donations. UNC eventually had to give $500 to reach the contracted total of $7,500.[25] The statue was planned to be in place for the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the Civil War in 1911.[17] Raising funds to pay for the statue delayed the project by two years.[25]

Design

In a manner similar to his earlier Daniel A. Bean sculpture, John A. Wilson created a "silent" statue by not including a cartridge box on the subject's belt so he cannot fire his gun.[26] Like the earlier sculpture, Wilson used a northerner—Harold Langlois of Boston—as his model.[24] This was part of a tradition of "Silent Sentinels;" statues created in the North, often mass-produced, depicting soldiers without ammo or with their guns at parade rest.[27] As with these other statues, this memorial was positioned to face north, towards the Union.[24]

A bronze plaque in bas-relief on the front of the memorial's base depicts a woman, representing the state of North Carolina, convincing a young student to fight for the Southern cause as he drops his books, representing students leaving their studies.[28] A small bronze inscription plaque on the left side of the base says,[lower-alpha 2] "Erected under the auspices of the North Carolina division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy aided by the alumni of the university". Another bronze inscription plaque on the right reads,[lower-alpha 2] "To the sons of the university who entered the War of 1861–65 in answer to the call of their country and whose lives taught the lesson of their great commander that duty is the sublimest word in the English language".[29][lower-alpha 3]

Dedication

Unveiling of the monument on June 2, 1913

The program for the unveiling of the monument started at 3:30 pm, on June 2, 1913. Attendance was reported to be 1,000.[31] Speeches were given by, among others, Mrs. Marshall Williams, president of the local division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy; and Francis Preston Venable, the university’s president. The University Band played Dixie while "students formally accepted the monument",[32] and the program concluded with a rendition by a quartet of "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground".[33][31]

The Governor of North Carolina, Locke Craig, also spoke: "In 1861 these students went to war.... One-fourth of their number were killed upon the field.... This statue is a monument to their chivalry and devotion. It is an epic poem in bronze.... Nothing more heroic was ever done in war."[10]

The dedication speech which has attracted the most subsequent notice was given by Julian Carr, a prominent industrialist, UNC alumnus and Trustee, former Confederate soldier, and the largest single donor towards the construction of the monument. It is available in digital form on the Wilson Library's Web site.[34]

W. Fitzhugh Brundage, the William B. Umstead Professor of History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, described this speech as one in which Carr "unambiguously urged his audience to devote themselves to the maintenance of white supremacy with the same vigor that their Confederate ancestors had defended slavery."[35] In it, Carr emphatically praised the student-soldiers and soldiers of the Confederate Army for their wartime valor and patriotism,[3] adding that "the present generation ... scarcely takes note of what the Confederate soldier meant to the welfare of the Anglo Saxon race during the four years immediately succeeding the war ... Their courage and steadfastness saved the very life of the Anglo Saxon race in the South."

According to Brundage, Carr's phrase "the four years immediately succeeding the war" is a clear reference to the Reconstruction era, when the Ku Klux Klan, working to restore the dominance of traditional white hierarchy in the South, terrorized blacks and white Republicans.[35] Later in the speech Carr boasted:

One hundred yards from where we stand, less than ninety days perhaps after my return from Appomattox, I horse whipped a negro wench until her skirts hung in shreds because she had maligned and insulted a Southern lady, and then rushed for protection to these University buildings where was stationed a garrison of 100 Federal soldiers. I performed the pleasing duty in the immediate presence of the entire garrison.[35]

Later reactions

20th century

The monument appears on an undated, early 20th-century postcard.[36] A picture from 1918, with two soldiers in front, appeared in the 1961 yearbook Yackity Yack.[37]

The statue was originally called "Soldiers Monument" but was also referred to as the "Confederate Memorial" from the 1920s through the 1940s.[38] The earliest known use of the name "Silent Sam" is from 1954, in the campus newspaper The Daily Tar Heel.[38] A story developed around the statue that "Sam" would fire his gun if a virgin walked by, but never did (he was silent) because he never saw any. In 1937 this story was called an "old local wisecrack".[38]

The monument has been a subject of controversy and a site of protest since the 1960s. In March 1965, a discussion about the monument's meaning and history occurred in the letters to the editor of the UNC student newspaper, the Daily Tar Heel.[22] In May 1967, poet John Beecher "debated" Silent Sam, reading to the statue from his book of poetry To Live and Die in Dixie. Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr in April 1968, the monument was vandalized with orange, green, red, and yellow iridescent paint,[22][39] including a hammer and sickle.[40] In the early 1970s, the monument was the site of several demonstrations by the Black Student Movement.[22]

In 1971, the monument was defaced with paint following a basketball victory.[41]

In 1986, the statue was temporarily removed and shipped to Cincinnati, where it was cleaned and restored by bronze specialists Eleftherios and Mercene Karkadoulias. They repaired cracks, removed green oxidation, and gave the statue a protective wax coating. The refreshed statue was put back in place six months later. The cost was $8,600.[38][42]

Students gathered by the statue to speak out after Los Angeles police officers were found not guilty in the 1992 Rodney King trial.[43] In 1997, a Martin Luther King Jr. Day march focusing on issues facing UNC housekeepers ended at the monument.[22]

In 2003, Gerald Horne, at that time director of the Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History, in a letter to the Daily Tar Heel, called the monument "an eyesore".[44]

In January 2011, Adam Domby (then a graduate student in history at UNC, later Assistant Professor of History at the College of Charleston[45]), wrote a letter to the Daily Tar Heel entitled "Why Silent Sam was built: A historian's perspective".[46] The letter highlighted Julian Carr's speech at the dedication of the statue, which Domby had uncovered in the university archives in 2009. Carr's speech became a "galvanizing force" in activists' efforts to get the statue removed.[3]

2011–2017

Protest against Silent Sam, August 2017

Several protests in the late 2010s were directed toward the statue, along with calls for its removal.

On September 1, 2011, a group calling itself the Real Silent Sam Movement held a protest "to attract attention to the statue's history".[47] That group, also known as the Real Silent Sam Committee, "campaigned over the past two years [2011–2013] to replace the current plaque with one that tells what they call "the true history of the confederate soldier."[48]

North Carolina NAACP President Reverend William Barber II spoke at a program held on the monument's centenary in 2013.[48]

In July 2015, the statue was vandalized with the words "Black Lives Matter", KKK, and "murderer", during a wave of vandalism targeting Confederate monuments.[49] A UNC history professor, Dr. Harry Watson, said that he believed the monument represented an important part of history but that its glorification promoted a false conception of the Civil War.[50]

Officials said that "a protective layer would be placed on the monument to ease cleaning efforts for future situations".[51]

In late July 2015, the North Carolina General Assembly passed SL 2015–170, the Cultural History Artifact Management and Patriotism Act of 2015, which states that "An object of remembrance [defined as "monument, memorial, or work of art"] located on public property may not be permanently removed". It does allow an object to be permanently relocated, provided that it is "relocated to a site of similar prominence, honor, visibility, availability, and access, ...within the boundaries of the jurisdiction from which it was relocated." Approval of the North Carolina Historical Commission is required.[52]

On the night of August 17–18, 2015, the statue, along with the Chapel Hill Post Office, were defaced with the words "Who is Sandra Bland?"[51][53] On September 9, 2015, the monument was blindfolded with "a Confederate bandanna".[54] Seeing how the monument was being defaced, a "Pro-Confederate Rally" in support of Silent Sam was announced for October 25; the protestors were from Alamance County, and had no connection with the university.[55] They were met by three times as many counterdemonstrators, "most of them students". One of the students handed out 158 copies of W.E.B. DuBois' seminal 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk — 158 being, according to the student, the number of years between the foundation of the university and its admitting black students.[56]

On October 12, 2015, University Day, a group of about two dozen students, calling itself The Real Silent Sam Coalition, interrupted a speech by Chancellor Folt, shouting "Tear it down, tear it down, or we'll shout you down". They received applause from some faculty present.[57]

On January 12, 2016, UNC police arrested a man for "spray-painting a message on Silent Sam".[58]

2017–2018 school year

Already in August 2017, it was reported that Silent Sam ”has been vandalized multiple times in recent years".[59] "Silent Sam has been a target for protest and vandalism for decades."[60]

"The push to get UNC to remove the statue...took off in earnest in August 2017",[60] after the proposed removal of Confederate statues in Charlottesville, Virginia led to the Unite the Right rally on August 11–12, and on August 14, the toppling of the Confederate Soldiers Memorial in nearby Durham. Beginning in August there was "a year of sit-ins, rallies and protests involving students, faculty and community members".[60]

On August 15, 2017, a video taken by a passer-by shows a man beating the statue with a hammer.[61]

On August 17, 2017, Chapel Hill mayor Pam Hemminger sent a letter to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, requesting that it petition the North Carolina Historical Commission to immediately remove Silent Sam from campus "in the interest of public safety." "The possibility of a breach of the peace is high, and with it the likelihood that Silent Sam could suffer substantial damage."[62]

On August 20, 2017, protestors singing "We Shall Overcome" draped Silent Sam in black,[63] as had just been proposed for the Charlottesville statues of Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, whose removal, at least for the moment, had recently been blocked (see Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials#Virginia).

On August 21 Chancellor Folt issued a message urging students not to attend the rally scheduled for the next day, "considering the potential for a highly charged atmosphere and the very real possibility for confrontation with outside groups."[64] The rally was "being organized by groups not associated with the university... If we had the ability to immediately move the statue we would."[59]

The same day, UNC chancellor Carol Folt, UNC president Margaret Spellings, UNC board-of-governors chairman Lou Bissette, and UNC trustee chairman Haywood Cochrane wrote to Governor Roy Cooper,[65] warning of "significant safety and security threats"[66][67] concerning Silent Sam: "it is only a matter of time before an attempt is made to pull down Silent Sam in much the same manner we saw in Durham ... An attempt may occur at any time."[68] They also asked the Governor to convene the North Carolina Historical Commission to take up the question of what to do with the statue,"[69][64] although "the panel has little leeway to remove the statue permanently."[70] The danger was not just the physical risks of taking such a heavy object off a pedestal, it was the probable confrontations between pro- and anti-Confederate demonstrators from outside the University. Folt stated that if UNC could remove the statue it would, but was prohibited by the 2015 law cited above.[13][71][72] Cooper responded to Spellings, saying UNC could remove the statue if there was "a real risk to public safety," but did not himself say that the risk existed.[71][64] Folt replied that despite the governor's advice, the university did not think it could say it was a "risk to public safety" in the sense intended by the 2015 law,[67][73] which refers to "a building inspector or similar official" making that determination, "where the statue itself poses a physical hazard."[70] As put on a separate occasion, "UNC ... doesn't agree that it's received the green light by anyone with authority to relocate the statue."[74] Removal will require legislative action.[75]

Folt has received considerable criticism from UNC-CH students and faculty for not taking a stronger position on the removal of Silent Sam.[76]

The UNC Board of Governors also criticized Folt for her request of the Governor, saing that the request ”was a 'wholly unacceptable' unilateral decision by Spellings and Bissette". They said the letter to the governor should have been reviewed and approved by the entire board, instead of only the board's committee chairs. They said they would not have given their approval to send the letter to Cooper.... "The letter exuded a weakness and hand wringing that does not accurately reflect the Board's opinion about how the potential of campus unrest should be treated", said the letter, which was dated August 22.[69] According to UNC-CH officials, "any petition to the North Carolina Historical Commission requesting the removal of the statue would have to come from the UNC System Board of Governors. That body has shown no public interest in doing so at this point."[77]

The UNC Board of Trustees then released a statement supporting Folt, saying: "Above all, regardless of the circumstance, the chancellor has a responsibility to the people of North Carolina to uphold all state laws. With this new law, it is relatively easy for many individuals to speculate about its meaning or offer possible loopholes as ways to operate around the law. It would be unwise and imprudent for the University to take any action regarding the monument without additional legal clarity, and we would expect no less from our chancellor."[74]

On August 22, 2017, at the beginning of the school year, a "Rally for Removal of Silent Sam", announced on a poster describing the day as "the first day of Silent Sam's last semester", attracted about 800 people.[64][78] Thousands signed a change.org petition to remove it.[71] Chanting "Hey, hey. Ho, ho. This racist statue has got to go" and "Tear it down", protestors marched to the official residence of University President Margaret Spellings, briefly blocking traffic on Franklin Street, Chapel Hill's main street, which adjoins the oldest part of the campus, where Silent Sam was located. The statue was surrounded by police in riot gear.[59]

Former UNC-CH Chancellor James Moeser, interviewed at the rally, said: "I used to be of the mind that we should contextualize history...but Charlottesville changed my mind." "Once statues like this become weaponized by the white supremacist[s] and the Nazis, keeping it up is untenable, I think it has to go. And I think it will go."[79]

On September 6, 2017, demonstrators chanted and made noise with drums, pots and pans, birthday party horns, and "anything they could get their hands on" in front of South Building, where Chancellor Folt's office is. Their stated intent was "disrupt[ing] business as usual", and they unusuccessfully asked Chancellor Folt to listen to their reasons why they felt Silent Sam should be removed.[70][80]

On September 21, the day before the North Carolina Historical Commission was to meet, UNC-CH issued a press release. It stated that the University was not making any proposal on Silent Sam to the Commission at that time. Given that the North Carolina Historical Commission had not yet made any ruling related to the 2015 law, and that Governor Cooper, through the North Carolina Department of Administration, had filed a petition to relocate three monuments located on the State Capitol grounds, "We are carefully following these proceedings, which we hope will shed light on what standards the commission will be using to evaluate such matters."[81] (The decision, which arrived two days after Silent Sam was toppled, was negative, as the North Carolina Historical Commission found that the law did not allow them to approve the request.[75])

On October 26, 35 professors from the School of Law posted a statement saying: "To many in our community, the armed soldier expresses the idea that some in our community are not equal. This disparaging and marginalizing symbol has no place at the core of an inclusive learning environment.... We also believe that the message it sends undercuts the University's mission "to teach a diverse community of undergraduate, graduate, and professional students to become the next generation of leaders. Maintaining this monument undercuts the value of equality protected by North Carolina law and the United States Constitution. We note that federal law obliges the University to provide an inclusive learning environment free of racial hostility.... If the University remains uncertain of its legal ability to act, we ask it to seek a declaration in court to affirm UNC's right to remove the statue. This path would spare our students and faculty from the distraction, expense and pain of suing their home institution." They related the Silent Sam situation with another controversial issue, "the Board of Governors' recent ban on representation or counsel by the Center for Civil Rights."[82]

In November, 2017, Maya Little, graduate student in history and leader of Silent Sam protests during 2017–2018,[83] posted documentation of the University's Police Department having used an undercover officer to gather information on the protestors.[84] This discovery led to another rally outside South Building on November 14.[85]

A November 1 statement (posted November 9) from the Department of Communication stated "We understand 'Silent Sam' to be a symbol of the history and legacies of racial slavery, anti-black racism, and white supremacy that persist in the state of North Carolina, the university, and our country.... [W]e have a moral obligation to remove this symbol of violent oppression from our midst, and continue the work of dismantling systemic racism."[86] The UNC Department of Geography, in a letter reported on November 9, stated that Silent Sam "contradicts values of diversity, social justice and anti-violence that our discipline embraces.... The continued presence of the monument is damaging to all of us who share this campus, but disproportionately jeopardizes the wellbeing of students with marginalized identities."[87] On November 27, the UNC School of Education posted a statement on its website, saying that the statue is and "was erected as a symbol of hatred, bigotry, and white supremacy".... As educators, we have an obligation to continue the work of dismantling systemic racism."[88] "Faculty, staff, students and graduates from the UNC School of Social Work", in a letter reported on December 15, added their support, saying "Whatever else the memorial may symbolize to some, it was erected to glorify White people in the South, and, by extension, to carry on the subjugation of Black people. Its presence continues to legitimize and incite violence, dehumanization, and oppression. Such racist symbolism is antithetical to the ethos of this vibrant, public university."[77]

In late February, 2018, an email was sent anonymously to Chancellor Folt, stating it was from 17 "senior faculty", "all Full Professors and Endowed Chaired [sic] Professors", who vowed "to move the statue themselves if the Chancellor has not done so by March 1st at midnight", saying they did not fear arrest. They claimed to be from the College of Arts and Sciences, the Medical School, the School of Public Health, and the School of Law, and quoted Edmund Burke: "the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good people to do nothing". They said they would release the email to the Daily Tar Heel, the campus newspaper, if she did not reply first. On February 25 a University spokesperson confirmed the letter had been received.[89] On the same day the email, accompanied by a press release, was sent to the Daily Tar Heel, which published them.[90] The paper said it had met with a representative from the group, "who is a senior faculty member at UNC". In a statement on February 27, "the group said they received word...that Folt is preparing to ask Gov. Roy Cooper to petition the North Carolina Historical Commission for an urgent ruling to relocate Silent Sam", and "as a sign of good faith, understanding that the Chancellor is now seeking the quick removal of Silent Sam, we shall stand down for the present". Asked if Folt reached out or was planning to reach out to Cooper in response to the letter, Joanne Peters Denny, a UNC spokesperson, said these conversations were not happening: "We don't make our policy decisions based on threats from unauthenticated, anonymous groups".[91]

On April 30, 2018, Maya Little defaced the statue, which she called "a symbol of UNC's commitment to white supremacy",[83] with a mixture of red ink and her own blood. She described her action as "provid[ing] context": "This statue, Silent Sam, was built on white supremacy. It was built by white supremacists.... These statues symbolize the violence toward Black people. Without that blood on the statue, it's incomplete, in my opinion. It's not properly contextualized."[92] The act was publicized in advance and news media and the UNC Police were present.[93][94] She was arrested and charged with defacing a public statue, with a court date of August 20. She was also charged with a UNC Honor Code violation. The statue was cleaned within minutes.[95] Faculty in the History Department issued a statement supporting her.[96]

In July, 2018, Silent Sam, covered by a red X and the words "North Carolina needs a monumental change", was depicted in Raleigh on two identical billboards, on Blount Street near Hoke Street and on North Raleigh Boulevard near the intersection with Yonkers Road. They were paid for by the Make It Right Project, part of the Independent Media Institute, which is working to have Silent Sam and nine other Confederate monuments removed. The stated audience the billboards were intended to reach — thus the Raleigh locations — were the members of the North Carolina Historical Commission.[97][12] At about the same time, the Project printed posters with a picure of Silent Sam, an X over him, and the words ”We need REAL heroes", and students put them up on the campus.[98]

In a press release dated August 15, the North Carolina Historical Commission stated that it "has received requests from private individuals to relocate the 'Silent Sam' monument at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, but has not received a petition from the university, the UNC system, or its governing body, the Board of Governors."[99]

UNC had begun developing alternate signs and an interactive tour meant to place Silent Sam in context and tell the "true" history of UNC.[13] From July 1, 2017 – June 30, 2018, UNC spent $390,000 on security for the monument.[60] Of that, $3,000 was for cleaning the monument. The $387,000 remainder was spent on law enforcement personnel costs.[67] Silent Sam was under 24-hour video surveillance via a monitor in the campus Police Department.[61][95]

Toppling, 2018

Police cordoned off the pedestal
Silent Sam, center, draped in a black cloth
Crowds gathered around the pedestal after Silent Sam was toppled
The base of Silent Sam on the night of August 20, 2018

On the night of August 20, 2018, the day before the 2018–19 school year began, another "Remove Silent Sam" rally was held,[14] beginning with speakers at 7 p.m. The protest had been billed as a rally in support of graduate student Maya Little, whose original court appearance for defacing the monument was scheduled for that day.[13][95][100][101][102] Protestors marched down and briefly blocked Franklin Street, Chapel Hill's main downtown street.[103] In contrast with the 2017 rally, police stayed in the background.[60] "Video of the protest shows campus police moving away from the monument just before protesters pulled it down."[104]

In a speech at the protest, Little said, "It's time to tear down Silent Sam. It's time to tear down UNC's institutional white supremacy".[101][105] Large signs, saying, among other things, "The whole world is watching", "Which side are you on?", "For a world without white supremacy", and a list of victims of racial violence, beginning with “Unnamed Black woman beaten by Julian Carr",[3] were held around the monument, blocking it from sight while heavy ropes were tied to it.[101] A later report refers to "torches".[104]

At 9:20 p.m., Silent Sam was felled;[103][106][107] the crowd cheered.[101] "People [were] screaming and jumping in disbelief."[3] A newscaster on the scene described the mood as "jubilation".[103] Holding signs and chanting "stand up, fight back" and "This is what democracy looks like", some protesters stomped on the statue and tried to cover it with dirt.

Police, who cordoned off the area around the pedestal, arrested one person who concealed their face in the public protest (prohibited in North Carolina).[103][106] Some police are reported to have been smiling.[108] Crowds remained around the base, and the Associated Press reported that students were drawn to see it as the news of the toppling spread.[107]

Later that night, campus staff loaded the statue, which did not seem to be seriously damaged,[108] onto a flat-bed dump truck and removed it from the site.[101]

Aftermath

On August 25, 30, and September 8, follow-up demonstrations were held at the site by supporters and opponents of the statue's toppling.[109] Chancellor Folt asked people not to come to these events for safety reasons. Some of these protests led to arrests for assault, resisting arrest, and inciting a public disturbance.[110][111][112] Supporters of Silent Sam were greatly outnumbered by counter-protesters.[113]

University response

University leaders said this was "unlike any previous event on our campus. This protest was carried out in a highly organized manner and included a number of people unaffiliated with the University."[114]

The morning after the topping, UNC issued a statement on Twitter which read, "Last night's actions were unlawful and dangerous, and we are very fortunate the no one was injured. The police are investigating the vandalism and assessing the full extent of the damage".[105] The State Bureau of Investigation has been called in.[114] The chair of the UNC board of governors, Harry Smith, said on August 22 that the board would "hire an outside firm to look into university and police actions at the protest where Silent Sam was toppled", adding that Chancellor Folt had not herself ordered police to take a "hands-off" approach.[108]

On University Day, October 12, 1968, Chancellor Folt "issued a public apology for the university’s connections to slavery and injustice to African Americans." "I reaffirm our university's commitment to facing squarely and working to right the wrongs of history so they are never again inflicted", she said.[115]

As of September 7, 2018, only one person has been charged with participating in the toppling.[116] At least 25 other people have been arrested on charges of misdemeanor riot, misdemeanor defacing of a public monument, causing damage to property, causing a public disturbance, defacing a public building, concealing one's face, resisting arrest, simple assault, and affray (fighting).[117][118][119][120] At a hearing on September 20, one person's charge was dropped, and that of another person will be dropped following completion of community service.[117]

Scrutiny of UNC Police

The actions or inaction on August 20 of the UNC Campus Police and the Chapel Hill Police Department, which differed from their actions at the 2017 protest,[60] have been the subject of many comments. As mentioned above, they will be examined by outside investigators. One Chapel Hill officer was put on administrative leave with pay after his tattoo closely resembling that of a far-right group was seen during the Aug. 20 protest.[121] Eight persons, all of whom had been arrested, signed a document alleging police misconduct at the September 8 protest.[109]

A Community Policing Advisory Committee meets monthly to receive feedback concerning the Campus Police. At the August meeting there were 2 attendees, "who wanted to speak about Silent Sam". The September 11 meeting had over 75 participants and was moved to the Chapel Hill Public Library. Campus Police Chief Chris Blue was asked to leave slightly after the meeting began, and he did so. More than 20 people spoke, all of them critical of various police actions: "The people who are there being violent are the police themselves," said an attorney who attended.[122] Several speakers alleged that the police were more lenient with demonstrators from outside the university than they were with student participants.[119]

At an earlier September 5 meeting on the campus, "residents" asked the town to reconsider its relationship with the Greensboro Police Department, whose Special Operations Division was called in to assist with crowd control during the August 30 protest.[121]

On September 20, 2018, about 75 demonstrators in front of South Building protested "police brutality" and what they called "targeting, harassing, and spying on anti-racist protesters."[123]

Reactions

Critics of the toppling

The pedestal remains in McCorkle Place without the Silent Sam statue.
  • Newspapers
    • Editorial in the Wilson Times: "When demonstrators pulled Silent Sam from his perch Monday night, the University of North Carolina joined an ignoble list of colleges where peaceful protest gives way to lawlessness and mob rule."[124] "North Carolina...has become a focal point in the debate over what should be done with markers honoring the Confederacy."[125]
  • Legislators
    • State Representative Bob Steinburg: "It is absolutely inexcusable and those responsible, including security who stood by and let it happen, need to be prosecuted, no excuses!! ... Whoever was on that security detail that allowed this to take place and are seen in this video and can be identified ... need to lose their jobs."[108]
    • State Representative Larry Pittman: "Chaos will be the result if nothing is done.... If we don’t stand up and put a stop to this mob rule, it could lead to an actual civil war".[126]
    • Senate leader Phil Berger: "Many of the wounds of racial injustice that still exist in our state and country were created by violent mobs and I can say with certainty that violent mobs won't heal those wounds. Only a civil society that adheres to the rule of law can heal these wounds and politicians – from the Governor down to the local District Attorney – must start that process by ending the deceitful mischaracterization of violent riots as 'rallies' and reestablishing the rule of law in each of our state's cities and counties."[127]
    • House Speaker Tim Moore: "There is no place for the destruction of property on our college campuses or in any North Carolina community; the perpetrators should be arrested and prosecuted by public safety officials to make clear that mob rule and acts of violence will not be tolerated in our state."[127]
  • UNC Board of Governors and President
    • Former State Senator Thom Goolsby, a member of the Board of Governors: "NC State law is CLEAR. Silent Sam MUST be reinstalled."[108] He was the only member of the Board of Governors to vote against giving the University until November 15 to develop a plan, "saying the situation should be resolved quickly".[104]
    • A joint statement from UNC Board of Governors Chairman Harry Smith and UNC President Margaret Spellings: "The actions last evening were unacceptable, dangerous, and incomprehensible. We are a nation of laws — and mob rule and the intentional destruction of public property will not be tolerated."[127]
  • Governor and former Governor
    • Governor Roy Cooper: "The actions that toppled Silent Sam bear witness to the strong feelings many North Carolinians have about Confederate monuments. I don't agree with or condone the way that monument came down, but protesters concluded that their leaders would not — could not — act on the frustration and pain it caused."[128] His office issued a similar statement.[129] Cooper has publicly stated his support for removal of Confederate monuments.[130] The announcement that the North Carolina Historical Commission found that the 2015 law prohibited removing three Confederate monuments at the state capitol, which removal Cooper had sought, by coincidence came two days after Silent Sam was toppled.[131] Cooper subsequently called for repeal of the 2015 law.[132]
    • Former Governor Pat McCrory, in an August 21 interview, labeled the toppling as mob rule and questioned whether people will begin to call for the destruction of the Washington Monument or Jefferson Memorial, since George Washington and Thomas Jefferson owned slaves. "Do you think these left-wing anarchists are going to end with Silent Sam?" McCrory said. At another stage in the interview, he compared the actions of the protesters to that of the Nazis who tore down statues and burned books.[133]
  • Polling: Harper Polling surveyed 500 North Carolina "likely voters" between September 4 and September 7, 2018. 70% disapproved of the toppling, 22% approved, and 9% were unsure or declined to answer. 39% said they favor removing Confederate monuments legally, and 50% were opposed. Results broke along age and party lines.[134]
  • Alumni and the general public: According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, it and other publications have received "a deluge" of emails "demand[ing] that the statue be re-erected".[76]

Supporters of the toppling

  • Newspapers
    • The Editorial Board of the Charlotte Observer, North Carolina's largest newspaper, saw the toppling of the statue as an act of civil disobedience, "a tradition that goes back at least to Henry David Thoreau, who famously argued that it is the citizen's duty not to acquiesce and allow the government to perpetrate injustice." The toppling of the statue is compared to Rosa Parks, who broke the law by refusing to give up her bus seat, the Greensboro four, and the Boston Tea Party. The Observer said the action was not "mob rule": "Mob rule was what happened at Little Rock Central High School in 1957 when nine black students, even armed with a U.S. Supreme Court ruling, were turned back by an angry and violent white mob."[127]
    • Editorial Board of the Winston-Salem Journal: "Silent Sam had to go.... Their cause was just, if not their methods. And it is easy to understand their mounting frustration and anger.... Blame 'mob rule' if you will. But it was poor leadership in Chapel Hill and Raleigh that ultimately led to Monday night."[135]
    • Editorial Board of the Fayetteville Observer: ”The most surprising thing about the toppling of “Silent Sam” on the UNC-Chapel Hill campus Tuesday night was that it took so long to happen.... And as cities and states across the South have seen frequent protests and have wrestled with decisions about the nature, meaning and location of their many monuments to the Civil War and the soldiers who fought in it, North Carolina’s official position has been to do nothing.... It’s clear that Silent Sam was meant to be a reminder to blacks of the doctrine of white supremacy that was prevalent then and is still too much with us today."[136] Myron Pitts, staff writer at the Fayetteville Observer, said in the newspaper "It was past time to remove UNC's Silent Sam. State and university officials' lack of leadership led to last week’s events."[137]
    • Editorial in Technician, NC State student newspaper, reprinted in the Daily Tar Heel: "[W]e fully support the actions of the protesters. The practice of vandalism is something that in normal circumstances, Technician does not condone. However, as all legal recourse had been pursued, and UNC students' authority to shape their own campus environment had been undermined by the state and the university, we support the risk taken by these individuals, in full knowledge of the legal repercussions they may face."[138]
    • Editorial Board of The Daily Reflector (Greenville, N.C.): "Frustrated at being given no alternatives, protesters took matters into their own hands.... Those responsible have to be charged and prosecuted.... But our history demonstrates the inevitability of the public's embrace of freedom and individual rights — and the progressive disappearance of institutions and symbols that stand in the way."[139]
    • Editorial Board of the Washington Post: "It's not a surprise that citizens would take matters into their own hands when arbitrary curbs had been placed on local democracy."[140]
  • UNC students
    • The UNC undergraduate student government executive branch posted a letter to all students, saying "the African-American activists had 'courage and resilience' and had 'corrected a moral and historical wrong that needed to be righted if we were ever to move forward as a university.'"[141]
  • UNC faculty
    • Groups
      • 42 UNC faculty members signed a letter published in The News & Observer on August 23 claiming UNC administration "dodged" the Silent Sam issue, leading to "not the most desirable" situation but one that had to come nonetheless. "The time is now for the university administration to show leadership, not bureaucratic obfuscation," the letter reads. "Show us that you and the university do indeed stand for Lux et Libertas, not sustaining and enforcing the symbols of human cruelty."[142] The letter quoted John F. Kennedy: "Those who make peaceful revolution impossible make violent revolution inevitable."[13][143]
      • 29 faculty members in the Department of History (August 23): "Civil disobedience, particularly among students, has a long and storied history in the United States, especially in the American South. The hyperbolic characterization of Silent Sam's toppling as 'lawlessness' and 'mob action' by Chancellor Folt and UNC System leaders demonstrates a purposeful, obdurate disregard for historical and social context."[142]
      • The University of North Carolina's Center for the Study of the American South (August 23): "UNC's leadership refuses to recognize that their own inaction put our community in danger. We acknowledge the constraints they face but we urge them to stand on the right side of history and join us in rejecting simplistic interpretations of last night's actions as vandalism. Silent Sam was violence. Protestors who removed it sought to reorient our future toward non-violence."[142]
      • The University of North Carolina's Center for Civil Rights (September 7): "Martin Luther King, Jr. and the civil rights demonstrators of the 1950s and 1960s knew that there were just laws and unjust laws, and they were prepared to pay the price of violating unjust laws. As those who train new generations of students in law, we at the UNC Center for Civil Rights cannot advocate lawlessness, but we can teach about the traditions of resistance to unjust laws. We did not urge protesters to take the actions that brought down Silent Sam, but we do believe that the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the State of North Carolina will be better for having Silent Sam removed from its place of honor on the campus. Silent Sam was never silent."[144]
    • Individuals
      • Joseph T. Glatthaar, Stephenson Distinguished Professor of American Civil War Studies, University of North Carolina: "I understand that many people want to honor the sacrifices and efforts of their ancestors, but Silent Sam represented the worst aspects and deeds of those ancestors.... The University and the state should offer magnanimous terms to those students and allow them to return to school unpunished."[145]
      • Barbara Rimer, Dean of the Gillings School of Global Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, in a public letter, "suggested a monument to a person who promoted peace, equity or prevention, instead of a return to Silent Sam."[146] "An ever-potent symbol of a past we said we aimed to transcend, the statue sent a powerful, contradictory message. In its silence, it spoke loudly. It's no wonder that, as other states sought to move beyond the past by removing statues, our inability to do so caused wounds to fester until the pain became unbearable. It is not surprising that it happened Monday night. It is only surprising that it did not happen sooner."[147]
      • Former UNC-CH Chancellor James Moeser: "I will confess to you that one of my failings as chancellor was not removing that monument when I had had a chance to do it. [When activists toppled the statue] I gave a private cheer when our students had the courage to do what I didn’t have the courage to do."[148]
  • Scholars (see also Glatthaar, above)
    • In an op-ed in the New York Times, scholars of slavery Ethan J. Kytle and Blain Roberts, authors of Denmark Vesey's Garden. Slavery and Memory in the Cradle of the Confederacy (2018),[149] professors of history at California State University, Fresno, with Ph.D.s in history from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: "We once believed that Confederate statues should be left up but also placed in historical context.... Over time, however, we lost our enthusiasm for this approach.... The white supremacist intent of these monuments, in other words, is not a relic of the past.... The prominence of the memorials shows how white Southerners etched racism into the earth with impunity." Their recommendation: leaving the "empty pedestal — shorn all original images and inscriptions — eliminates the offending tribute while still preserving a record of what these communities did and where they did it.... The most effective way to commemorate the rise and fall of white supremacist monument-building is to preserve unoccupied pedestals as the ruins that they are — broken tributes to a morally bankrupt cause."[150]
    • Karen Cox, professor of history at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and the author of Dixie’s Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture (2003): "People seem to be at their wit's end. When people feel they're not being heard, when people don't have a place at the table, then this is the result."[3]
    • Adam Domby, historian of the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the American South, with a Ph.D. in history from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: "I think ultimately what really did this (toppling) is the Heritage laws were really undemocratic.... They're taking away any recourse for communities who want to remove a monument."[151] It was Domby who unearthed the Carr speech (see above).
  • Legislators
    • In a joint statement, State Senator Valerie Foushee, Representative Verla Insko, and Representative Graig R. Meyer said the removal of UNC's Confederate statue was long overdue. "It was past time for Silent Sam to be moved from a place of honor on the campus of the University of the People. It is unfortunate that state legislators chose not to hear and pass the bill we filed earlier this year to move the monument to an indoor site where it would stand as a reminder of the bitter racial struggle that continues to burden our country.[133]
    • U.S. Representative David Price: "It should not have taken an act of civil disobedience to remove this monument to hate. We should not condone actions that threaten public health or safety but neither should politicians in Raleigh prevent local communities from taking action through peaceful means."[142]
  • Religious leaders
    • Olin T. Binkley Memorial Baptist Church: "Racism is still not eradicated in this day. We, members of a Chapel Hill faith community, seek to follow a man named Jesus who, at every turn, identified with the outcasts and spoke truth to power. He did not wait until a convenient time to speak or act. We believe it was time to act in ridding the UNC campus of a very public Silent Sam.... We support placing a placard in place of the statue, reminding us of what once stood there and what it stood for."[152]
  • Museum director
    • Former Orange County Historical Museum director Candace Midgett: “James Grossman, the executive director of the American Historical Association, has said that these statues were meant to create 'legitimate garb for white supremacy,' and queries why we would put up a statue of Robert E. Lee or Stonewall Jackson—or, I would add, Silent Sam—in times of real suppression of civil rights of people of color in places like Raleigh, in places like Chapel Hill. There's only one meaning to be extracted from that, and that is that these monuments are about touting white supremacy and intimidating people of color. That is why they were made and that's what they continue to reflect where they stand. I believe the board of the university and the administration have this one chance to be on the right side of history and I'm hoping they find a way to take it."[153]

Future of the statue

As of August 23, Silent Sam is being kept in an undisclosed location because of safety concerns.

The system’s president, Margaret Spellings, "who is Folt's boss", made the following summary of the situation: "The people who are paying the bills in the state of North Carolina, who underwrite in very significant ways the cost of operating that and every other institution in this system, by all polling and all accounts seem to support the restoration of the statue. Conversely, the community of Chapel Hill seems to feel very strongly that it should not be restored to its original place.”[76]

  • Thom Goolsby, Board of Governors member and former state senator, has said that the law is "perfectly clear": "Silent Sam needs to go back up on that same spot. Anything short of that is giving into mob rule and anarchy, and I won't agree with it."[154]

Proposals for reinstallation elsewhere on the campus

The Administrative Board of the Library stated publicly that it does not want the statue in any university library. "The board recommended the statue go to a location such as the N.C. Museum of History in Raleigh, which would presumably have the necessary security to handle it."[155]

  • On August 28, 41 department chairs in the College of Arts and Sciences sent a letter to Chancellor Folt opposing the return of Silent Sam to its pedestal or any prominent location on campus.[156]
  • On August 31, Chancellor Folt issued a statement saying that Silent Sam's original location was "a cause for division and a threat to public safety," and that, with the approval of the university system's Board of Governors, she was seeking input on a "safe, legal and alternative" location for the statue elsewhere on campus.[15]
  • On September 4, 2018, a letter from 450 UNC faculty members, supporting Folt's preference for relocating the statue, was sent to the Board of Governors, Board of Trustees, and key administrators. "The civic, economic, emotional, and cultural well-being of our community, as well as the university's educational mission, will suffer continued damage by the presence of the monument on McCorkle Place."[157] On the same day, 8 alumni co-chairs of a fundraising committee, most former members of the Trustees or the Board of Visitors, sent a letter to the Board of Trustees: This is an "increasingly dangerous situation impacting our students and faculty and threatening to tarnish the reputation of our nation’s first public university, as well as the State of North Carolina.... Now that Silent Sam is down, we are united in agreeing that it should not return to its former location."[157] The Chapel Hill-Carrboro Chamber of Commerce and the Chapel Hill Downtown Partnership also called for the permanent relocation of Silent Sam, saying the continued protests around the monument are hurting business and threatening the safety of the town.[158]
  • At the end of August, "a letter signed by 37 faith leaders said that returning the statue to its previous location would further the goal of those who placed it there in 1913 in the Jim Crow era, 'venerating white supremacy, and denigrating people of color'."[157]
  • Mayor of Chapel Hill Pam Hemminger had written the university on August 17, 2017, requesting that Silent Sam be moved (see above). On September 21, 2018, Mayor Hemminger and the entire town council wrote Folt and other UNC leaders:

Prominent placement of the Silent Sam monument at McCorkle Place in downtown Chapel Hill is an offense to the entire Chapel Hill community, including African-American students, faculty members, university employees, local residents, and business persons who call Chapel Hill home, as well as to returning alumni and the countless fans and tourists who visit our Town every year. To them and to us, Silent Sam and its roots in pro-slavery, pro-segregation ideology represent the antithesis of the high value that UNC and the Town of Chapel Hill place on being a welcoming and inclusive place for all.

The Mayor also mentioned the threat to public safety, the negative impact on downtown Chapel Hill, and the "unsustainable strain" on finances and other resources that the statue represented.[159]

Proposals for removal from the campus altogether

  • A September 7, 2018, statement in the Washington Post from 59 black UNC-CH faculty members asked that the university "permanently remove the Confederate statue and its pedestal from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.... A symbol of racism, violence, and white supremacy has no place on our 21st century campus often called the 'University of the People'."[160] 417 other UNC-CH faculty signed a letter of support.[161]
  • On October 12, the Faculty Council, UNC's main faculty body, passed a resolution requesting the permanent removal of the statue and its base. "Returning the statue to the UNC-Chapel Hill campus would reaffirm the values of white supremacy that motivated its original installation," the resolution said. “Moreover, to do so would undermine the physical security of all members of our community."[162]

Political repercussions

According to the Carolina Journal, the controversy surrounding Silent Sam is becoming a political issue that may affect the 2018 elections in the state,[154] "a development that, in most cases, would hurt Democrats".[163] In a September poll, 76% of swing voters and 93% of Republicans disapproved of the toppling; as did 44% of Democrats, versus 41% who approved.[164][163]

Also according to the Carolina Journal, the Silent Sam affair has national implications: "As public universities bend under the force of rampant — sometimes violent — political unrest, all eyes turn to UNC-Chapel Hill, where the toppling of a Confederate statue recharges a national conversation about public safety and the future of free speech... The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is poised to set a national example of allowing lawful protest while protecting free speech. But campus administrators and law enforcers so far have come up short, some experts say."[165]

Archival material

In response to a August 21 request from WRAL-TV, on September 12 the UNC-CH administration released 800 pages of emails and texts relevant to the toppling.[100]

Archival material on Julian Carr is in Special Collections, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library. Much has been digitized and is available online.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ $7,500 in 1913 had roughly the same purchasing power as $193,500 in 2018.[23]
  2. 1 2 The inscriptions are in all capital letters but are rendered here in sentence case for ease of reading.
  3. ↑ "Duty is the sublimest word in the English language" is a quote from a letter once believed to have been written by Robert E. Lee, but revealed in 1914 to have been a forgery.[30]

References

  1. ↑ Svrluga, Susan (September 5, 2018). "Hundreds of UNC faculty members urge officials not to restore Silent Sam statue to its original location". Washington Post.
  2. 1 2 Killgrove, Kristina (August 22, 2018). "Scholars Explain The Racist History Of UNC's Silent Sam Statue". Forbes.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Farzan, Antonia Noori (August 21, 2018). "'Silent Sam': A racist Jim Crow-era speech inspired UNC students to topple a Confederate monument on campus". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  4. ↑ Green, Hilary N. "Transcription: Julian Carr's Speech at the Dedication of Silent Sam". people.ua.edu. University of Alabama.
  5. ↑ Johnson, Kimberly (August 24, 2018). "'Silent Sam' Confederate Statue To Be Reinstalled: UNC Official". Charlotte Patch.
  6. ↑ "Governor Craig's Address" (PDF). Raleigh News and Observer. 3 June 1913 – via University Archives at UNC Chapel Hill.
  7. ↑ Venable, Frances P. "Folder 128: Speeches and Essays on Education: Scan 1". Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  8. ↑ Venable, Frances P. "Folder 128: Speeches and Essays on Education: Scan 2". Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  9. ↑ "[Mary Lyde Williams' speech at the dedication of Confederate Monument]" (PDF). Morning Star. Wilmington, NC. 15 June 1913.
  10. 1 2 "FADELESS GLORY OF BRAVE YOUNG BLOOD: Monument to University's Soldier Sons Unveiled at Chapel Hill. LOVE'S GIFT TO VALOR: Women of State Raise Statue to Youthful Chivalry. Governor Pays Tribute Carolina Manhood". Charlotte Observer. Charlotte, NC. June 3, 1913. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 28 August 2018 – via GenealogyBank.
  11. ↑ Leonard, Teresa (June 1, 2015). "UNC's Silent Sam statue was unveiled in 1913 ceremony". The News & Observer.
  12. 1 2 Bonner, Lynn (July 3, 2018). "National group's anti-Silent Sam billboards aim to spur statue's removal". News & Observer.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Stancill, Jane (August 23, 2018). "UNC will 'do everything in our power' to ensure safety, chancellor says". The News & Observer. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
  14. 1 2 "'Silent Sam' torn down during protests at UNC". WNCN. August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  15. 1 2 Jacobs, Julia; Blinder, Alan (August 31, 2018). "University of North Carolina Chancellor Explores New Spot for 'Silent Sam'". New York Times.
  16. ↑ Carol L. Folt (August 31, 2018). "Message from Chancellor Folt on the future of the Confederate Monument". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 United Daughters of the Confederacy, North Carolina Division (1910). Minutes of the 14th annual convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy: North Carolina Division. Minutes of the ... annual convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy: [serial] North Carolina Division. Newton, North Carolina: Capital Printing Co. p. 66 – via Internet Archive.
  18. ↑ "In Memorial to Carolina's War Dead". Carolina Alumni Review. UNC General Alumni Association. April 25, 2007.
  19. 1 2 "A Nursery of Patriotism: the University at War, 1861-1945—Civil War". UNC University Library Exhibits. University Archives at UNC Chapel Hill. November 13, 2007.
  20. ↑ "Interactive Tour: Confederate Monument". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  21. ↑ United Daughters of the Confederacy, North Carolina Division (1906). Minutes of the 11th annual convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy: North Carolina Division. Minutes of the ... annual convention of the United Daughters of the Confederacy: [serial] North Carolina Division. Newton, North Carolina: Enterprise Print. p. 71 – via Internet Archive.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 "A guide to resources about UNC's Confederate monument: Timeline". UNC University Library Exhibits. University Archives at UNC Chapel Hill. 2016.
  23. ↑ "CPI Inflation Calculator". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
  24. 1 2 3 Gutierrez, Michael Keenan (July 7, 2015). "UNC's Silent Sam and Honoring the Confederacy". We're History. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  25. 1 2 3 4 "A guide to resources about UNC's Confederate monument: Archival Resources". UNC University Library Exhibits. University Archives at UNC Chapel Hill. 2016.
  26. ↑ "Silent Sam (Civil War Monument)". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Virtual Tour. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
  27. ↑ Carola, Chris (April 18, 2015). "Civil War 'Silent Sentinels' still on guard in North, South". Associated Press.
  28. ↑ "Confederate Monument (a.k.a. Silent Sam)". The Carolina Story: A Virtual Museum of University History. Archived from the original on February 2, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  29. ↑ "Confederate Monument, UNC (Chapel Hill)". Documenting the American South: Commemorative Landscapes of North Carolina. University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  30. ↑ Heuston, Sean (November 2014). "The Most Famous Thing Robert E. Lee Never Said: Duty, Forgery and Cultural Amnesia". Journal of American Studies. 14 (4). doi:10.1017/S0021875814001315.
  31. 1 2 "The Soldiers' Monument Unveiled". The Alumni Review. 1 (6). June 1913. pp. 184–185.
  32. ↑ "'Silent Sam' a Yankee". Carolina Alumni Review. January 1975. p. 6. As a model for the musket-carrying soldier, he used a young man from Boston, Harold V. Langlois.
  33. ↑ Program for the dedication of the Confederate monument, 1913, UNC Libraries, retrieved August 23, 2018
  34. ↑ University of North Carolina, Louis Round Wilson Special Collections Library. "Julian Shakespeare Carr Papers, 1892-1923. Series 2. Sunday School Lessons and Addresses, 1896-1923 and undated. Folder 26: Addresses, 1912-1914: Scan 104".
  35. 1 2 3 Brundage, W. Fitzhugh (August 18, 2017). "I've studied the history of Confederate memorials. Here's what to do about them". Vox. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  36. ↑ "Soldiers' Monument. Chapel Hill, N.C. (photograph)". North Carolina Collection Photographic Archives, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  37. ↑ "Confederate Monument and students in uniform, 1918 (photograph)". The Carolina Story: A Virtual Museum of University History, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Warren-Hicks, Colin (August 23, 2017). "A Long Look at the Controversial Life of 'Silent Sam'". The News & Observer.
  39. ↑ Jennings, Louise (April 9, 1968). "Silent Sam's Dignity Restored". Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  40. ↑ "Graffiti on 'Silent Sam' (photograph)". Hugh Morton Collection of Photographs and Films, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Wilson Library. April 1968. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  41. ↑ "Spring cleaning for 'Sam'". The Alumni Report. 28 (3). May 1981. p. 1.
  42. ↑ "Silent Sam's on sabbatical". Carolina Alumni Review. Summer 1986. p. 2.
  43. ↑ "Confederate Monument". UNC The Graduate School. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  44. ↑ Palmer, Emily (November–December 2011). "As Time Goes By Sam Seems to Get Noisier". Carolina Alumni Review. pp. 10–11. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  45. ↑ College of Charleston (2016). "Adam Domby". Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  46. ↑ Domby, Adam (January 20, 2011). "Why Silent Sam was built: A historian's perspective". Daily Tar Heel.
  47. ↑ "Real Silent Sam movement holds protest focused on statue's history". Daily Tar Heel. September 18, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  48. 1 2 "NC NAACP President To Speak At Silent Sam 100th Anniversary Sunday". Chapelboro (WCHL). June 2, 2013.
  49. ↑ Mazza, Ed (July 6, 2015). "'Silent Sam' Confederate Statue At UNC Vandalized". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
  50. ↑ Lamm, Stephanie (July 9, 2015). "Narratives about Silent Sam collide". The Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  51. 1 2 Hodge, Blake (August 18, 2015). ""Who is Sandra Bland?" Spray Painted on Silent Sam and Post Office". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  52. ↑ "An act to ensure respectful treatment of the American flag and the North Carolina flag by state agencies and other political subdivisions of the state; to establish the Division of Veterans Affairs as the clearinghouse for the disposal of worn, tattered, and damaged flags; to provide for the protection of monuments and memorials commemorating events, persons, and military service in North Carolina history; and to transfer custody of certain historic documents in the possession of the Office of the Secretary of State to the Department of Cultural Resources and to facilitate public opportunity to view these documents". SL 2015-170, Act of 23 July 2015 (PDF).
  53. ↑ "Confederate statue on UNC-CH campus vandalized again". WRAL-TV. August 18, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  54. ↑ Hodge, Blake (September 10, 2015). "Silent Sam Blindfolded". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  55. ↑ "Pro-Confederate Rally Coming To UNC Campus Sunday". Chapelboro (WCHL). October 20, 2015. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  56. ↑ Keck, Aaron (October 26, 2015). "Demonstrators Gather To Support, And Oppose, Silent Sam". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  57. ↑ "Objections to 'Silent Sam' disrupt UNC University Day". WRAL-TV. October 12, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  58. ↑ "Man Arrested for Spray-Painting Silent Sam". Chapelboro (WCHL). January 15, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  59. 1 2 3 Drew, Jonathan (August 23, 2017). "Hundreds protest on UNC campus against Confederate statue". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2017-09-05. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Grubb, Tammy; Stancill, Jane; Brosseau, Carli (August 21, 2018). "Hands off? Police response to two Silent Sam protests were far different". News & Observer.
  61. 1 2 Stancill, Jane (February 28, 2018). "Would UNC faculty actually tear down Silent Sam?". News & Observer.
  62. ↑ Webster, Hannah (August 18, 2017). "Chapel Hill mayor asks for Silent Sam to be removed from UNC campus". WRAL-TV.
  63. ↑ Long, Travis (August 22, 2017). "Demonstrators drape 'Silent Sam' in black hood following Charlottesville violence (video)". In Stancill, Jane. UNC braces for Silent Sam Rally. Herald Sun.
  64. 1 2 3 4 Stancill, Jane (August 22, 2017). "UNC campus braces for Silent Sam rally". News & Observer.
  65. ↑ Stancill, Jane (August 21, 2017). "Cooper tells UNC leaders they can remove Silent Sam if there's 'imminent threat'". News & Observer.
  66. ↑ Stancill, Jane; Gronberg, Ray (August 22, 2017). "'Tear it down': Protesters gather at Silent Sam statue on UNC campus". News & Observer.
  67. 1 2 3 Stancill, Jane; Carter, Andrew (July 12, 2018). "UNC details security costs near Silent Sam for the last year". News and Observer.
  68. ↑ Moore, Jeff (August 22, 2017). "Gov. Cooper gives UNC green light to remove 'Silent Sam', UNC holds off, citing 2015 law". North State Journal.
  69. 1 2 Stancill, Jane (September 7, 2017). "UNC board members criticize leaders' handling of Silent Sam statue". News & Observer.
  70. 1 2 3 Stancill, Jane (September 6, 2017). "Noisy protest of Silent Sam statue targets chancellor". News & Observer.
  71. 1 2 3 Chason, Rachel (August 22, 2017). "After Duke incident, rival UNC considers whether to remove Confederate statue". Washington Post. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  72. ↑ Effron, Seth (August 29, 2017). "AG Stein wants Confederate monuments down or moved; awaits request for advisory opinion on law". WRAL-TV. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  73. ↑ Drew, Jonathan (2017-08-22). "Hundreds protest on UNC campus against Confederate statue". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  74. 1 2 Strong, Ted (August 25, 2017). "Top lawmaker says no plans to change NC law protecting Confederate monuments". WNCN. Archived from the original on 2017-08-26.
  75. 1 2 Debruyn, Jason; Baier, Elizabeth, and Associated Press (August 22, 2018). "NC Historical Commission Agrees To Keep 3 Confederate Monuments On Capitol Grounds, Reinterpret Them". WUNC-TV. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  76. 1 2 3 Patel, Vimal (September 25, 2018). "UNC's Chancellor Is a Consensus Builder. Silent Sam Is Her Greatest Test". Chronicle of Higher Education.
  77. 1 2 Hodge, Blake (December 15, 2017). "More UNC Faculty Join Call to Remove Silent Sam". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  78. ↑ "UNC student arrested after hundreds protest at UNC-Chapel Hill Silent Sam monument". WRAL-TV. August 22, 2017.
  79. ↑ Hodge, Blake (August 29, 2017). "UNC Chancellor Emeritus: Leaving Silent Sam in Place is 'Untenable'". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  80. ↑ Wall, Julia (September 7, 2017). "Demonstrators loudly urge Chancellor Folt to take down Silent Sam during protest in September (video)". In Stancill, Jane. "UNC board members criticize leaders' handling of Silent Sam statue". News & Observer. Students and activists gathered outside South Building on UNC's Campus in September with drums, pots and pans, and noise makers to disrupt business as usual and demand that Chancellor Folt take down Silent Sam.
  81. ↑ Hodge, Blake (September 21, 2017). "UNC Choosing Not to Bring Silent Sam Petition to NC Historical Commission on Friday". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  82. ↑ 35 School of Law professors (October 26, 2017). "Undersigned Faculty Statement on Silent Sam". UNC-CH School of Law. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
  83. 1 2 Hodge, Blake (May 1, 2018). "UNC Grad Student Charged with Defacing Silent Sam". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  84. ↑ Gronberg, Ray (November 7, 2017). "That 'auto mechanic' at the Silent Sam protests wasn't a mechanic, activists discover". Herald-Sun.
  85. ↑ Hodge, Blake (November 15, 2017). "Protesters Rally Against UNC's Silent Sam". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  86. ↑ UNC-CH Department of Communication (November 9, 2017). "Statement on Silent Sam".
  87. ↑ Hodge, Blake (November 9, 2017). "Another UNC Department Calls for Removal of Silent Sam". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  88. ↑ Hodge, Blake (November 28, 2018). "UNC Education Faculty Join Voices Calling for Removal of Silent Sam". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  89. ↑ Irizarry, Ana (February 25, 2018). "Anonymous faculty group threatens to take down Silent Sam". Daily Tar Heel.
  90. ↑ "Anonymous group calls for removal of UNC's 'Silent Sam'". WRAL-TV. February 26, 2018.
  91. ↑ Cole, Kiana (February 28, 2018). "What we know about the anonymous faculty demanding Silent Sam's removal". Daily Tar Heel.
  92. ↑ Blake, Suzanne (May 1, 2018). "We talked to Maya Little about protesting Silent Sam and her arrest Monday". Daily Tar Heel.
  93. ↑ Siddiqui, Samee (June 14, 2018). "Silent Sam, the Confederate statue at UNC-Chapel Hill, was doused with blood and red ink by protester Maya Little, Monday, April 30, 2018 (video)". In Stancill, Jane. UNC braces for Silent Sam Rally. News & Observer.
  94. ↑ Michaels, Will (May 9, 2018). "Silent Sam Protester: 'Eventually, These Statues Are Going To Come Down'". WUNC. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  95. 1 2 3 Stancill, Jane (June 14, 2018). "Silent Sam protester faces honor court charge at UNC". News & Observer.
  96. ↑ Hodge, Blake (May 3, 2018). "UNC History Faculty Supporting Student Charged with Defacing Silent Sam". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  97. ↑ Brown, Joel (July 3, 2017). "National group joins fight over Silent Sam, buying Raleigh billboards". WTVD.
  98. ↑ Holloway, Kali (August 8, 2018). "Activists Boosted by Make It Right Project Posters to Remove 'Silent Sam' Confederate Monument". Independent Media Institute.
  99. ↑ North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources (August 15, 2018). "Confederate Monuments Study Committee and N.C. Historical Commission to Meet Aug. 22 in Raleigh". Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  100. 1 2 Dukes, Tyler (September 15, 2018). "UNC officials watched protesters closely as Silent Sam fell, texts show". WRAL-TV.
  101. 1 2 3 4 5 Stancill, Jane (August 20, 2018). "Protesters topple Silent Sam Confederate statue at UNC". News & Observer. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  102. ↑ Blinder, Alan (August 21, 2018). "Protesters Down Confederate Monument 'Silent Sam' at University of North Carolina". The New York Times. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  103. 1 2 3 4 "'Silent Sam' is down: Protesters topple Confederate statue on UNC campus". WRAL-TV. August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  104. 1 2 3 Travis, Kari (August 28, 2018). "What to do with Silent Sam? UNC Board of Trustees will present plan by Nov. 15". Carolina Journal.
  105. 1 2 "US students topple Confederate monument". BBC News. 2018-08-21. Retrieved 2018-08-21.
  106. 1 2 Chapin, Josh (August 20, 2018). "Protesters knock down Silent Sam statue, which had stood on UNC campus since 1913". WTVD. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  107. 1 2 Drew, Jonathan (August 20, 2018). "Confederate Statue on UNC Campus Toppled by Protesters". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2018-08-21. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  108. 1 2 3 4 5 Stancill, Jane; Bonner, Lynn; Specht, Paul A. (August 22, 2018). "Police response to Silent Sam protest will be reviewed, UNC board chairman says". News & Observer.
  109. 1 2 Molina, Camila; Brosseau, Carli; Grubb, Tammy (September 9, 2018). "Police 'broke the peace' at UNC's Silent Sam protest, say 8 who were arrested". News & Observer.
  110. ↑ University Communications (August 24, 2018). "Message from Carolina on possible rally". Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  111. ↑ Johnson, Joe; Grubb, Tammy; Stancill, Jane (August 25, 2018). "Protesters clash at UNC-Chapel Hill, less than a week after Silent Sam was toppled". Herald-Sun.
  112. ↑ Associated Press (September 8, 2018). "Eight arrested at protest over North Carolina Confederate monument". The Guardian.
  113. ↑ Johnson, Joe (September 11, 2018). "Supporters of Silent Sam were greatly outnumbered by the counter protesters". News & Observer.
  114. 1 2 3 Hodge, Blake (August 22, 2018). "SBI Assisting Silent Sam Investigation Amid Questions of Policing Tactics". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  115. ↑ Stancill, Jane (October 12, 2018). "UNC leader apologizes for slavery and says school will 'right the wrongs of history'". News & Observer.
  116. ↑ Quiroz Guttierez, Marco (August 30, 2018). "Those arrested at Silent Sam protests receive charges in a crowded courthouse". Daily Tar Heel.
  117. 1 2 Grubb, Tammy; Stancill, Jane (September 20, 2018). "Two Silent Sam protesters resolve assault charges stemming from UNC rally". News & Observer.
  118. ↑ Charles, Alfred (September 5, 2018). "UNC-CH professor facing assault charge from night Silent Sam was toppled". WRAL.
  119. 1 2 Johnson, Joe (September 11, 2018). "Crowd comes to talk Silent Sam protests and police, but not with the chief". News & Observer.
  120. ↑ Grubb, Tammy (October 9, 2018). "Attorney compares those charged in UNC's Silent Sam protests to civil rights 'heroes'". News & Observer.
  121. 1 2 Grubb, Tammy; Brosseau, Carli (September 5, 2018). "Residents ask Chapel Hill to review Greensboro police actions at Silent Sam protest". News & Observer.
  122. ↑ McGee, Charlie; Vizcaino, Maria Elena (September 13, 2018). "'Somebody is going to die': Community weighs in on police conduct at protests". Daily Tar Heel. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
  123. ↑ Hodge, Blake (September 21, 2018). "Silent Sam Opponents Protest Police Brutality on UNC Campus". Chapelboro (WCHL). Retrieved September 23, 2018.
  124. ↑ "Our Opinion: Silent Sam falls victim to spread of campus chaos". Wilson Times. August 21, 2018.
  125. ↑ Drew, Jonathan (August 23, 2018). "Hundreds protest on UNC campus against 'Silent Sam' Confederate statue". Wilson Times.
  126. ↑ Specht, Paul A. (August 23, 2018). "GOP lawmaker fears 'civil war' after Silent Sam toppled". Herald-Sun.
  127. 1 2 3 4 Editorial Board (August 23, 2018). "Mob rule at Silent Sam? No, it was something far better different". Charlotte Observer.
  128. ↑ Waggoner, Martha; Robertson, Gary D. (August 22, 2018). "Panel: Rebel monuments stay on Capitol grounds". WLOS. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  129. ↑ "Governor's Office Statement on Silent Sam". North Carolina Office of the Governor. August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  130. ↑ Cooper, Roy (August 15, 2017). "North Carolina Monuments". Medium.
  131. ↑ Molina, Camila (August 27, 2018). "Move Confederate monuments from public places, NC Influencers say". News & Observer.
  132. ↑ Associated Press (August 22, 2018). "Governor: Change Law on Moving Rebel Monuments". U.S. News & World Report.
  133. 1 2 Smoot, Ryan (August 22, 2018). "Local, state leaders react to Silent Sam's removal". Daily Tar Heel.
  134. ↑ Stancill, Jane (September 11, 2018). "Poll: Majority of NC voters disapprove of toppling of Silent Sam". News & Observer.
  135. ↑ Editorial Board (August 21, 2018). "Our view: 'Silent Sam' had to go". Winston-Salem Journal.
  136. ↑ Fayetteville Observer Editorial Board (August 21, 2018). "Our View: Let Silent Sam's legacy be solutions". Fayetteville Observer.
  137. ↑ Pitts, Myron B. (August 28, 2018). "It was past time to remove UNC's Silent Sam". Fayetteville Observer. I saw on the news Silent Sam face down in the turf at my alma mater, the University of North Carolina. He's never looked better.
  138. ↑ Technician (August 23, 2018). "EDITORIAL: UNC students were right to remove Silent Sam". Daily Tar Heel.
  139. ↑ "Silent Sam' a symbol for the past, and the future". The Daily Reflector. August 26, 2018. <
  140. ↑ Washington Post Editorial Board (August 24, 2018). "North Carolina refused to act on Confederate statues. So protesters did". Washington Post.
  141. ↑ Stancill, Jane; Bonner, Lynn (August 21, 2018). "UNC system officials and state leaders on Silent Sam: 'Mob rule' won't be tolerated". News & Observer.
  142. 1 2 3 4 McClennan, Hannah; Weber, Jared; Ward, Myah (August 23, 2018). "Chancellor Folt holds Silent Sam press conference, BOG members speak out". Daily Tar Heel.
  143. ↑ "UNC faculty: Where is leadership on Silent Sam issue?". News & Observer. August 23, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
  144. ↑ Shaw, Theodore M. (September 7, 2018). "UNC Center for Civil Rights Director Theodore M. Shaw Statement on Removal of Statue Known as Silent Sam". Center for Civil Rights, University of North Carolina School of Law. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
  145. ↑ Glatthaar, Joseph T. (August 26, 2018). "Silent Sam from a historian's perspective". Daily Tar Heel.
  146. ↑ Stancill, Jane; Carter, Andrew (August 25, 2018). "The unfinished story of Silent Sam, from 'Soldier Boy' to fallen symbol of a painful past". Charlotte Observer.
  147. ↑ Rimer, Barbara K. (August 22, 2018). "Toppling of the Silent Sam statue". Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved August 25, 2018.
  148. ↑ Vaden, Ted (October 11, 2018). "Former UNC chancellor says he wished he'd taken down Silent Sam". News & Observer. Text "https://www.newsobserver.com/opinion/article219886465.html" ignored (help)
  149. ↑ Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (2018). Denmark Vesey's Garden: Slavery and Memory in the Cradle of the Confederacy. New York: The New Press. ISBN 9781620973653.
  150. ↑ Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (August 22, 2018). "Broken Tributes to a Morally Bankrupt Cause". New York Times.
  151. ↑ Behre, Robert (August 26, 2018). "Behind 'Silent Sam's' toppling at UNC, a lesson for South Carolina, historians say". Post and Courier.
  152. ↑ Ferrell, Velma (September 2, 2018). "Time to Act". News & Observer.
  153. ↑ Holloway, Kali (August 22, 2018). "Make It Right Project Responds to the North Carolina Historical Commission Vote to Keep Confederate Monuments Standing". Independent Media Institute. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  154. 1 2 Travis, Kari (October 3, 2018). "UNC Chapel Hill's handling of Silent Sam could be election issue". Carolina Journal.
  155. ↑ Stancill, Jane (September 4, 2018). "UNC library board says Silent Sam doesn't belong in Wilson or any of its libraries". News & Observer.
  156. ↑ 41 department chairs in the UNC-CH College of Arts and Sciences (August 28, 2018). "Letter to Chancellor Carol Folt".
  157. 1 2 3 Stancill, Jane (September 5, 2018). "UNC fundraising leaders say Silent Sam threatens safety, reputation of university". News & Observer.
  158. ↑ Nelson, Aaron; Landess, Elinor (August 30, 2018). "Chamber says Chapel Hill's reputation, economy at stake as Silent Sam protests mount". News & Observer.
  159. ↑ Schultz, MarK (September 21, 2018). "Town to UNC: Silent Sam, an 'offense to entire Chapel Hill community,' must be moved". News & Observer.
  160. ↑ 59 Black UNC faculty members (September 7, 2018). "To reinstall Silent Sam would 'herald for the nation and for the world that UNC is not a welcoming place for black people'". Washington Post.
  161. ↑ Lang, Hannah (September 18, 2018). "Letter written by Black faculty on Silent Sam receives support". Daily Tar Heel.
  162. ↑ Stancill, Jane (October 12, 2018). "Silent Sam should not return to UNC campus, faculty council says". News & Observer.
  163. 1 2 Hood, John (September 26, 2018). "Undecided lean right on key issues". Carolina Journal.
  164. ↑ "North Carolina Statewide General Election Poll Crosstabs September 4 – 7, 2018" (PDF). Harper Polling. September 7, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  165. ↑ Travis, Kari (September 4, 2018). "Silent Sam may speak loudly in national conversation on free speech". Carolina Journal.

Further reading

  • Rubin, Jr., Louis D. (Winter 2001). "Of Statuary, Symbolism, and Sam". Callaloo. 24 (1). pp. 160–161.
  • Manuscripts Department, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina (2005). "Slavery and the Making of the University". Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  • Michael Muhammad Knight (January 29, 2015). "The University of North Carolina's Silent Sam Statue Represents a Legacy of White Supremacy". Vice. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  • Mangan, Katherine (June 25, 2015). "Removing Confederate Symbols Is a Step, but Changing a Campus Culture Can Take Years". Chronicle of Higher Education.
  • Wahlers, Kasi E. (2016). "North Carolina's Heritage Protection Act: Cementing Confederate Monuments in North Carolina's Landscape". North Carolina Law Review. 94 (6–8). p. 2176.
  • University Archives, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina (2016). "A Guide to Resources about UNC's Confederate Monument". Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  • Patel, Vimal (December 3, 2017). "Chapel Hill's New Civil War". Chronicle of Higher Education (subscription required).
  • Calfas, Jennifer (August 21, 2018). "Why UNC's Toppled 'Silent Sam' Statue Has Been a Focus Point of Protest for Decades". Time.
  • Cirillo, Frank J. (August 22, 2018). "Why 'Silent Sam' had to go". Washington Post. We can debate the propriety of how the statue got toppled, but not whether it should have gone.
  • Webb, Nancy (August 27, 2018). "NC Influencers weigh in on Confederate monuments". News & Observer.
  • Molina, Camila (August 27, 2018). "Move Confederate monuments from public places, NC Influencers say". News & Observer.
  • Patel, Vimal (August 29, 2018). "Silent Sam Was Toppled. Yet He Still Looms Over Campus". Chronicle of Higher Education.
  • Beorn, Waitman Wade (September 11, 2018). "U.S. put its Silent Sams on pedestals. Germany honored not the defeated but the victims". Washington Post.
  • Patel, Vimal (September 25, 2018). "UNC's Chancellor Is a Consensus Builder. Silent Sam Is Her Greatest Test". Chronicle of Higher Education.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.