Rhodes Must Fall

Rhodes Must Fall
The statue at the centre of the controversy: a statue of Cecil Rhodes by Marion Walgate (1934)
Date 9 March 2015 (2015-03-09)
Location University of Cape Town
Caused by Perceived lack of transformation in South Africa following colonialism and apartheid[1]
Goals Removal of the statue of Cecil Rhodes on campus, "decolonisation of education" and "racial transformation" at the university[1]
Methods
Resulted in Statue removed 9 April 2015
Statue being removed on 9 April 2015

Rhodes Must Fall (#RhodesMustFall) was a protest movement that began on 9 March 2015, originally directed against a statue at the University of Cape Town (UCT) that commemorates Cecil Rhodes. The campaign for the statue's removal received global attention[2][3] and led to a wider movement to "decolonise" education across South Africa.[3][4] On 9 April 2015, following a UCT Council vote the previous night, the statue was removed.

Rhodes Must Fall captured national headlines throughout 2015 and sharply divided public opinion in South Africa. It also inspired the emergence of allied student movements at other universities, both within South Africa and elsewhere in the world.

Background

The bronze statue of a seated Cecil Rhodes was sculpted by Marion Walgate (née Mason), wife of architect Charles Walgate, who worked with J. M. Solomon in designing and constructing the new buildings at the University of Cape Town (UCT). It was unveiled in 1934.[5][6] Calls for the statue's removal had been slowly increasing for several decades, with Afrikaner students first demanding the removal of the statue in the 1950s.[7]

Ideology and goals

Rhodes Must Fall describes itself as "a collective movement of students and staff members mobilising for direct action against the reality of institutional racism at the University of Cape Town."[8] Whilst initially being focused on the removal of the statue of Cecil John Rhodes, Rhodes Must Fall states that "the fall of 'Rhodes' is symbolic for the inevitable fall of white supremacy and privilege at our campus."[8]

The movement was initially about the removal of the statue of Cecil Rhodes, a symbol which the protesters felt was oppressive,[4] and grew to encompass institutional racism,[9] the perceived lack of racial transformation at the university,[10] and access to tertiary education and student accommodation.[11][12]

Students made use of occupation, civil disobedience, and violence during the protests.[13] Actions included throwing human feces at the Rhodes statue, occupying UCT offices, and burning art, vehicles, and buildings.[14][15] Students also made use of the internet; protesting students created a Facebook page entitled 'Rhodes Must Fall' and promoted and made use of the hashtag '#RhodesMustFall' on Twitter.[16]

Leaders

The first action of the movement took place on 9 March 2015, when Chumani Maxwele "picked up one of the buckets of shit that sat reeking on the kerbside" and "hurled its contents" to a bronze statue of the 19th-century British colonialist Cecil John Rhodes, as reported by The Guardian.[17] The Times later named Chumani as "The faeces-throwing activist who orchestrated the #RhodesMustFall campaign at UCT.[18]" Ntokozo Qwabe was named as "one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford University in the UK" by BusinessTech[19] and by the Daily Mirror.[20] Parisian magazine Jeune Afrique named Youssef Robinson "one of the leaders of the movement in Britain."[21] Athabile Nonxuba was also named a leader of the movement at UCT by City Press.[22] National Public Radio interviewed Kgotsi Chikane and named him "one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement."[23]

Protests

2015 Protests: The statue, decolonisation

Rhodes falls (9 April 2015)

The first protest, and the action that started the Rhodes Must Fall campaign occurred on 9 March 2015, when Chumani Maxwele threw human faeces onto the statue and toyi-toyi'd with approximately a dozen protesters at the statue.[24] Maxwele was charged with assault after he was involved in a physical altercation with a security officer during the protest.[14] It was reported that a UCT security officer had prevented a photographer from taking photos of the protest. UCT announced that it was investigating the incident.[15]

On 12 March 2015, an open air dialogue took place on the stairs of Jammie Plaza, the focal point of the UCT Upper Campus, to discuss the statue, with points from all sides being heard. The following week, a march to the UCT administrative building, Bremner, took place, demanding a date for the removal of the statue. On 20 March 2015, students stormed the Bremner building, which houses the UCT offices during a speech addressing the removal of the statue by UCT vice-chancellor Max Price.[14] On 22 March, it was reported that the students were still occupying the building and that members of the public were supplying them with food. The protesters "renamed" the building Azania House, an indication that the movement takes an Africanist position on national identity, thus rejecting the civic and non-racial tradition of the ANC.[25]

UCT's senate voted in favour of the removal of the statue on 27 March 2015,[26] and following the vote, the statue was boarded up pending the final decision from the university's council.[27] On 9 April 2015 the Rhodes statue was removed.[28]

Protest quickly spread around South Africa's universities,[29] defacing statues and calling for the "decolonisation of education" in South Africa.[4]

Controversial statements

"One Settler, One Bullet"

On 8 April 2015 protesters disrupted the UCT Council meeting which had been called to discuss the removal of the statue and prevented members of the Council from leaving.[30] According to a statement issued by Max Price, Vice-Chancellor of UCT, protestors chanted "One Settler, One Bullet", a rallying cry during apartheid, both at the meeting and the following day during the removal of the statue.[31] On Tuesday 14 April 2015, Rhodes Must Fall issued a statement from its official Facebook page calling on its members to join a protest in the parking lot of the Bremner Building which ended with the slogan "ONE BULLET, ONE SETTLER!" This post was subsequently deleted.[32]

Support for Mcebo Dlamini

On 25 April 2015, Mcebo Dlamini, then president of the Students' Representative Council (SRC) of Wits University, stated in a Facebook post that he "loves Adolf Hitler" and admired Hitler for his "charisma" and "organisational skills."[33] In the same post Dlamini also stated that he "loves Robert Mugabe." Dlamini later declared during a radio interview on PowerFM, "Jews are devils," a remark which led the South African Jewish Board of Deputies to lay criminal charges of hate speech against him.[34] Dlamini was ultimately dismissed as SRC President on unrelated charges of misconduct.[35] Wits University Vice Chancellor Adam Habib stated, "I believe that Mr Dlamini has single-handedly wrought more damage on Wits University's reputation than any other person who I can think of in at least the last two decades."[36]

On 7 May 2015 Rhodes Must Fall tweeted "Why Mcebo Dlamini's views on Hitler are not outrageous",[37] including a link to an anonymous letter in the student newspaper Wits Vuvuzela bearing this title.[38] On the same day Eyewitness News reported that the Rhodes Must Fall movement stated that it "rejects the removal of Wits SRC President Mcebo Dlamini."[39]

2016 protests: accommodation, decolonisation, and institutional culture

Protests resumed at the University of Cape Town at the start of the academic year on 15 February 2016, when members of the Rhodes Must Fall movement constructed a shack at a heavily used pedestrian crossing and road at the base of the Jameson Steps on the university's main campus.[40] The shack was set up to protest what some students perceived as a lack of housing for black students and unfairness in the allocation of student housing.[41] The University responded, stating that the shack needed to be relocated by 5 p.m. the following day, as its placement was causing traffic congestion.[42] The following day, the shack was removed after 6 p.m. by the University.[43] In response, Rhodes Must Fall supporters vandalised two statues, one of Jan Smuts and another of Maria Emmeline Barnard Fuller;[44] burned paintings, predominantly portraits of white people, collected from university buildings (including a portrait of the revered anti-apartheid activist Molly Blackburn,[45] and five anti-apartheid-themed paintings by black artist Keresemose Richard Baholo, who was the first black student to receive a master's degree in Fine Art from UCT[46] and who later supported the activists' actions[47]); torched three vehicles, including a Jammie Shuttle transport bus;[48] and petrol-bombed the office of the university's vice-chancellor.[49][50][51][52][53]

The University of Cape Town stated that the shortage, 6,680 beds for 27,000 students, was due to three reasons: greatly increased student numbers caused by lower fees, students rewriting deferred exams caused by the protests the previous year, and the clearance of historical student debt increasing the number of returning students. The university also stated that their ability to respond to the housing problem was hampered by the occupation of three buildings hosting the Student Housing department by Rhodes Must Fall protesters. The university also refuted protesters' claims of prioritising the housing of white students, stating that 75% of students in university residences were black.[41] The university claimed that a number of the protesters were not university students and that due to the "intimidation of others, demeaning utterances, and distortion of facts" it was taking criminal action against the protesters.[54][55] Eight protesters were arrested on charges of public violence and malicious damage.[56]

In the same week, non-black students were also barred from the UCT residences' dining hall by Rhodes Must Fall protesters and denied food from the cafeteria.[57]

Similar protests erupted across South Africa during February 2016 with protests at North-West University, University of the Free State, University of Witwatersrand, University of Pretoria, and the University of KwaZulu-Natal.[58]

Reactions

On 22 March 2015, UCT lecturer Xolela Mangcu told the Cape Times newspaper that the university was not hiring enough black professors. He said that only 5 out of the 200 senior professors at the university were black.[59] A week later, Julius Malema of the Economic Freedom Fighters agreed that the statue should be removed and that the student protests were against not only the statue, but white supremacy itself. Albie Sachs suggested to "keep him [Rhodes] alive on the campus and force him, even if posthumously, to witness surroundings that tell him and the world that he is now living in a constitutional democracy."[60]

During March 2015, the Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment at the University of Cape Town ran a poll on whether or not the statue should be moved. Out of 2700 students, 1100 students voted. Sixty percent of them were against the removal of the statue, 38% were in favour of its removal and the remaining 2% abstained. However, the poll did not measure strength of opinion. A consensus in the Senate found that many who are against removal did not feel strongly about the issue.[61]

Apartheid-era president, F. W. de Klerk has criticised the movement, calling the movement a "folly" and the students "full of sound and fury". He argues that Rhodes was "the architect of the Anglo-Boer War that had a disastrous impact on our people, yet the National Party government never thought of removing his name from our history". De Klerk continued on by saying in a letter to The Times that for better or for worse, "Rhodes had made an impact on history, which included the positive contribution of his scholarship scheme."[62][63]

Some critics of the movement worry that the focus is on quantity rather than quality of education,[64] and that an increase in the number of students accepted to universities will lead to a decrease in the quality of their education, as money which would have gone towards securing quality educators goes instead to subsidising students' fees. Sikhakhane draws parallels between South Africa's path and the situation in Chile and Colombia.[65]

The university protests have been criticised for their increasingly violent nature[48] and their racism against non-black students,[11][57] especially their "extreme hatred of whites".[66] Some black students claim they fear retribution should they not support the protests.[57]

Other universities

Stellenbosch University

In mid April 2015, the student- and staff-led activist organisation Open Stellenbosch was founded at the University of Stellenbosch to promote similar aims, but with more of a focus on the role of language – specifically Afrikaans – in education at the university. The organisation was inspired by the Rhodes Must Fall movement at the University of Cape Town.[67] Four independent University of Cape Town students produced a short video documentary called Luister in which students attending Stellenbosch and Elsenburg College explained their experiences of racism and slow transformation at the university and the college.[68][69] On 12 November 2015, the University of Stellenbosch's Rector's Management Team recommended a new language policy in line with Open Stellenbosch's demands; specifically the adoption of English as a lingua franca.[70]

Rhodes University

At Rhodes University, the Black Students Movement was started on 17 March in solidarity with the UCT Rhodes Must Fall Movement. The movement then began agitating for the name of Rhodes University to change, and has since made several interventions towards transforming Rhodes University, which it regards as a colonial university. In late May 2015, following protests and complaints by the Black Students Movement, the university, Rhodes University (named after Cecil Rhodes) approved plans to formally begin the process of changing the university's name.[71]

University of Pretoria

On 19 February 2016, the AfriForum Youth, the Progressive Youth Alliance, and the EFF Student Command met with the university to vote on the use of Afrikaans as a language of instruction.[72] Following clashes between students and police, 24 students were arrested for public violence.[73] The following day, the university announced that the Hatfield and Groenkloof campuses would be closed until the university could ensure the safety of its students and staff.[74]

On 22 February 2016, the university proposed that its medium of instruction would become English-only.[75] Protests against Afrikaans continued, with students boycotting classes and forcing other students out of their lectures. Lectures were cancelled as a result.[76]

University of the Free State

On 22 February 2016, a group of 35 people consisting of contract workers and students, were arrested at the University of the Free State on charges of contempt of court and illegal gathering.[77]

University of Oxford

At the University of Oxford, students called for a statue of Rhodes to be removed from Oriel College,[78] and started a movement at the university to better represent non-white culture in the curriculum as well as to combat racial discrimination and insensitivity.[79][80] Organising members of Rhodes Must Fall in Oxford stated that awareness should be raised at the university about the institution's implication in colonialism and the violence that accompanied it, and that representation of 'black voices' should be improved.[81]

Writing in The Daily Telegraph, Harry Mount described Oxford's Rhodes Must Fall campaign as the product of "a generation raised to believe that their feelings are all that matter", arguing that academics had been too indulgent towards student activists.[82]

On 19 January 2016, students at the Oxford Union (a private student debating society, without official endorsement or links to the University) voted 245 to 212 in favour of removing the statue of Rhodes from the campus.[83] Ultimately, on 29 January 2016, it was announced that the statue would remain, after "furious donors threatened to withdraw gifts and bequests worth more than £100 million" if it was removed.[12][84] Commenting on the Rhodes controversy, and a similar demand to remove Nelson's column due to slavery issues, the former director of the Victoria and Albert Museum, Sir Roy Strong, stated: "Once you start rewriting history on that scale, there won't be a statue or a historic house standing....The past is the past. You can't rewrite history."[85]

83 international students per year are selected to study at Oxford under the scholarship that bears Rhodes' name. When some of those in receipt of the scholarship were challenged over their opposition to Rhodes, they commented "this scholarship does not buy our silence" ... "There is no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy". This followed a number of attacks by British media, and on social media, against the scholarship student Ntokozo Qwabe in response to his involvement in the movement. The students commented "a wave of ad hominem and unfounded accusations, hate speech and racism have flooded social media, the press and indeed Ntokozo’s personal inbox.".[86]

Harvard Law School

In Fall 2015 a group of law students calling itself Royall Must Fall and inspired by Rhodes Must Fall called for the retirement of the Harvard Law School shield, publishing an open letter to law school dean Martha Minow in the Harvard Law Record and posting signs and posters throughout the campus.[87][88][89] Depicting three wheat sheaves, the shield incorporated the coat of arms of Isaac Royall Jr., a Harvard benefactor who had endowed the law school's first professorship.[90] The shield had become a source of contention among Royall Must Fall activists because of the Royall family's history as slave-owners.[91]

The movement's inception was accompanied by several controversial incidents, most notably when black tape was mysteriously placed over the portraits of prominent African-American faculty members.[92] In addition to spurring several students to express their views about the incident in an "#HLSUntaped" feature in the law school's student newspaper and at on-campus assemblies, the controversy soon eclipsed the law school and garnered university-wide interest, with several articles published in The Harvard Crimson and with some Harvard undergraduates joining protesting law students in solidarity.[93] Several national news organizations picked up on the controversy as well.[94]

After the shield was ordered retired on 15 March 2016, Royall Must Fall renamed itself Reclaim Harvard Law and broadened its focus.[95] Prominent members of Reclaim included third-year student A.J. Clayborne, but the group was organized in an equitable manner to counteract the perceived hierarchical nature of Harvard Law School. Reclaim sparked controversy when it occupied the law school's lounge and renamed it Belinda Hall after a female slave who was enslaved by the Royall family.[96][97] After conservative students placed posters in the occupied lounge that were then torn down by students from Reclaim, Dean Martha Minow reaffirmed the school's commitment to free speech in an email to the student body and in the school's student newspaper.[98] This and other incidents sparked an on-campus debate in Spring 2016 about whether free speech could undermine social justice. As part of the debate, the Harvard Law Record's editor-in-chief and third-year law student Michael Shammas faced criticism from right-wing students for refusing to publish videos of activists tearing down pro-free speech posters, as well as criticism from some left-wing activists for accepting conservative op-eds for publication.[99] Shammas, who was politically liberal, noted that even though he supported anti-racist protesters, his role was "editor-in-chief, not thought-policeman-in-chief." [100] Prominent Harvard Law professors such as Duncan Kennedy, Annette Gordon-Reed, Randall Kennedy, and Scott Brewer also weighed in, including in national newspapers such as the New York Times.[101][102]

The effects of the Royall Must Fall and Reclaim Harvard Law continue to be felt on the law school campus today. In September 2017, the school unveiled a plaque acknowledging slavery's role in its history, which reads, "May we pursue the highest ideals of law and justice in their memory." [103] The controversies that occurred over the 2015-2016 year are recounted from a conservative perspective in a book by Kayleigh McEnany, a prominent conservative and former Trump spokeswoman who was a third-year law student at the time.[104] McEnany's view of the controversy, in which she is critical of the protesters, differs from many expressed at the time. Indeed, some students who defended free speech during the controversy nonetheless wrote that they suspected that some on-campus conservatives may have rallied around free speech as a way to fight Reclaim's aims while hiding their own racism.[105][106]

Several articles appeared comparing the Rhodes Must Fall and Royall Must Fall movements, in both positive and negative lights.[107][108]

Other

Small student protests in support of or directly inspired by the removal of the statue and the Rhodes Must Fall movement also occurred at the University of Edinburgh[78] and the University of California, Berkeley.[109] Berkeley protesters felt the demands of the Rhodes Must Fall movement were relevant to their own grievances of perceived black marginalisation at Berkeley.[109] At the University of Cambridge the movement catalysed the creation of similar 'decolonisation' student led initiatives such as the return of the okukor cockerel statue (taken during the punitive Benin Expedition of 1897) at Jesus College to Nigeria.[110]

Other statues

The paint-smeared base of the statue of J.H. Hofmeyr in Cape Town being cleaned by a pair of non-protesting volunteers on 11 April 2015

On 22 March 2015, the EFF's president, Julius Malema, called for all other colonialism and apartheid symbols to be removed nationwide in South Africa.[111] Following this, a number of colonial era statues were vandalised across the country, including the statue of King George V at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.[112] The EFF's members were implicated in the vandalism of a number of Anglo-Boer War statues including the Uitenhage War memorial statue for fallen British soldiers on 4 April,[113] the Horse Memorial in Port Elizabeth dedicated to the animals that served in the war on 6 April,[114] and the vandalism (green paint) of Paul Kruger's statue in Church Square, Pretoria on 7 April.[115] The statue of Louis Botha situated outside the Houses of Parliament in Cape Town was vandalised on 9 April.[116]

EFF spokesperson Mbuyeseni Ndlozi said on 9 April that the party would have to take responsibility for its members' actions, but that the EFF was for the removal, not vandalism or destruction, of the colonial and apartheid symbols in the public space.[117]

In response to the vandalisms of the Louis Botha Statue and Horse Memorial local supporters of the monuments laid wreaths at the sites of the monuments a few days after the vandalisms. The Horse Memorial was temporarily moved by the local municipality to a safe space so as to protect it from future vandalism with the chairperson of the Nelson Mandela Bay region of the EFF, Bo Madwara, threatening to "unload it into the sea" should the monument be restored.[118]

On 18 September 2015 the bronze bust of Rhodes at Rhodes Memorial was vandalised with the nose of the bust being cut off and graffiti accusing Rhodes of being a "Racist, thief, [and] murderer."[119]

Controversies over Rhodes Scholars who are Rhodes Must Fall activists

Ntokozo Qwabe, one of the founders of Rhodes Must Fall and a Rhodes Scholar, was the subject of controversy over seemingly racist comments towards a white waitress in South Africa. For this he was widely criticized in the UK[120][121] and in South Africa.[122] A few days after the November 2015 Paris attacks Qwabe also caused controversy comparing the French flag to the Nazi swastika and calling for it to be banned from universities.[123][124][125]

Joshua Nott, a former publicist for Rhodes Must Fall, was accused of hypocrisy, including by Rhodes Must Fall, over subsequently applying for and accepting a Rhodes Scholarship. The Rhodes Trust was criticized for not awarding the scholarship to someone more deserving. [126][127]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 University Assembly: The Rhodes Statue and Transformation (Video). University of Cape Town. 26 Mar 2015.
  2. ↑ Hall, Martin. "The symbolic statue dividing a South African university". BBC News. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  3. 1 2 Hlophe, Wadantu (1 April 2015). "HLOPHE: Rhodes must fall everywhere". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 Kamanzi, Brian (29 March 2015). ""Rhodes Must Fall" – Decolonisation Symbolism – What is happening at UCT, South Africa?". The Post Colonialist. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  5. ↑ Jeremy Harding, Rhodes Must Fall, London Review of Books Blog, 1 April 2015
  6. ↑ WALGATE, Charles Percival, Artefacts.co.za
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  8. 1 2 "Rhodes Must Fall". Rhodes Must Fall. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
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  11. 1 2 "We are at a precipice. We must act to save our universities". 26 February 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
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  15. 1 2 Bester, Junior. "Protesters throw poo on Rhodes statue". IOL. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
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  17. ↑ Fairbanks, Eve (18 November 2015). "Why South African students have turned on their parents' generation". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 May 2016. Maxwele travelled by minibus taxi out to Khayelitsha, picked up one of the buckets of shit that sat reeking on the kerbside, and brought it back to the campus of the University of Cape Town (UCT), where, in 2011, he had gained a scholarship to study political science. He took it to a bronze statue of the 19th-century British colonialist Cecil John Rhodes that held pride of place on campus, just downhill from the convocation hall. Rhodes had been one of the main architects of South Africa's segregation. "Where are our heroes and ancestors?" Maxwele shouted to a gathering, curious crowd. Then he opened the bucket and hurled its contents into Rhodes's face.
  18. ↑ "UCT student transformation leader quits amid homophobia row". The Times. RDM News Wire. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2016. The faeces-throwing activist who orchestrated the #RhodesMustFall campaign at UCT‚ Chumani Maxwele‚ was suspended after being accused of shouting at a lecturer: "We must not listen to whites. We do not need their apologies. They have to be removed from UCT and have to be killed".
  19. ↑ "Rhodes Must Fall leader dares whites to have him expelled from Oxford". BusinessTech. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016. Ntokozo Qwabe, one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford University in the UK, bragged last week on Facebook about the way he treated waitress, Ashleigh Schultz, at a cafe in Observatory, Cape Town.
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  33. ↑ "SRC president says: "I love Hitler"". Wits Vuvuzela. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
  34. ↑ Location Settings (2015-06-29). "Dlamini in hot water again over 'Jews are devils' comment". News24. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
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  42. ↑ Carla Bernardo (16 February 2016). "UCT requests for 'Shackville' to be relocated". African News Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
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  45. ↑ "South African Students Loot University Buildings, Torch Portraits Of White People". The Daily Caller. Retrieved 2016-06-12.
  46. ↑ "RMF protesters incinerated five Richard Baholo paintings - UCT - POLITICS | Politicsweb". politicsweb.co.za. Retrieved 2016-06-12.
  47. ↑ Reporter, Citizen. "Black artist supports students after burnt work". The Citizen. Retrieved 2016-06-12.
  48. 1 2 Cele, S'thembile (21 February 2016). "Newsmaker: The price of being the boss". Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  49. ↑ "Price confirms UCT office was petrol-bombed". 17 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
  50. ↑ Dano, Zodidi (17 February 2016). "Angry UCT students set artworks alight - PICS". Cape Argus. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  51. ↑ GroundUp (17 February 2016). "GroundUp Report: Rhodes Must Fall protesters burn UCT art". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  52. ↑ Van der Merwe, Marelise (16 February 2016). "#RhodesMustFall: UCT's Day of Mayhem". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
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  59. ↑ Petersen, Carlo (23 March 2015). "'UCT refusing to hire black professors'". Cape Times. IOL News. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  60. ↑ Albie Sachs: 'The Rhodes debate: How we can have the last laugh'. In: CityPress, 29 March 2015
  61. ↑ University Assembly: The Rhodes Statue and Transformation (Video). 1:05:42: University of Cape Town. 26 Mar 2015.
  62. ↑ "FW de Klerk criticises Rhodes statue removal campaign - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
  63. ↑ "Removing statue of Rhodes would be folly, says De Klerk | The Times". The Times. Retrieved 2015-12-27.
  64. ↑ Snodgrass, Lyn (23 February 2016). "Free education comes at the cost of equality". Retrieved 27 February 2016.
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  85. ↑ Everywhere Sir Roy Strong looks, the thumbscrews are tightening, The Sunday Times, 3 September 2017
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  108. ↑ https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/must-rhodes-fall. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  109. 1 2 "American students support #RhodesMustFall Campaign". News24. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
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  111. ↑ GQIRANA, THULANI. "Malema declares war on Cape Town's 'apartheid regime'". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  112. ↑ Sihle Mlambo & Mpathi Nxumalo (27 March 2015). "UKZN statue row rages on". Daily News. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  113. ↑ Derrick Spies (4 April 2015). "War memorial statue in Uitenhage 'necklaced'". News24. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  114. ↑ Dorette De Swart (6 April 2015). "EFF members dismantles Horse Memorial". Port Elizabeth Herald. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
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  119. ↑ Cronje, Jan (20 September 2015). "Mystery of Rhodes' missing nose". Weekend Argus. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  120. ↑ Oxford student doesn’t regret making ‘white girl’ waitress cry. Harley Tamplin, Metro, 19 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  121. ↑ Oxford student who refused to tip waitress claims his comments 'weren't personal'. Matt Payton, The Independent, 19 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  122. ↑ ANC weighs in on RMF activist tip saga. Carla Bernardo, IOL, 2 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  123. ↑ Oxford law student Ntokozo Qwabe calls for universities to ban French flag after Paris attacks, comparing it to ‘Nazi flag’. Aftab Ali, The Independent, 28 December 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  124. ↑ Oxford student Ntokozo Qwabe demands tricolour ban claiming France has committed 'acts of terror'. John Hall, International Business Times, 27 December 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  125. ↑ After Rhodes he wants to tear down tricolore. Oliver Thring, The Sunday Times, 27 December 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  126. ↑ An Activist Who Campaigned Against Cecil Rhodes Just Accepted a $50,000 Rhodes Scholarship Time, 25 January 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  127. ↑ Rhodes Must Fall activist accepts £40,000 Rhodes bursary to study at Oxford The Telegraph, 23 January 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
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