Mary Harris Jones

Mary Harris Jones
Jones in 1902
Born Mary G. Harris
Cork City, County Cork, Ireland
Baptized August 1, 1837
Died November 30, 1930 (aged 93)
Adelphi, Maryland, U.S.
Occupation Labor and community organizer
Political party Social Democratic Party
Socialist Party of America

Mary G. Harris Jones (baptized 1837;[1][2] died 1930), known as Mother Jones, was an Irish-born American schoolteacher and dressmaker who became a prominent organized labor representative and community organizer. She helped coordinate major strikes and cofounded the Industrial Workers of the World.

Jones worked as a teacher and dressmaker, but after her husband and four children all died of yellow fever in 1867 and her dress shop was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, she became an organizer for the Knights of Labor and the United Mine Workers union. From 1897, at about 60 years of age, she was known as Mother Jones. In 1902, she was called "the most dangerous woman in America" for her success in organizing mine workers and their families against the mine owners. In 1903, to protest the lax enforcement of the child labor laws in the Pennsylvania mines and silk mills, she organized a children's march from Philadelphia to the home of President Theodore Roosevelt in New York.

Early life

The Mother Jones Memorial near her birthplace in Cork, Ireland
The Mother Jones Memorial near her birthplace in Cork, Ireland

Mary G. Harris was born on the north side of the city of Cork, Ireland, the daughter of Roman Catholic tenant farmers Richard Harris and Ellen (née Cotter) Harris.[3] Her exact date of birth is uncertain; she was baptized on 1 August 1837.[1] Mary Harris and her family were victims of the Great Famine, as were many other Irish families. This famine drove more than a million families, including the Harrises, to emigrate to North America.

Formative years

Mary was a teenager when her family emigrated to Canada.[4] In Canada (and later in the United States), the Harris family were victims of discrimination due to their immigrant status as well as their Catholic religion. Mary received an education in Toronto at the Toronto Normal School, which was tuition free and even paid a stipend to each student of one dollar per week for every semester completed. At the age of 23, she moved to the United States.[4] She became a teacher in a convent in Monroe, Michigan, on 31 August 1859. She was paid eight dollars per month, but the school was described as a "depressing place".[5] After tiring of her assumed profession, she moved first to Chicago and then to Memphis, where in 1861 she married George E. Jones, a member and organizer of the National Union of Iron Moulders,[6] which later became the International Molders and Foundry Workers Union of North America, which represented workers who specialized in building and repairing steam engines, mills, and other manufactured goods.[7] Mary decided to leave the teaching profession and eventually opened a dress shop in Memphis on the eve of the Civil War.[4]

There were two turning points in her life. The first, and most tragic one, was the loss of her husband and their four children, three girls and a boy (all under the age of five) in 1867, during a yellow fever epidemic in Memphis. After that tragedy, she returned to Chicago to begin another dressmaking business.[8] Then, four years later, she lost her home, shop, and possessions in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. This huge fire destroyed many homes and shops. Jones, like many others, helped rebuild the city. According to her autobiography, this led to her joining the Knights of Labor.[9] She started organizing strikes. At first the strikes and protests were a horrific failure and usually ended with the police shooting at and killing numerous protesters. The Haymarket Riot of 1886 and the fear of anarchism and upheaval incited by union organizations resulted in the demise of the Knights of Labor. Once the Knights ceased to exist, Mary Jones became involved mainly with the United Mine Workers. She frequently led UMW strikers in picketing and encouraged striking workers to stay on strike when management brought in strike-breakers and militias.[7] She believed that "working men deserved a wage that would allow women to stay home to care for their kids."[10] Around this time, strikes were getting better organized and started to produce greater results, such as better pay for the workers.[11]

Another source of her transformation into an organizer, according to biographer Elliott Gorn, was her early Roman Catholicism and her relationship to her brother, Father William Richard Harris. He was a Roman Catholic teacher, writer, pastor, and dean of the Niagara Peninsula (in St. Catharines, Ontario) in the Diocese of Toronto, who was "among the best-known clerics in Ontario", but from whom she was reportedly estranged.[12] Her political views may have been influenced by the 1877 railroad strike, Chicago's labor movement, and the Haymarket riot and depression of 1886.[4]

Active as an organizer and educator in strikes throughout the country at the time, she was involved particularly with the UMW and the Socialist Party of America. As a union organizer, she gained prominence for organizing the wives and children of striking workers in demonstrations on their behalf. She was termed "the most dangerous woman in America" by a West Virginian district attorney, Reese Blizzard, in 1902, at her trial for ignoring an injunction banning meetings by striking miners. "There sits the most dangerous woman in America", announced Blizzard. "She comes into a state where peace and prosperity reign ... crooks her finger [and] twenty thousand contented men lay down their tools and walk out."[13]

Jones was ideologically separated from many of the other female activists of the pre-Nineteenth Amendment days due to her aversion to female suffrage. She was quoted as saying that "you don't need the vote to raise hell!"[14] Her opposition to women taking an active role in politics was based on her belief that the neglect of motherhood was a primary cause of juvenile delinquency. She became known as a charismatic and effective speaker throughout her career.[15] A passionate public speaker, she would liven up her rhetoric with real and folk-tale characters and humor-ridden methods to rile the crowd, making use of profanity, name-calling, and wit. Occasionally she would include props, visual aids, and dramatic stunts for effect.[15] Her oratory usually involved the relating of some personal tale in which she invariably "showed up" one form of authority or another. It is said Mother Jones spoke in a pleasant-sounding brogue which projected well. When she grew excited, her voice did not grow shrill. Instead, it dropped in pitch, and her intensity became all but palpable.[16]

By age 60, she had assumed the persona of "Mother Jones" by claiming to be older than she was, wearing outdated black dresses and referring to the male workers that she helped as "her boys". The first reference to her in print as Mother Jones was in 1897.[4]

"March of the Mill Children"

In 1901, workers in Pennsylvania's silk mills went on strike. Many of them were young women demanding to be paid adult wages.[17] The 1900 census had revealed that one sixth of American children under the age of sixteen were employed. John Mitchell, the president of the UMWA, brought Mother Jones to north-east Pennsylvania in the months of February and September to encourage unity among striking workers. To do so, she encouraged the wives of the workers to organize into a group that would wield brooms, beat on tin pans, and shout "join the union!" She felt that wives had an important role to play as the nurturers and motivators of the striking men, but not as fellow workers. She claimed that the young girls working in the mills were being robbed and demoralized.[17] The rich were denying these children the right to go to school in order to be able to pay for their own children's college tuitions.

To enforce worker solidarity, she traveled to the silk mills in New Jersey and returned to Pennsylvania to report that the conditions she observed were much better. She stated that "the child labor law is better enforced for one thing and there are more men at work than seen in the mills here." In response to the strike, mill owners also divulged their side of the story. They claimed that if the workers still insisted on a wage scale, they would not be able to do business while paying adult wages and would be forced to close.[18] Even Jones herself encouraged the workers to accept a settlement. Although she agreed to a settlement that sent the young girls back to the mills, she continued to fight child labor for the rest of her life.[18]

In 1903, Jones organized children who were working in mills and mines to participate in a "Children's Crusade", a march from Kensington, Philadelphia to Oyster Bay, New York, the hometown of President Theodore Roosevelt with banners demanding "We want to go to school and not the mines!"[19][20][21]

As Mother Jones noted, many of the children at union headquarters were missing fingers and had other disabilities, and she attempted to get newspaper publicity for the bad conditions experienced by children working in Pennsylvania. However, the mill owners held stock in most newspapers. When the newspaper men informed her that they could not publish the facts about child labor because of this, she remarked "Well, I've got stock in these little children and I'll arrange a little publicity."[22] Permission to see President Roosevelt was denied by his secretary, and it was suggested that Jones address a letter to the president requesting a visit with him. Even though Mother Jones wrote a letter asking for a meeting, she never received an answer.[23] Though the president refused to meet with the marchers, the incident brought the issue of child labor to the forefront of the public agenda. The 2003 non-fiction book Kids on Strike! described Jones's Children's Crusade in detail.

Important achievements despite prison sentences

During the Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912 in West Virginia, Mary Jones arrived in June 1912, speaking and organizing despite a shooting war between United Mine Workers members and the private army of the mine owners. Martial law in the area was declared and rescinded twice before Jones was arrested on 13 February 1913 and brought before a military court. Accused of conspiring to commit murder among other charges, she refused to recognize the legitimacy of her court-martial. She was sentenced to twenty years in the state penitentiary. During house arrest at Mrs. Carney's Boarding House, she acquired a dangerous case of pneumonia.[20]

After 85 days of confinement, her release coincided with Indiana Senator John W. Kern's initiation of a Senate investigation into the conditions in the local coal mines. Mary Lee Settle describes Jones at this time in her 1978 novel The Scapegoat. Several months later, she helped organize coal miners in Colorado. Once again she was arrested, served some time in prison, and was escorted from the state in the months prior to the Ludlow Massacre. After the massacre, she was invited to meet face-to-face with the owner of the Ludlow mine, John D. Rockefeller Jr. The meeting prompted Rockefeller to visit the Colorado mines and introduce long-sought reforms.[24]

Later years

Jones was denounced on the floor of the U.S. Senate as the "grandmother of all agitators".

By 1924, Jones was in court again, this time facing charges of libel, slander, and sedition. In 1925, Charles A. Albert, publisher of the fledgling Chicago Times, won a $350,000 judgment against Jones. Jones remained a union organizer for the UMW into the 1920s and continued to speak on union affairs almost until she died. She released her own account of her experiences in the labor movement as The Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925).[25] During her later years, Jones lived with her friends Walter and Lillie May Burgess on their farm in what is now Adelphi, Maryland. She celebrated her self-proclaimed 100th birthday there on 1 May 1930 and was filmed making a statement for a newsreel.[26]

Mother Jones attempted to stop the miners' 'redneck army' from marching into Mingo County in late August 1921. Mother Jones also visited the governor and departed assured he would intervene. Jones opposed the armed march, appeared on the line of march and told them to go home. In her hand she claimed to have a telegram from President Warren Harding offering to work to end the private police in West Virginia if they returned home. When UMW president Frank Keeney demanded to see the telegram, Mother Jones refused and he denounced her as a 'fake'. Because she refused to show anyone the telegram she was suspected of having fabricated the story. Mother Jones refused to allow anyone to read the document, and the President's secretary denied ever having sent one. After she fled the camp, she reportedly suffered a nervous breakdown.[27]

Mother Jones was joined by Keeney and other UMWA officials who were also pressuring the miners to go home. Although Mother Jones organized for decades on behalf of the UMWA in West Virginia and even denounced the state as 'medieval', the chapter of the same name in her autobiography, she mostly praises Governor Morgan for defending the First Amendment freedom of the labor weekly The Federationist to publish. His refusal to consent to the mine owners request he ban the paper demonstrated to Mother Jones that he 'refused to comply with the requests of the dominant money interests. To a man of that type I wish to pay my respects'.[28] Apparently Jones did not know or overlooked that Morgan had received about $1 million in campaign donations from industrialists in the 1920 election.[29]

Death

Mary Harris Jones died in Silver Spring, Maryland, at the age of 93 years on 30 November 1930. There was a funeral Mass at St. Gabriel's in Washington, D.C.[30][31]

Mother Jones' burial site at the Union Miners Cemetery in Mount Olive, Illinois

She is buried in the Union Miners Cemetery in Mount Olive, Illinois, alongside miners who died in the 1898 Battle of Virden.[32][33] She called these miners, killed in strike-related violence, "her boys."[34] In 1932, about 15,000 Illinois mine workers gathered in Mount Olive to protest against the United Mine Workers, which soon became the Progressive Mine Workers of America. Convinced that they had acted in the spirit of Mother Jones, the miners decided to place a proper headstone on her grave. By 1936, the miners had saved up more than $16,000 and were able to purchase "eighty tons of Minnesota pink granite, with bronze statues of two miners flanking a twenty-foot shaft featuring a bas-relief of Mother Jones at its center."[35] On 11 October 1936, also known as Miners' Day, an estimated 50,000 people arrived at Mother Jones's grave to see the new grave stone and memorial. Since then, October 11 is not only known as Miners' Day but is also referred to and celebrated in Mount Olive as "Mother Jones's Day."

Legacy

United States Department of Labor poster, 2010
  • Jones uttered words still invoked by union supporters more than a century later: "Pray for the dead and fight like hell for the living."[36] Already known as "the miners' angel" when she was denounced on the floor of the United States Senate as the "grandmother of all agitators", she replied, "I hope to live long enough to be the great-grandmother of all agitators."[37]
  • During the bitter 1989–90 Pittston Coal strike in Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky, the wives and daughters of striking coal miners, inspired by the still-surviving tales of Jones's legendary work among an earlier generation of the region's coal miners, dubbed themselves the "Daughters of Mother Jones". They played a crucial role on the picket lines and in presenting the miners' case to the press and public.[38]
  • Mother Jones was established in the 1970s and quickly became "the largest selling radical magazine of the decade."[39]
  • Mary Harris "Mother" Jones Elementary School in Adelphi, Maryland.[40]
  • Students at Wheeling Jesuit University, Wheeling, West Virginia can apply to reside in Mother Jones House, an off-campus service house. Residents perform at least ten hours of community service each week and participate in community dinners and events.[41]
  • To coincide with International Women's Day on 8 March 2010 a proposal from Councillor Ted Tynan for a plaque to be erected in Mary Harris Jones's native Cork City was passed by the Cork City Council.[42] Members of the Cork Mother Jones Commemorative Committee unveiled the plaque[43] on 1 August 2012 to mark the 175th anniversary of her birth. The Cork Mother Jones Festival was held in the Shandon area of the city, close to her birthplace, with numerous guest speakers.[44] The festival now takes place annually around the anniversary and has led to growing awareness of Mother Jones's legacy and links between admirers in Ireland and the US.[45] A new documentary, Mother Jones and her children, has been produced by Cork-based Frameworks Films [46] and premiered at the Cork festival in 2014.

Music and the arts

  • In The American Songbag, Carl Sandburg suggests that the "she" in "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain" references Mother Jones and her travels to Appalachian mountain coal-mining camps promoting the unionization of the miners.[47]
  • "Union Maid", a song written by Woody Guthrie, calls for women to emulate Mother Jones by fighting for women's and workers' rights.
  • "The most dangerous woman," a spoken-word performance by indie folk singer/spoken word performer Utah Phillips with music and backing vocals added to it by indie folk artist Ani Difranco, can be found on their collaborative album Fellow Workers. The title refers to the moniker that a West Virginia District Attorney Reese Blizzard gave to Mother Jones, referring to her as "the most dangerous woman in America."[13] Utah Phillips performed the song "The Charge on Mother Jones." This folk song was written by William M. Rogers.[48]
  • In Uncle the Elephant by John Percival Martin, a train line is called Mother Jones's Siding and is rumoured to be run by Mother Jones herself.
  • "The Spirit of Mother Jones" is a track on the 2010 Abocurragh album by Irish singer-songwriter Andy Irvine.[49]
  • The title track of folk-roots duo Wishing Chair and Kara Barnard's 2002 album Dishpan Brigade[50] is about Jones and her role in the 1899–1900 miners' strike in Arnot, Pennsylvania.[51]
  • Jones is the "woman" in Tom Russell's song "The Most Dangerous Woman in America," a commentary on the troubles of striking miners that appeared on his 2009 album Blood and Candle Smoke on the Shout! Factory label.
  • The play The Kentucky Cycle: Fire in the hole portrays Jones as an inspirational figure one of the other characters knew and was inspired by to go and create unions in other coal towns.
  • The play "Can't Scare Me...the Story of Mother Jones" is written and performed by actress, playwright, and professor, Kaiulani Lee. It premiered at the Atlas Theater in Washington D.C. in 2011 and has been performed all over the United States at universities, union gathers, and more! Kaiulani Lee also took the show on tour with The United Mine Workers across Colorado as well as tours in Ireland, Bangladesh, and Cambodia.[52]
  • Mother Jones In Heaven is a one-woman musical written by the singer-songwriter and activist, Si Kahn. It had its world premiere in Juneau, Alaska in March 2014.
  • A musical based on her work in Pennsylvania, "Mother Jones and the Children's Crusade" debuted in July 2014 as part of the New York Musical Theatre Festival in NYC. The play will star Robin de Jesus and Lynne Wintersteller.[53]
  • "Never Call Me a Lady"[54] (Brooklyn Publishers) is a 10-minute monologue by playwright Rusty Harding, in which Mother Jones recounts her life to a fellow traveler in a Chicago train station.
  • Victory at Arnot is a work for chamber group and narrator by composer Eleanor Aversa.[55] It recounts how Mother Jones assisted with the coal miners' strike in 1899–1900 in Arnot, PA, and celebrates the power of non-violent resistance. The piece premiered in Philadelphia in 2016 and was followed by performances in Boston.[56]

Historic interpretation

The imprisonment of "Mother" Jones is interpreted by the State of West Virginia through a Historic Highway marker. The marker was made by the West Virginia Division of Culture and History. The marker reads, "PRATT. First settled in the early 1780s and incorporated in 1905. Important site in 1912-13 Paint-Cabin Creek Strike. Labor organizer 'Mother Jones' spent her 84th birthday imprisoned here. Pratt Historic District, listed on the National Register in 1984, recognizes the town's important residential architecture from early plantation to Victorian Styles." The marker is located in the town of Pratt, right off of West Virginia 61.[57]

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Mary Harris Jones". Mother Jones Commemorative committee. Retrieved 30 November 2012. ... This plaque will be erected near the famous Cork Butter Market and will be unveiled on 1st August 2012 which is the 175th Anniversary of her baptism in the North Cathedral [St. Mary's Cathedral] (we have not been able to ascertain her actual date of birth but it would most likely have been a few days before this date). Her parents were Ellen Cotter, a native of Inchigeela and Richard Harris from Cork city. Few details of her life in Cork have been uncovered to date, though it is thought by some that she was born on Blarney Street and may have attended the North Presentation Schools nearby. She and her family emigrated to Canada soon after the Famine, probably in the early 1850s. ...
  2. ↑ "Mother Jones (1837–1930)". AFL-CIO. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  3. ↑ Day by Day in Cork, Sean Beecher, Collins Press, Cork, 1992
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Arnesen, Eric. "A Tarnished Icon", Reviews in American History 30, no. 1 (2002): 89
  5. ↑ Gorn 2002, p. 33.
  6. ↑ Religion and Radical Politics: An Alternative Christian Tradition in the United States, Robert H. Craig, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1992
  7. 1 2 Russell E. Smith, "March of the Mill Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 299
  8. ↑ Ric Arnesen, "A Tarnished Icon", Reviews in American History 30, no. 1 (2002): 89
  9. ↑ Gorn 2002, p. 45.
  10. ↑ Dreher, Rod (5 June 2006) All-American Anarchists, The American Conservative
  11. ↑ Gorn 2002, p. 97.
  12. ↑ Gorn 2002.
  13. 1 2 Sandra L. Ballard; Patricia L. Hudson (18 July 2013). Listen Here: Women Writing in Appalachia. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4358-3. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  14. ↑ Russell E. Smith, "March of the Mill Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 298
  15. 1 2 Mari Boor Tonn, "Militant Motherhood: Labor's Mary Harris 'Mother' Jones", Quarterly Journal of Speech 81, no. 1 (1996): 2
  16. ↑ Gorn 2002, p. 74.
  17. 1 2 Bonnie Stepenoff, "Keeping it in the Family: Mother Jones and the Pennsylvania Silk Strike of 1900–1901", Labor History 38, no. 4 (1997): 446
  18. 1 2 Bonnie Stepenoff, "Keeping it in the Family: Mother Jones and the Pennsylvania Silk Strike of 1900–1901", Labor History 38, no. 4 (1997): 448
  19. ↑ "Mother Jones leading a protest, circa 1903". Explore PA History. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  20. 1 2 "Today in labor history: Mother Jones leads march of miners' children". People's World. 21 September 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  21. ↑ Jones, Mother (1925). "Chapter Ten: The March of the Mill Children". In Parton, Mary Field. The Autobiography of Mother Jones. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  22. ↑ Russell E. Smith, "March of the Mill Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 300
  23. ↑ Russell E. Smith, "March of the Mill Children", The Social Service Review 41, no. 3 (1967): 303
  24. ↑ Watson, William E.; Jr, Eugene J. Halus (25 November 2014). "Irish Americans: The History and Culture of a People: The History and Culture of a People". ABC-CLIO – via Google Books.
  25. ↑ Jones, Mother (1925). Parton, Mary Field, ed. The Autobiography of Mother Jones. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  26. ↑ "Mother Jones in Talkie; Friend of Labor Celebrates 100th Birthday at the Microphone". The New York Times. May 12, 1930.
  27. ↑ Savage, Lon (1990). Thunder in the Mountains: The West Virginia Mine War 1920–21 (1985 ed.). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 78–79.
  28. ↑ Mother Jones (2004). The Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925 ed.). Chicago: Charles Kerr. p. 144.
  29. ↑ Green, James (2015). The Devil is Here in These Hills: West Virginia's Coal Miners and Their Battle for Freedom,. NY: Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 218.
  30. ↑ Obituary for Mother Mary Jones, The Washington Post, 2 December 1930, pg. 3.
  31. ↑ Associated Press (1 December 1930). "Mother Jones Dies. Led Mine Workers". New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2012. 100-Year-Old [sic] Crusader in Her Time Had Headed Many All Night Marches of Strikers. Often Went To President. Lost All Her Family in Memphis Epidemic of 1867. Miners Became Her "Children." Idolized by Workers. Celebrates 100th [sic] Birthday. Mary (Mother) Jones, militant crusader for the rights of the laboring man, died at 11:55 last night at her home in near-by Maryland. She was 100 [sic] years old....
  32. ↑ "Service Tomorrow for Mother Jones," The Washington Post, 2 December 1930, pg. 12.
  33. ↑ Gravesite: 39°04′50″N 89°44′00″W / 39.080686°N 89.733286°W
  34. ↑ "United States Department of Labor – Labor Hall of Fame: Mary Harris "Mother" Jones". Dol.gov. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  35. ↑ Gorn 2002, p. 297.
  36. ↑ "Quotations from Mother Jones (#2)". Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  37. ↑ Silas House (2009). Something's Rising: Appalachians Fighting Mountaintop Removal. University Press of Kentucky. p. 62. ISBN 9780813173412.
  38. ↑ "Site Unavailable". www.ic.arizona.edu.
  39. ↑ Scully, Michael Andrew. "Would Mother Jones Buy 'Mother Jones'?", Public Interest 53, (1978): 100
  40. ↑ "Information". www1.pgcps.org.
  41. ↑ Service and Social Justice ministry webpage Archived 3 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  42. ↑ "Minutes of Ordinary Meeting of Cork City Council" (PDF). Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  43. ↑ "'Pray for the dead and fight like hell for the living'".
  44. ↑ "Mother Jones Remembered". Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  45. ↑ "Mother Jones festival begins today!". 29 July 2014.
  46. ↑ "Participate, Challenge, Community…Through Film - frameworksfilms.com". frameworksfilms.com.
  47. ↑ Sandburg, Carl, The American Songbag, 1st edition. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1927.
  48. ↑ Spiegel, Max. "THE CHARGE ON MOTHER JONES".
  49. ↑ Denselow, Robin (23 December 2010). "Andy Irvine: Abocurragh – review" – via www.theguardian.com.
  50. ↑ "♫ Dishpan Brigade - Wishing Chair and Kara Barnard. Listen @cdbaby".
  51. ↑ "Blossburg: William Bauchop Wilson: United Mine Workers of America". www.blossburg.org.
  52. ↑ "Can't Scare Me". Kaiulani Lee.
  53. ↑ "New York Musical Festival :: 2014 Events". nymf.org.
  54. ↑ "Brooklyn Publishers - NEVER CALL ME A LADY". www.brookpub.com.
  55. ↑ eleanoraversa.com/performances
  56. ↑ "Review in Boston Irish Times".
  57. ↑ State of West Virginia (2002). Marking Our Past: West Virginia's Historical Highway Markers. Charleston: West Virginia Division of Culture and History. p. 70.

References

  • Jones, Mary Harris (1925). The Autobiography of Mother Jones. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co. ISBN 0-486-43645-4.
  • Colman, Penny (1994). Mother Jones Speaks. Brookfield, Connecticut: The Millbrook Press. ISBN 978-0873488105.
  • Corbin, David (2011). Gun Thugs, Rednecks, and Radicals: A Documentary History of the West Virginia Mine Wars. Oakland: PM Press.
  • Gorn, Elliott J. (2002). Mother Jones: The Most Dangerous Woman in America. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0809070947.
  • Savage, Lon (1990). Thunder in the Mountains: The West Virginia Mine War, 1920–21. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • State of West Virginia (2002). Marking Our Past: West Virgnia's Historical Highway Markers. Charleston: West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
  • Edward M. Steel, "Mother Jones in the Fairmont Field, 1902", Journal of American History 57, Number 2 (September, 1970) pages 290-307.
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